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Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina

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April 12, 1861: The Battle of Fort Sumter

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April 12, 1861: The Battle of Fort Sumter

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The first shots of the Civil War were fired here when Confederate forces bombarded Union-held Fort Sumter. After 34 hours of bombardment, Union forces surrendered the fort, marking the official beginning of the American Civil War. This attack galvanized the North and President Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion.

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July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)

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July 21, 1861: First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)

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The first major land battle of the Civil War took place here. Confederate forces under Beauregard defeated Union troops led by McDowell. The battle shattered Union hopes of a quick victory and demonstrated that the war would be long and bloody. Many civilians from Washington had come to watch what they thought would be an easy Union victory, but instead witnessed a devastating defeat.

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The bloodiest battle of the Civil War and its turning point. Over three days, approximately 50,000 casualties occurred here. The Union victory halted Lee's invasion of the North, and Lincoln later delivered his famous Gettysburg Address at this site. The battle is particularly remembered for Pickett's Charge, a failed Confederate assault on the third day.

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The single bloodiest day in American military history occurred here, with about 23,000 casualties. While tactically inconclusive, the Union's strategic victory gave Lincoln the political cover to issue the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. The battle also prevented Confederate diplomatic recognition by European powers.

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April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

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April 9, 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

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General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in the McLean House. Grant's generous terms helped set the tone for reconciliation. Officers were allowed to keep their sidearms and all soldiers could keep their private horses and mules for spring planting.

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President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford's Theatre. The assassination occurred just five days after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Lincoln died the next morning at the Petersen House across the street, marking a tragic end to his presidency and complicating the reconstruction process that would follow.

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April-May 1863: Battle of Chancellorsville

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April-May 1863: Battle of Chancellorsville

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Often called Lee's 'perfect battle,' this Confederate victory came at a heavy price with the loss of General Stonewall Jackson to friendly fire. Despite being outnumbered more than two to one, Lee's bold decision to divide his forces and send Jackson on a flanking march led to a stunning victory over Union forces under Joseph Hooker.

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The surrender of Vicksburg to General Grant gave the Union control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two. The siege lasted 47 days, with civilians forced to live in caves to escape the bombardment. This victory, coming just a day after Gettysburg, marked a decisive turning point in the war.