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The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) was a meeting of 14 European nations, organized by Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany, to regulate colonization and trade in Africa during the era of New Imperialism

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The Schlieffen Plan was Germany's military strategy during World War I, designed to avoid a two-front war against France and Russia. Proposed in 1905 by Alfred von Schlieffen, it aimed to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium, then turn to fight Russia, which was expected to mobilize more slowly.

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This revolution dured to 1789-1799, in 1789 all was divided in estates (clerggy, commoner, nobility).

14/07/1789 Day in France (Bastille day)

This day the people in france came in the prison and release the prisoners.

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It happens in the middle of XVIII in UK, UK is an island that it's not connected with Europe.

Cotton substituded wool and coal had a lot of power.

In this revolution where an invention, the steam engine, that was created for James watt.

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The Restoration lasted since 1874 to 1931.

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It was in 1898, Spain lose Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuam (this one is sold to Germany).

1868 - 1878: Cuba revolts against Spain (first war)

1891: Tariff law (Spain raises taxes and prices in Cuba)

1895 - 1898: The second war

1896 - 1898: Spain lose Philippines

1897: Spain lose Puerto Rico

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The Carlism want to return absolutism old regime and catholicism, against to the liberalism and constitutions (The bible had to organise the society). This ideology comes from the 1833 with Ferran VII.

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The republicanism want the republic not the monarchy.

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Alejandro Lerroux was a politician, he doesn't want the church and catholism, that causes riots.

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Whem we talk about workers, we talk about proletarians too.

Mutual aid society - Trade unions sindicats were prohibited.

esquema

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Final idea of socialism and anarquism is detroid social classes, to have freedom, equality, with no private properties.

esquema

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The liceu bomb happen in 1893 at the Theater of Opera of the Burgoise. The rich people were in the theater when they dropped the bomb from there.

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The Catanalism was in the XIX century.

the sindicalism in Spain: UGT (general union of workers), majoritary in the north of Spain and Madrid and it was socialist. the CNT (National Confederation of Labor) majoritary in Catalonia and Andalusia and it was anarchist.

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This crisis happen in 1905, cu-cut was a newspaper and the catanalism put a new law of jurisdictions (make fun of the king and the army).

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This week happen in 1909.

Spain want to have colonies in the north of Africa, then, Spain and France try to occupy it.

In 1907 to 1927, Spain had a war with Morroco. It's obligatory to go to the war, unless you pay x money, they make a revolt in the tragic week for this.

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The Anticlarism hate the church.

Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was a pedagogue and teacher, he wanted a modern school. They killed him in the castle of Montjuic.

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The first world war lasted since 1914 to 1918.

Spain was a neutral country, and it helps to the economy of Spain.

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The Russian Revolution was in 1917.

Russia was a country with a Zar, like is that a king. This led to a communist revolution, that Lenin was the lider of the revolution. The USSR change to URSS in the revolution

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The canadenca's strike was a syndicalism strike.

It was 43 and 49 days of strike, they want a journey of 8 hours.

They killed Salvador Segui "sugar boy" in this strike.

And finally there were 6 years, to 1917 to 1923 of gunmanship.

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The commonwealth in Catalonia, last since 1914 to 1925.

Political power - Madrid - gave money to the provinces.

There weren't regions and autonomous communities, only provinces, city hall, ... But there hadn't power.

Provincial council (pta/peceta)

The central state gives permission for any province to collaborate with any province it wanr.

Commonwealth president:

1914-1917: Enric Prat de la Riva

1917-1923: Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923-1925: Alfons Sala

Pompeu Fabra did a lot of things (Moderns dictionary)

Francesc Cambó was a politician

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The Spanish Morroco was in the XIX century, it last since 1850 to 1925.

Great Britain had many territories.

Franco - Spanish protectorate

They want to conquire Morroco.

Ceuta and Melilla were Spanish territory since 17th century.

Spain occupies the RIF.

Morroco-Sultanate

Finally, in 1956 France and Spain leave Morroco.

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The Annual Disaster was in 1921.

Mohamed Ibn Abd el-Krim (tribes liberated by him, Berebe)

In 2 weeks, more than 10,000 dead Spanish soldiers.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923 with Alfonso XIII will never take place and will also carry out a coup of state.

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The dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera

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The dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera

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The dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera with Alfonso XIII lasted since 1923 to 1931, they were anti-Catalanism. In this period of time, there were to directories, the military directory that lasted to 1923 to 1925 and the civil directory that lasted to 1925 to 1931. Benito Mussolini and Victor Manuel III had a dictatorship in Italy this is imitated by Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII.

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The nationalism wanted to expand, and they don't want more.

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The fets of Prats de Molló were a population.

Francesc Macià did a political party (Catalan state, pro-independence) tries to form a volunteer army in France to cross the border, occupy Catalonia and make it independent (he fails) but win fame in Catalonia.

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The 2nd Republic lasted since 1931 to 1939, it was a period of social and political reforms marked by tensions between the left and the right. This Republic ended, with Franco's victory and the Republic's fall.

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The civil war lasted since 1936 to 1939

1932 - General Sanjurjo

18/07/36 One important part of the army did a stage a coup d'état.

Mola

Sanjurjo

Godet

Franco

International help (Franco)

Hitler

Mussolini

Who helps the republic?

URSS

International Brigades (volunteers from all over the world)

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The constitution lasted since 1931 to 1978.

Idea: Modernize Spain

Spain was an integral state (autonoms regional government)

Universal suffrage (men and women), in 1933 the women vote for the first time.

Spain is a non-confessional state

There were a magnification of the individual rights

And there were reforms:

Church/State

Army (they want to modernize it)

Education

Agricuture

The last to causes a military coup.

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The fascism wanted to establish dictatorships, annulled constitution, annulled political parties, unions, strikes, demonstrations all annulled. Only one leader to guide the masses.

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World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict mainly fought in Europe, involving two sides: the Allies (France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and later the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria).

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1914 first phase

Movement war refers to a military strategy focused on speed, mobility, and surprise to gain an advantage over the enemy. Unlike trench warfare, it emphasizes rapid advances and strategic positioning to disrupt opponents

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1914-1917 second phase

Trench warfare was a combat strategy where soldiers fought from deep trenches, mainly during World War I. It led to stalemates, harsh conditions, and heavy casualties, but declined with advancements in tanks and airpower.

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The final phase of World War I ended with the Armistice of November 11, 1918, marking the cessation of hostilities between Germany and the Allied Powers. Other Central Powers—Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary—had surrendered earlier. The armistice was signed in Compiègne, France, officially ending the fighting.

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The interwar period (1918-1939) was marked by the aftermath of World War I, the Great Depression (1929), and the rise of totalitarian regimes like fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany, and militarism in Japan. Political instability and economic crises fueled tensions, leading to World War II in 1939.

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The Roaring Twenties (1920-1929) was a decade of economic growth, cultural change, and technological advancements, especially in the U.S. and Europe. It saw the rise of jazz, flappers, mass production, and consumerism, but ended with the 1929 stock market crash, leading to the Great Depression.

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In 1931 the Republic started and in 1939 it ends. The Republic was a period of social and political reforms marked by tensions between the left and the right. This Republic ended, with Franco's victory and the Republic's fall.

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The Franquism started in 1939 and finished in 1975 with Franco's die, established after his victory in the Spanish Civil War. It was marked by nationalism, Catholicism, economic autarky, and strict censorship.

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Hendaya was a meeting between Hitler and Franco, that took place the October 23 of 1940. Hitler wanted to convince Franco to have Spain join the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II. Franco, however, made a lot of demands.

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The Cold War was a period of intense political, military, and ideological rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) that took place in 1947 to 1991.

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It was in 1951

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This is a monument that Franco wanted, he did a monument in an effort to shift its meaning towards a more neutral remembrance of all war victims.

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The opus dei was in 1957

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Families with more power and money in 1959 issued a document for economic stability and entry into the market.

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Appointment of Juan Carlos de Borbon as Franco successor

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Appointment of Juan Carlos de Borbon as Franco successor

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In 22 of June in 1969 approved that if Franco dies, this guy it's going to be the new head of Spain.

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Carrero Blanco was the president of the government in the June 1973, and in December 1973, in the same year. ETA killed Carrero Blanco. They killed him because they put a bomb in the sewer to explode when he happened to come.

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After Carrero Blanco, Carlos Arias Navarro became the new president to the 31 of December 1973 to the first of January in 1976.

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Josep Puig Antich was a Catalan anarchist and activist during the period of Franco's dictatorship in Spain. On March 2, 1974, Josep Puig Antich was executed by garrote n the Model Prison of Barcelona. His execution was one of the last carried out by the Francoist regime, and it became a symbol of the regime’s brutality and repression.

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To end Francoism and they only ask for three things and they will withdraw. It was in November 1976

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The Moncloa Pacts were a series of agreements signed in 1977 in Spain

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It was with Referendum on December 6 of 1978.

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Approval of the statute of autonomy of Catalonia

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Approval of the statute of autonomy of Catalonia

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It was with referendum and it happened on October 25 of 1979

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Secret talks to carry out a coup d'état on 1979

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a session is held in the congresses of the deputies, to vote for Calvo Sotelo on February 23, 1981. It was planned and executed by Tejero

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Autarky is an economic system in which a country or region tries to be completely self-sufficient, Autarky led a serious economic collapse in Spain.

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Exhumation 2019 - of Francisco Franco

Exhumation 2023 - of Jose Antonio Primo De Rivera

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ETA was a Basque separatist militant group active from 1959 to 2018. It aimed to create an independent Basque Country in northern Spain and southern France. Initially a resistance movement against Franco’s dictatorship, it later became a terrorist organization, carrying out bombings, kidnappings, and assassinations, killing over 850 people.

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Was the Prime Minister of Spain from 1981 to 1982, taking office after the failed military coup on February 23, 1981. A member of the UCD party, he worked to stabilize Spain during the transition to democracy.

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Adolfo Suarez resigned before the coup of 23.F on January 29, 1981

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April 77 the P.C.E political party is legalized

no political party with the acronym republican could be presented

U.CD - Adolfo Suarez - won

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Former President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (CDC)

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On 22 of November 1975 Carlos turned the headmaster of Spain

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The Treaty of Versailles (1919) officially ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany, including territorial losses, military restrictions, and reparations. It aimed to prevent future conflicts but contributed to economic hardship and political instability, fuelling tensions that led to World War II.

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The Crack of 1929 was a stock market crash that triggered the Great Depression, causing mass unemployment, poverty, and financial collapse worldwide

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The Wehrmacht (1935-1945) was Nazi Germany’s armed forces, including the Army (Heer), Navy (Kriegsmarine), and Air Force (Luftwaffe). It used blitzkrieg tactics for early victories but later suffered heavy losses, leading to its disbandment after World War II.

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The Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) was an agreement between Germany and Japan, later joined by Italy and others, to oppose the Communist International (Comintern) led by the Soviet Union. It strengthened ties between Axis Powers but lost significance after Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939)

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The Great Depression (1929-1939) was a severe global economic crisis caused by the 1929 stock market crash, leading to mass unemployment, poverty, and financial collapse worldwide. It contributed to the rise of totalitarian regimes and set the stage for World War II

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World War II (1939-1945) was a global conflict involving most of the world's nations, divided into two sides: the Allies (led by the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom) and the Axis powers (mainly Germany, Italy, and Japan).

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(1939-1941)

A modern tactic created by the Axis powers that combined the use of tanks and aircraf.  It surprised the Allies who were prepared for trench and infantry warfare.

1. In April 1940, they invaded Denmark and Norway

2. In May 1940, they invaded Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg.

3. In june 1940, they invade France.

4. In june 1940, they tried to invade Great Britain.

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1939-1941

The Axis offensive

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Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) was a French military leader and politician. He became a hero in World War I for his leadership in the Battle of Verdun (1916)

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Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II and later became President of France (1959-1969).

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The Compiègne Wagon was the railway carriage where the Armistice of November 11, 1918 ended World War I. In 1940, Hitler used it to force France’s surrender in World War II. The Nazis destroyed it in 1945

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1941-1944

Globalisation of the war

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(1941)

Japan bombed the US, bringing America into the war

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(Operation Barbarossa)

(June 22, 1941) was the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the largest military operation in history. Despite early German advances, the campaign failed due to the harsh winter, Soviet resistance, and the scorched earth tactic, marking a turning point in World War II.

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The operation failed due to the harsh winter, fuel shortages, and the Soviet scorched earth tactic, which involved destroying all assets before they fell into enemy hands. The German losses were severe: 263,069 were killed or wounded, and 92,090 were taken prisoner, with only 5,000 surviving.

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1942-1945

The allied victory

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The Battle of Stalingrad (1942-1943) was a major World War II battle between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.

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The Battle of Guadalcanal (1942-1943) was a major World War II battle in the Pacific Theater, where Allied forces (mainly the U.S.) fought Japan.

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The Cold War (1947-1991) was a geopolitical conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. It was called "cold" because there was no direct large-scale fighting between the two superpowers, but they engaged in proxy wars, an arms race, espionage, and political rivalry.

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Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) was King of Italy (1900-1946) and played a key role in Italy’s involvement in both World Wars. He initially supported Benito Mussolini’s rise to power but later had him arrested in 1943.

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The British invented radar, a system for discovering the position of an object by emitting radio waves.

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The first atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II, in the context of the Manhattan Project, and it is the only country to have used them in combat (in 1945, against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

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Holocaust means large-scale killing of people, especially one aimed at exterminating a social group for reasons of race, religion or politics.

More than 6 million Jews were killed in extermination camp

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The Munich Agreement (1938) allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia as part of appeasement by Britain and France. It failed to prevent further aggression, leading to World War II

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The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) was an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to avoid conflict and secretly divide Eastern Europe. It allowed Hitler to invade Poland, but was broken when Germany attacked the USSR in 1941

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Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) was the British Prime Minister (1937-1940) known for his appeasement policy, including the Munich Agreement (1938), which allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland. After Germany invaded Poland (1939), he declared war but resigned in 1940, succeeded by Winston Churchill.

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The Luftwaffe was Germany’s Air Force during World War II, officially formed in 1935 under Hermann Göring. It played a key role in blitzkrieg tactics, but struggled in the Battle of Britain (1940) and suffered heavy losses due to Allied bombing campaigns. By 1945, it was largely ineffective and disbanded after the war

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Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) was a German military leader and President of Germany (1925-1934). He became a national hero after the Battle of Tannenberg (1914) in World War I. As president, he played a key role in the collapse of the Weimar Republic, appointing Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, which led to the Nazi regime. He died in 1934, and Hitler consolidated power soon after

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Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) was the Italian dictator who founded fascism and ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. He allied with Hitler in World War II, but after Italy’s defeats, he was removed from power in 1943. In 1945, he was captured and executed by Italian partisans.

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Francisco Fernando de Austria, the Archduke of Austria and heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, an event that directly triggered World War I

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The Spitfire was a British fighter aircraft used in World War II, known for its speed, agility, and elliptical wings. It played a key role in the Battle of Britain (1940) and remained in service until the 1950s

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Joan Pujol i García (1912-1988), known as Garbo, was a Spanish double agent in World War II. He tricked Nazi Germany with false intelligence while secretly working for British MI5, playing a key role in D-Day deception.

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The Normandy landings (D-Day, June 6, 1944) were the largest seaborne invasion in history, marking the start of the Allied liberation of Western Europe in World War II. Over 156,000 Allied troops stormed the beaches of Normandy, France, facing heavy German resistance. The operation was a turning point in the war, leading to Nazi Germany’s defeat

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Robert Capa (1913-1954) was a Hungarian war photographer known for capturing conflict zones with raw intensity.

He always went with the company of Gerda Taro, they were couple.

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Francesc Boix (1920-1951) was a Spanish photographer who documented Nazi crimes while imprisoned in Mauthausen concentration camp.

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Neus Català (1915-2019) was a Spanish anti-fascist activist and survivor of the Ravensbrück concentration camp.

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A peace treaty is a formal agreement between warring parties to end a conflict and establish terms for post-war relations.

1. Yalta conference (February 1945)

2. Postdam conference (July-August 1945)

3. Paris conference (1947)