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Mangroves are ecosystems that are considered wetlands that can be found in tropical and subtropical areas. They usually are intertwined between land and ocean. The structure of this ecosystem is the root networking of the trees, sandy sediments, and brackish water.

A unique characteristic of the mangrove ecosystem is the in-depth root system, known as pneumatophores. They allow the trees to be rooted within sandy sediments and permit gas exchange in waters with oxygen-poor sediment. These root systems provide habitats for fish and small invertebrates (Feller, n.d). A primary producer within this ecosystem is the Red Mangrove. Since the red mangrove is a plant, it utilizes photosynthesis to gain energy. Their leaves and detritus help feed the fungi and provide nutrients for bivalves and invertebrates. This detritus food web supports feeding fish, birds, and large reptiles.

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An ecological relationship key to maintaining the ecosystem’s structure and function is between the mangrove tree crab (Aratus pisonii) and the mangrove tree. They eat decomposing leaves of the mangrove tree and algae found on the roots. This can benefit the tree by reducing the chance of fungal infection. This mutualistic relationship helps keep the ecosystem healthy (Galante, 2023).

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Anthropologic pollutants caused by urban development impact the nutrient flow within the mangrove system. This happens due to habitat fragmentation and poor water quality from contaminated waters. These negatively interfere with the flow of nutrients throughout the ecosystem and can destabilize food chains. The decrease in mangrove ecosystems has increased the amount of coastal erosion from storms and extreme weather as well. This further impacts the local wildlife and functions of this ecosystem (Feller, n.d)