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a series of three wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire. The final war, the Third Punic War, resulted in the complete destruction of Carthage in 146 BC, marking Rome's dominance in the Western Mediterranean

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Fearful of his power, domination of the state, and the possibility that he might make himself king, a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC. A new series of civil wars broke out and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored.

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Augustus (also known as Octavian) was the first emperor of ancient Rome. Augustus came to power after the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE. In 27 BCE Augustus “restored” the republic of Rome

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a period of relative peace and prosperity within the Roman Empire from approximately 27 BC to 180 AD.

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marked by the year 476 AD, when Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by the Germanic leader Odoacer, who then ruled Italy as a king. This event signified the end of Roman rule in the West and the beginning of the Early Middle Ages in Europe. The Western Empire's decline was a gradual process influenced by internal factors like political instability and economic problems, as well as external pressures from barbarian invasions

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Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. During his reign, Justinian reorganized the government of the Byzantine Empire and enacted several reforms to increase accountability and reduce corruption.

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

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the separation of the Catholic church of the West from the Orthodox churches of the East. This schism took place in 1054 and was caused by disagreements between Western and Eastern church leaders

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May 29, 1453, conquest of Constantinople by Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire. The dwindling Byzantine Empire came to an end when the Ottomans breached Constantinople's ancient land wall after besieging the city

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originated from a dispute over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad after his death in 632 AD. This disagreement led to the emergence of two major branches of Islam: Sunni and Shia. While both sects share fundamental beliefs, they differ in their views on leadership, religious authority, and interpretations of the Quran and the Prophet's teachings

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

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Three major Islamic empires known as "gunpowder empires" expanded significantly in the 15th and 16th centuries: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire. These empires, located in the Mediterranean, Persia (modern Iran), and South Asia, respectively, utilized gunpowder technology to expand and maintain their territories

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

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The Franks, led by Charles Martel, defeated the Umayyad Caliphate forces led by Abd al-Rahman at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. This victory halted the Muslim advance into Western Europe

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In 1258, Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, fell to the Mongol army led by Hulegu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. The siege and subsequent sack of the city marked the end of the Abbasid Caliphate

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The Ghana Empire, also known as Wagadou, rose to prominence in West Africa due to its strategic location between the Senegal and Niger rivers, its control of the gold trade, and its role in the trans-Saharan trade network. It was founded around 750 AD by the Soninke people and flourished from the 8th to 13th centuries

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The Mali Empire, centered in West Africa, rose to prominence in the 13th century, primarily due to the leadership of Sundiata Keita. He unified smaller kingdoms and conquered the weakened Ghana Empire

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Mansa Musa, the emperor of Mali, reigned from 1312 to 1337. During his reign, Mali became one of the wealthiest and most powerful empires in West Africa. His reign is known for his vast wealth

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a complex process, beginning with the Songhai people establishing themselves in the city of Gao in the 9th century and gradually expanding their influence through river commerce and trans-Saharan trade