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Focus: Process-driven systematic approach aiming to provide a controlled and predictable development process.

Planning: Detailed, step-by-step

Flexibility: Less flexibility due to structured layout.

Student Role: More passive in early stages becoming more active in implementation.

Assessment: Mostly summative with incorporated formative assessments.

PROS: Structured, systematic, thorough, and widely understood in the education community. Ensures clear learning objectives.

CONS: Can be rigid and time consuming. Not conducive to quick changes or adaptations.

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Focus: Effective instruction based on instructional principles.

Planning: Emphasizes learning principles

Flexibility: Highly Flexible

Student Role: Active in applying and integrating knowledge.

Assessment: Formative assessment woven into application and integration principles.

PROS: Focuses on effective learning principles. Problem-based approach that promotes meaningful real-world learning experiences and is applicable to various instructional strategies.

CONS: Not a step-by-step process so there is a need to become familiar. Requires careful planning to integrate all principles.

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Focus: Rapid prototyping of learning elements with continuous improvements.

Planning: Active collaboration and feedback

Flexibility: Highly Flexible

Student Role: Active in providing feedback and testing of prototypes.

Assessment: Formative assessment through continuous feedback and refinement.

PROS: Highly flexible and adaptable to changes. Promotes continuous improvement through iterative experiences and encourages collaboration.

CONS: Requires strong collaboration and communication. Requires frequent revision which may be difficult in a structured school setting.

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Similarities:

Create effective instruction

Improve learning outcomes

Evaluation drives Iteration

Importance of planning and design

Improve learning experiences