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Deadly Little Dolphins: A National Initiative

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Deadly Little Dolphins: A National Initiative

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Swimming Australia’s Deadly Little Dolphins program targets Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, teaching swimming skills and water safety. Co-designed with First Nations communities, it combines cultural practices with learn-to-swim programs to improve engagement. The initiative also trains local coaches, fostering community ownership and cultural relevance. Beyond foundational swimming, the program supports pathways toward competitive swimming, aiming to produce future elite athletes while enhancing water safety and confidence. By emphasising both participation and progression, it models a culturally inclusive framework for sport development in Indigenous communities.

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Deadly Little Dolphins to improve First Nations water safety

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Deadly Little Dolphins is Swimming Australia’s national call to action to ensure that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have access to learn to swim to improve their swimming and water safety skills.

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KARI Foundation’s Indigenous Swimming Programs

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KARI Foundation’s Indigenous Swimming Programs

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The KARI Foundation provides structured swimming programs for Aboriginal children aged 0–16, focusing on safety and confidence. Programs like Parents & Bubs for infants and Learn to Swim for older children prioritise foundational skills in a culturally supportive environment. Collaboration with families ensures local needs and cultural values are respected. By integrating mentorship and community engagement, KARI strengthens participation and retention. These programs highlight the importance of community-based approaches to swimming education, showing that culturally tailored programs can effectively improve water safety, skill acquisition, and pathways toward broader sporting engagement among Indigenous youth.

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The KARI Foundation offers two swimming programs throughout the year. Families can apply for the First Lap vouchers from 1 December, through Services NSW.

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Community Co-Design in Swimming Programs

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Community Co-Design in Swimming Programs

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Swimming Australia ensures that First Nations voices guide the design of programs like Deadly Little Dolphins. Co-design involves local Elders, families, and community representatives, ensuring activities respect cultural norms and practices. This approach fosters ownership, trust, and relevance, increasing engagement and retention. Programs integrate traditional water knowledge alongside technical swimming instruction, promoting both skill acquisition and cultural pride. By embedding First Peoples’ perspectives into operational and coaching frameworks, Swimming Australia demonstrates a model of inclusive, culturally responsive sport programming that balances participation, safety, and pathways to competitive achievement.

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Abstract

High rates of cardiometabolic disease and poor physical health outcomes contribute to significant premature mortality in people living with severe mental illness (PLWSMI). Lifestyle interventions such as exercise are known to improve both physical and mental health outcomes, however the best way to deliver exercise programs for PLWSMI remains a challenge. This paper uses a pragmatic program evaluation of a co-delivered low-cost community-based exercise program implemented over a 6-month period. Of 46 referrals in the first half of 2023 to the SLHD Gym and Swim program, 13 gave consent to participate in standardised measures and qualitative interviews. Findings revealed an increase in average hours of sport/exercise, improvements in confidence to exercise independently and within group settings, as well as achievement of individualised goals. The success of the program was in part due to the co-facilitation between peer support workers and exercise physiologists, community connection and the established partnership between the public health service and the local government council. Results offer evidence to adopt and implement accessible and low-cost exercise opportunities in the community external to health services to address barriers of attendance for PLWSMI.

Keywords: Exercise, Physical activity, Severe mental illness, Schizophrenia, Psychosis, Physical health, Metabolic disease, Community-based, Co-facilitation, Exercise physiology, Peer support, Community connection, Social connection

People living with severe mental illness (PLWSMI) die 14-23 years younger than the general population [ 1] and are 50% less likely to receive treatment for physical health conditions [ 2]. Their risk of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 85% higher than the general population [ 3]. Lifestyle behaviours including increased sedentary time and minimal exercise, poor dietary choices, higher rates of drinking alcohol and smoking contribute to poor physical health [ 4, 5]. Social exclusion, inadequate access to services, unsatisfactory care, stigma, and discrimination also influences these outcomes [ 1].

Metabolic syndrome is characterised by a cluster of CVD risk factors, including dyslipidaemia, high blood pressure, hyperglycaemia and abdominal obesity [ 6]. The relative risk of developing metabolic syndrome for PLWSMI is 1.58 times greater than the general population [ 7], the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the world [ 8]. The long-term effect of poor health behaviours places PLWSMI at increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome [ 7]. The exercise recommendation for prevention of CVD is moderate intensity exercise for 150-min per week or vigorous intensity exercise for 75-min per week [ 9]. The literature shows that in adults diagnosed with CVD, an increase in moderate-vigorous intensity (MVI) exercise is associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality [ 10], as well as improvements in other CVD risk factors (blood pressure, central adiposity and high-density lipoprotein) [ 11].

PLWSMI engage in high rates of sedentary behaviour with the main barrier to attending an exercise program being the lack of social support [ 12]. Other barriers to exercise for this population are the lack of appropriate and accessible facilities and the high cost of private exercise options [ 13]. As with other populations, the greatest challenge to the efficacy of exercise interventions is making it happen at a sufficient frequency and of sufficient dose and intensity. The Sydney Local Health District (SLHD) Integrated Care initiative introduced 'Gym and Swim', which utilises peer support workers alongside exercise physiologists to deliver a person-centred exercise program in a community setting at a low cost to its participants.

Accredited exercise physiologists are university-qualified allied health professionals who provide evidence-based exercise interventions to people at high risk of developing, or with existing chronic and complex medical conditions and injuries [ 14]. Exercise physiologists are best skilled to address modifiable risk factors associated with PLWSMI, including implementation of targeted lifestyle interventions [ 14]. Exercise physiologists working within community mental health services (CMHS) provide assessment, design and delivery of evidence-based exercise interventions, behavioural counselling with goal setting techniques and strategies [ 15]. Exercise interventions in this population show reduced dropout rates and improved attendance when exercise professionals are involved in their delivery [ 16]. The lived experience (peer) support workforce is its own emerging discipline within the mental health sector. Peer support workers draw upon their own life experiences of mental or emotional distress to support, empower and foster a sense of belonging [ 17]. The peer workforce is valuable for encouraging this population to be active [ 18], for enhanced social connection and health improvement [ 19]. Community programs that utilise peer support have shown psychosocial benefits and positive behaviour changes [ 20], leading to greater attendance and improved outcomes [ 21]. This innovative framework establishes a support team for CMHS consumers which is vital for confidence building, exercise attendance, and improved mental health outcomes [ 21]. Fostering community integration and de-institutionalisation of mental health care, as well as building social relatedness is important for improved physical health outcomes and sustainability of exercise behaviours [ 12].

The purpose of this research was to utilise co-design principles to design and facilitate a study that evaluates the compounding effect of co-facilitation between peer support workers and exercise physiologists. This research will demonstrate how a co-facilitated low-cost community-based exercise program will increase attendance and engagement with exercise, as well as expected improvements in health outcomes in those PLWSMI.

Intervention: the gym and swim program

Utilising partnerships between SLHD and the IWC saw the alignment of organisational strategies and established agreements that allowed discounted entry fees and membership agreements for CMHS consumers to participate in the program.

Gym and Swim was co-delivered by peer support workers and exercise physiologists, 3 days a week in a local government area run community-based gym and aquatic centre within the geographical area of SLHD. The Adult Pre-Exercise Screening System [ 22] was administered prior to attendance of first session as part of routine care to identify those with a known disease, and or signs/symptoms of disease, who might be at risk during exercise. Responses were used to tailor appropriate prescription including exercise types and intensity. Individualised exercise programs consisted of supervised independent MVI exercise (combination of aerobic and resistance training) in the gym for 60-min, prescribed by exercise physiologists after initial assessment and goal setting and were reviewed and modified when appropriate as part of standard exercise physiology practice. Participants completed their individualised exercise program self-guided, alongside peer support workers and under supervision of exercise physiologists. A 30-min MVI group aqua aerobics session followed the gym session and was co-facilitated by both peer support workers and exercise physiologists. The water-based exercises were either completed with or without equipment (kick boards, pool noodles and dumbbells). Participants selected their preference to engage in one or both parts of the program depending on their needs and goals.

Methods

Ethical guidelines

This project has been approved by the Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC)-Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Zone (protocol number X22-0296 and 2022/ETHO1839). The research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

Design and context

A pragmatic program evaluation of Gym and Swim was conducted within a large public health district in Sydney, Australia. At any one time, SLHD supports approximately 2000 PLWSMI in the community. A co-designed quasi-experimental prospective study of Gym and Swim, compared to a matched comparison group (on age, gender and mental health team) who engaged in usual care with the CMHS. Co-design of the project was facilitated by a team comprised of peer support workers, exercise physiologists, lived experience participants, program manager and academic research support. The co-design team and authors collaborated during the focus groups to select and design the research protocol including the outcome measures.

Participants

The consenting participants included 13 adults between the ages of 37-69 years who received care from SLHD CMHS. Participants identified as either male or female, were diagnosed with a psychiatric condition, and were English speaking. Table 1 highlights the demographics of consenting participants with complex health needs. Participants were selected via convenience sampling from those already referred to Gym and Swim based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as seen in Fig. 1. Informed consent forms were completed by the participants in the intervention group. The comparison group did not complete any study specific activities and therefore were not required to provide informed consent.

Table 1.

Intervention (n = 13)

Gender (%female)

62%

Age

37-69 years

Primary diagnosis of Psychotic disorder versus others (%)

Obesity n = 7 (54%)

Abnormal lipids n = 7 (54%)

Type 2 Diabetes or pre-diabetes n = 4 (31%)

Hypertension n = 4 (31%)

Recipient of disability support pension as recorded on participant's electronic medical records (%)

n = 10 (77%)

Fig. 1.

A STROBE Style Study flowchart

Procedure

Participants were referred to the program by staff members of the CMHS to address physical health needs via lifestyle intervention. All referrals to Gym and Swim in the first quarter of 2023 (n = 46) were invited to participate in an evaluation. Individuals referred to the program received a participant information statement and had 24 h to provide consent. Those who did not consent (n = 33) received the same intervention without completing outcomes measures. A STROBE Style flowchart [ 23] of participant progress through the evaluation is shown in Fig. 1. The 13 consenting participants completed a co-designed questionnaire at baseline, three and 6 months to assess engagement in exercise, confidence, and achievement of personal exercise goals. Participants engaged in Gym and Swim for 6 months. At the conclusion of the intervention, participants could also engage in a qualitative interview, which was recorded via field notes and voice recordings. Participants completed outcome measures with assistance from peer support workers or exercise physiologists during the allocated time at Gym and Swim, either over the phone or in person at one of the community health centres. Peer support workers completing outcome measures with participants was another feature of the research collaboration. Participants received a $20 grocery voucher after each round of completed assessments to remunerate them for their time.

Routinely collected assessments were extracted from participants' electronic medical records including the: Activity Participation Questionnaire [ 24], Health of the Nations Outcome Scales [ 25] and Metabolic Monitoring Forms [ 26] at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Less than a quarter of the data sought was found, so it was not possible to use data from the HoNOS, APQ6 and MMF for the planned prospective comparison. Therefore, no comparison was made between the intervention and the matched comparison group receiving usual mental health care.

Measures

Attendance was taken of those who consented to participate in the study. This was recorded by program staff at each session to index behavioural engagement [ 27]. The number of sessions recorded per participant was used to calculate the total attendance scores.

Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire [ 28] is a physical activity measurement tool used as a structured interview, combining physical activity across all domains: leisure time, domestic, work and transport-related activities. The scores should equal a total of 24 h representative of the average day in an individual's previous week. Focus was put on the questions relating to sedentary time (question 2A), walking (question 3) and sport/exercise (question 4).

Recovery Assessment Scale: Domain and Stages [ 29] is a 38-item self-report questionnaire that measures mental health recovery. Subscale scores were calculated using a coding sheet provided by the authors of the assessment tool.

A co-designed survey was used to identify up to three goals for each participant. Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) was used to assess progress towards individualised goals at 3 and 6-months [ 30]. The approach described by Turner-Stokes was used with attainment of each goal scored on a scale of -2 (nowhere near achieved), -1 (not quite achieved), 0 (achieved expected outcome), 1 (slightly exceeded) to 2 (greatly exceeded) and the baseline assumed to be -1 [ 30]. A coding sheet provided by Turner-Stokes was used to calculate goal attainment scores. Cognitive engagement was measured using the GAS, demonstrated through individuals working towards or meeting goals [ 27].

Two co-designed questions were used to assess confidence to exercise independently and within a group setting. They were scored on a Likert scale from 1 = very unconfident-5 = very confident.

Qualitative interviews

Qualitative interviews were conducted at the end of 6 months by peer support workers or exercise physiologists, either at the community health centre or before or after the exercise group. Qualitative interviews measured affective engagement [ 27]. Starter questions included " what was your favourite thing about the program?", " did anything surprise you about the program?", "h ow would you like to change the program if you could?", and " has anything stopped you from attending the program?". Voice recordings and field notes were used to record the responses, which were then stored in a secure REDcap database [ 31].

Statistical analysis

All data collected was entered into a secure REDcap database [ 31]. The ethics proposal outlined the statistical analysis as paired t-tests from pre to post (6 month) changes in physical activity, exercise related confidence, recovery-oriented outcomes, and goal attainment. ANOVA was used to compare baseline, 3 month and 6-month outcomes on attendance. Analyses were conducted with last values carried forward to substitute for missing data and with only complete cases. A one tail t-test was used to compare the pre to post (6 month) changes of the SIMPAQ, RAS-DS, GAS and co-design survey. Initial data analysis, coding and generation of themes were established by the lead investigator, followed by active participation of the co-design team to establish consensus decision making.

Qualitative analysis

Thematic analysis was used for qualitative interviews to give a deeper understanding of the barriers and enablers to attendance [ 32]. The six-stage process outlined by Braun and Clarke was used by the lead investigator [ 32]. The co-design focus groups then met to analyse the information and interpret the themes and sub-themes. Consensus was made from brainstorming, active participation and consensus decision making.

Results

Participants

Figure 1 shows a STROBE style flowchart for the referrals, eligibility criteria, consenting participants and follow-up. The total number of referrals to Gym and Swim from the community mental health team during the recruitment period was 46. People were referred to the program for lifestyle intervention and social connection. Out of the 46 referrals, 25 were eligible and of those, 13 consented to take part in the research study. One participant withdrew from the study between baseline and 3-months and two participants withdrew prior to follow-up at 6 months. The total sample size was 13 as an intention to treat was used in data analysis. Table 2 shows the demographics of the participants.

Table 2.

Outcomes

(n = 13): baseline

(n = 10): 3 months

(n = 10): 6 months

Differences (baseline- 6 months)

Exercise confidence

SIMPAQ

GAS

RAS-DS

Attendance

Participants attended on average 17.2 Gym and Swim sessions (SD = 14.3, Median = 15, range 2-42) out of a possible 74 sessions in the time window. Participants were only expected to attend the program once a week and this attendance is one indication of the "dose" of support received. The total maximum dose of expected sessions for one individual would be 24.6. Some participants regularly attended sessions, whereas some attended on a drop-in basis. Attendance records stored reasons for non-attendance. Other reasons for non-attendance were collected from the qualitative interviews. Reasons that altered people's attendance, included: religious holiday periods, staffing changes, poor weather, clashes with medical appointments, conflicting commitments, change in physical or mental health status or changes in family/social circumstances.

Quantitative results

Confidence to exercise results

As shown in Table 2, confidence to exercise independently increased from a mean at baseline of 2.46 (between 2 =  somewhat unconfident and 3 =  slightly confident) to 3.77 (between 3 =  slightly confident and 4 =  confident) at 6 months, with a large effect size (Cohen's d = -1.12). Confidence to exercise within group settings had a medium effect size (Cohen's d = -0.41), with a mean at baseline of 3.69 (between 3 =  slightly confident and 4 =  confident) to 4.15 (between 4 =  confident and 5 =  very confident) at 6 months.

Simple physical activity questionnaire results

Responses to the SIMPAQ (Table 2) showed a significant increase in average hours of sport/exercise from an average of 0.13 at baseline to 0.23 at 6 months (Cohen's d = -0.36, t(9) = − 2.26, p = 0.03). No significant difference in the SIMPAQ was found between the pre-test/post-test scores for subscales average hours of sedentary time (pre mean = 11.56, post mean = 11.68, Cohen's d = − 0.03, t(9) = − 0.19, p = 0.43). There was no changes in average walking hours per day (pre mean = 0.56, post mean 0.52, Cohen's d = 0.05, t(9) = − 0.33, p  = 0.38). The data showed that average walking hours per day decreased from pre (mean 0.56) to 3 months (0.48), followed by a slight increase at 6 months (mean 0.52), however this has no statistical or clinical significance.

Goal attainment scale results

At 6 months, 10 participants (76.9%) who completed the GAS achieved positive improvements in their individualised goals. The common goals expressed by participants included: socialisation and meeting new people (n = 9), weight management or weight loss (n = 7) and improving health and fitness (n = 14). Of them, three participants had somewhat positive changes (score change of < 15), five had significant positive changes (score change between 15 and 30) and two had very significant positive improvements in GAS scoring (> 30). When goal attainment was converted to T-Scores a very large effect size was seen in the attainment of individual exercise goals between baseline and 6 months (Cohen's d = − 1.73) (Table 2).

Recovery assessment scale results

While RAS-DS total recovery and each of the subscales showed greater recovery from baseline to 6 months (Table 2) none of the paired t-tests comparing baseline and 6 months scores were statistically significant. The magnitude of the effects, as indicated by Cohen's d, was moderate to large (Cohen's d  = 0.421). A similar pattern of results was observed when the last value was carried forward to substitute for missing data in three of the 13 participants.

Predictors of outcome

Individuals that attended less than 10 sessions (n = 5) over the intervention period (out of an available 74 sessions) saw the greatest improvements in confidence to exercise independently, in comparison to those who attended between 10 and 20 sessions (n = 3) and > 20 sessions (n = 5). This indicates that a small dose of exercise was sufficient to improve confidence to exercise independently. In contrast, those who attended more sessions (> 20) saw the greatest improvement in their confidence to exercise within group settings than those who attended between 10 and 20 sessions or less than 10.

Qualitative interview results

Eight of the 13 participants (62%) took part in the qualitative interviews at the end of the 6-month intervention. The main themes identified; supportive environment, exercise, social connection, and the role of co-facilitation are discussed. The sub-themes include location of the program and barriers to attendance.

Environment

Being able to exercise in a supportive environment was identified as the most favourite part of the program by participants (n = 6). People shared that they enjoyed learning about exercise, in particular "learning about the exercises that improve my health". It was also voiced that building exercise related skills and being instructed on how to use the exercise equipment was valuable; "trying out the new machines and finding that I could actually handle the weights", "It was good getting taught how to use the equipment and writing down the list of what to do" and "learning to exercise in the gym, yeah, it gives me more confidence". The space in which the program was co-facilitated was non-judgemental and people felt encouraged and motivated to exercise; "I love that it wasn't in your face like it wasn't made to feel bad if I couldn't come to the gym". Another participant shared, "it wasn't as daunting as I first thought, it was quite easy to do the um exercises". People shared that having access to the program motivated them to attend, "it was a motivational thing because there was people helping me".

Exercise

Participants also shared that they enjoyed having the option of different modes of exercise; "I thought that it was very generous that swimming was also offered. I thought that surprised me. I thought it was just going to be gym and just the machine side of things. But there's also the swimming, which is a nice outlet of activity as well". The participants also recognised the benefits of exercise, and the impact the program was having on their mental health; "I was surprised at how good I felt after having been in the pool. Um it was, it really helped to clear my head and for me to focus, which is an ongoing problem I have personally".

Social connection

Meeting new people, social interaction, and being a member of a like-minded cohort created a sense of belonging that influenced attendance of the program; "I liked meeting like-minded people and it felt like we were a bit of a cohort so to speak.... It was the highlight of my week; you know can't wait for Wednesday to roll along and um have the opportunity to take up the offer of doing the program". Another participant shared it was, "good to be able to meet up with a group of people... You feel your part of a group, that sense of belonging...people interested in your welfare". Social connection was a motivating factor to attendance; "sometimes you don't feel like rolling out of bed but I go no, I want to go to the gym, which is my friends", "It's a nice size, you get to know everybody in the group, it's not too daunting or overwhelming. It's just a nice group of people".

The role of co-facilitation

Individuals shared the value of co-facilitation by peer support workers and exercise physiologists, who were interested in their welfare; "I was taught all the equipment by...the physio people (referring to exercise physiologists), and also, some of the peer support workers knew how to use it. They're constantly looking out for you, checking your program, how you are going and putting on some new ones (referring to exercises)". Having staff with varying skills and expertise helped individuals feel supported and encouraged; "I enjoyed all the staff, the peer workers, the EPs (exercise physiologists), they showed me what to do and design the plan for me that's all very helpful", "I've really found the staff to be wonderful and interested in my progress and it's just very, um it just makes me feel very good about myself", "I just think it's a great system and it works really well, and it's made me, it's turned me into a new person because before this started, I was doing nothing", "I like the peer support workers to be there to chat with them", "They were wonderful, they were very engaging and also uplifting, encouraging people" (referring to staff co-facilitating the program).

Attendance

Accessibility

Participants believed that the program was accessible due to the location "perfectly located", "I live down the road, so this is the closet gym...the cost is very reasonable, very reasonable" and "This is a very good gym. Yeah, very good. It's easy to get to... the buses arrive across the road there... as well as getting a lift, also know how to make my own way here".

However, the location was a barrier to some individuals as they found it hard "walking there and back". One individual identified transport to the location as a barrier to attendance, whereas the remaining seven believed it was perfectly located and easy to access.

Barriers to attendance

There were some barriers raised in the interviews. The most common barriers included psychosocial factors, mental and physical health concerns, lack of motivation, appointment clashes and scheduling of finances. When asked about barriers to attendance, people said; "Other appointments keep getting in the way", "Things happen at home...so there was some barriers to coming for me and that's ongoing", "Mental health reasons, yeah just getting out of the house, feeling motivated and stuff like that", One participant believed that a later start might be suitable, "for me, I reckon it was a bit early, it might be actually a good idea to have it a bit later for those who sleep in", however the remaining participants believed there was no issues with the time of day the program starts. One individual listed the entry fee as a barrier to attendance, "one of the barriers I found coming to the gym is having to pay the entry fee..." however the other remaining participants did not identify cost as a barrier.

Discussion

Following the 6-month intervention, individuals continued to report improvements in community connection, confidence to exercise and increased exercise attendance. Qualitative interviews reinforced the value of the program, the importance of co-facilitation, and the contribution of peer support workers and exercise physiologists. As a study of implementing an exercise intervention in a CMHS there were several barriers. Fewer referrals to the program consented to participate in the study than anticipated, resulting in a small sample size and low statistical power. Outcome measures routinely collected as part of standard practice by clinicians of the CMHS could not be used due to low completion rates, so the planned treatment-as-usual comparison group was not viable, and self-reported scores on the RAS-DS were the main health outcome. The key learnings of this paper were the importance of co-facilitation. Understanding the full benefits and skill sets of peer support workers and exercise physiologists as emerging professions in CMHS, is vital for ongoing success of the program. Additionally, providing a program that was accessible in a community-based setting played a significant role in de-institutionalising mental health care.

Community connection

The program provided an opportunity for participants to interact with their peers and feel a sense of community. For PLWSMI, important aspects of recovery include connection and belonging [ 33]. Those in the early stages of recovery may feel like they only have a few relationships, however as they progress to later stages of their recovery journey, may develop a larger and more diverse social network [ 34]. At baseline, participants identified a strong desire to meet new people and socialise with peers through their self-identified goals (n = 9). After attendance of the program, people felt more engaged with community and had greater social connection indicating progress in their recovery. This social influence attained from time spent with peers is a known strategy that influences behaviour change [ 35]. From the qualitative interviews, it is evident that community connection was valued by the participants of the program as they felt this made for a safe and supportive environment. Additionally, from the qualitative interviews it is evident that participants felt welcomed, and they enjoyed being surrounded by like-minded peers. Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of community connection for exercise attendance in this population [ 36] as well as the importance of social supports in encouraging engagement in community-based activities [ 37]. This was a successful aspect of the program that led to greater attendance.

Confidence

For PLWSMI, lack of knowledge and fear surrounding exercise influences confidence and engagement [ 36]. The literature shows that in this population group, self-confidence is a major barrier to exercise [ 13]. Through attendance of the program and support provided by facilitators, participants improved their exercise related skills and demonstrated positive changes to their confidence levels. A community-based environment is helpful for routine and familiarity and development of self-esteem and confidence. Skill-building that takes place in this setting likely will have greater influence on long term behaviour change.

Engagement

Utilising peer support workers is helpful for encouraging PLWSMI to become physically active [ 18]. The literature shows that in this population group, social support from a trusted source plays an important role in getting people to the activity and remaining engaged [ 37]. Additionally, improved attendance rates are seen when exercise delivery is provided by exercise professionals [ 16]. In the interviews, participants outlined that social support from peers, as well as facilitation from both peer support workers and exercise physiologists, were valuable parts of the program. This highlights the importance of co-facilitation between the lived experience workforce and exercise physiologists to address challenges of exercise attendance. Reasons people wanted to engage with the program were distinguished through the goals set by the participants. At 6 months all participants either met or exceeded their goals.

Strengths

The study was conducted in a public CMHS with individuals who are referred with complex physical and mental health needs. Providing this low-cost intervention in a community setting has the potential to encourage community integration, de-institutionalises mental health care and allows skill development beyond engagement with the public health service. Partnerships between SLHD and IWC ensured that the group was accessible in a community-based setting. Building individual's confidence in their local community gym is valuable as it has the potential to influence long-term behaviour change beyond health service engagement.

Peer support workers completing research outcomes with consumers as an element of research collaboration was beneficial for participants who wished to receive additional support from peers as it often makes it easier for consumers to participate [ 38]. Peer led programs can show powerful narratives of health improvement and social connection [ 19]. The peer workforce acted as role models by sharing their lived experience, including similar physical health challenges and barriers, which helped to reduce any possible feelings of shame and guilt [ 39] This made exercise feel more approachable, less daunting and created a sense of safety in the activity. Co-delivering the program alongside exercise physiologists was beneficial as participants felt value in the expertise of clinicians and appreciated the help and guidance when implementing evidence-based interventions to address their personal health needs and goals.

Limitations

The sample of participants who consented might not reasonably represent the mental health population as those who agreed to participate were motivated to engage in the program, could commit to attending the program regularly (17 sessions out of possible 24), were not limited financially or restricted by modes of transport and had adequate supports to attend, including some participants who were already engaged with the healthy lifestyle clinicians (exercise physiologists and dietitians) or peer support. This does not account for other consumers of this service who could benefit from the program but are restricted by some of these barriers. Early engagement of the program was initiated by exercise physiologists due to routine care pathways of Gym and Swim, where the exercise physiologists received the referrals as part of the model of care. Early engagement from peer support workers from first contact might have captured support early on and impacted rates of attendance. Judgement regarding appropriateness of referrals was conducted by exercise physiologists in collaboration with the care coordinators from the CMHS. Judgement about engagement in the research project was conducted by staff of the program. Utilisation of National Disability Insurance Scheme supports, and other additional supports could have been greater for retention and encouragement of regular attendance. The program was offered on 3 days of the week for participants; however, this did not always suit everyone. Providing alternative days and times for the program was a suggestion made by participants however it is currently not a feasible option due to the staffing capacity in a public health service.

The planned 'usual care' comparison could not be completed due to insufficient data available on the electronic medical records during the period. The number of participants who engaged in the research was limited by several factors. The study was conducted within a 1-year fellowship necessitating a 3-month recruitment period. It was more difficult to recruit infrequent attenders. Informed consent could only be obtained in 28% of referrals because of the severity and complexity of the referrals. As a routine clinical service, the priority was to provide care, and with limited resources recruitment and data collection was secondary.

Co-design process

The co-design team met to complete six focus groups over the 12-month duration of the research project. Both peer support workers and exercise physiologists completed the research assessments with participants. To ensure there was equitable partnership, there was ongoing collaboration and discussion amongst the team. Co-analysis and co-interpretation of data was completed. Report writings were fulfilled by lead author due to allocation of funding grant and being unable to receive funding for co-lead lived experience researcher in the timeframe of the study. Similarly, co-dissemination of the research will occur by members of the co-design team at publication. Recommendations to enhance the co-design process include better planning and preparation including seeking funding for lived experience research positions, as well as spending time during the planning stage to train and upskill the co-design team prior to commencement. This would include ensuring equal partnerships, addressing power imbalances, and discussing the roles and responsibilities of team members. In future, further opportunities for members of the lived experienced community to be involved in co-design should be provided.

Policy implications

This report shows the value of exercise physiologists and peer support workers in leading physical health initiatives for PLWSMI. Service providers would be prudent to consider greater and sustained investment in these professional groups. Physical activity programs provided by these professionals are relatively low cost, feasible and acceptable to PLWSMI. Given the high costs associated with managing multimorbidity in PLWSMI, implementation of physical activity programs is likely to lead to significant cost offsets. Because these benefits seem abundantly clear we need to better understand the barriers to scaling physical activity programs so they can help reduce the mortality gap for PLWSMI.

Conclusions

In summary, to ensure sustainability of exercise for PLWSMI, it is suggested that exercise interventions are provided in community-based settings external to health services. Ensuring programs are accessible and affordable for this population is vital for long term attendance. Co-facilitation by peer support workers and exercise physiologists is an effective framework for implementation of exercise and for establishing a safe and supportive environment for mental health service users to engage in lifestyle interventions, connect with their community, and build confidence and skills to exercise (Table 3).

Table 3.

1. The facilitation of programs by both exercise professionals and lived experience workforce is well received by PLWSMI. Incorporating co-design into physical activity and lifestyle programs for this population increases the chance of engagement with exercise

2. Locating physical activity programs in community locations increases accessibility, engagement, and community integration for PLWSMI

3. It would be beneficial to see future research evaluating the impact of these co-designed physical activity programs on long-term health outcomes for PLWSMI

Acknowledgements

Sophie Forlico was funded by a Health Education Training Institute Mental Health Research Award to complete this research and it was supported by Sydney Local Health District. Special thanks go to Stella Galanis, Library Manager at Geoff Marel Library, Concord Hospital for completing a literature search and for providing ongoing access to relevant literature, as well as Hansi Eheliyagoda and Jordan McStraw who contributed to the literature review and collection of background information. We thank: Renata Tayler and Jemina Isbester who contributed to co-design focus group sessions and development of assessment tools; Paul La Cava and Raz Akyunare who contributed to co-design focus groups, development of assessment tools and data interpretation, as well as Linda Persson who contributed to co-design focus groups, development of assessment tools, conducting assessments and data interpretation. We acknowledge the partnership with the Inner West Council (IWC) for the agreement to use their facilities and equipment to deliver Gym and Swim. We would like to thank the participants of Gym and Swim who consented to take part in this study. An earlier version of this work was presented at the 33rd annual Mental Health Services Conference in Adelaide, South Australia, 15-18 August 2023. We recognise that preferred terminology in mental health care may vary. Throughout this paper, the term consumer is used to refer to an individual with lived or living experience of mental illness.

Author contributions

Lead investigator of research, contributed to seeking funding, research planning and design, literature search, contributed to co-design focus group sessions, development of assessment tools, conducted assessments, data interpretation and wrote findings. Contributed to data interpretation, critiqued and advised on earlier draft, conceptualisation and supervision of research. Contributed to co-design focus group sessions, development of assessment tools, conducting assessments, data interpretation, critiqued and advised on earlier draft. Contributed to co-design focus group sessions, development of assessment tools, conducting assessments and data interpretation, discussed, critiqued and advised on earlier draft, Contributed to co-design focus group sessions, development of assessment tools, data interpretation, discussed, critiqued and advised on earlier draft, Contributed to co-design focus group sessions, critiqued and advised on earlier draft, conceptualisation and supervision of research.

Data availability

Data cannot be shared openly to protect study participant privacy and confidentiality.

Declarations

Competing interests

No potential competing interests reported by authors.

Footnotes

Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

1. National Mental Health Commission. Equally Well Consensus Statement: Improving the physical health and wellbeing of people living with mental illness in Australia. National Mental Health Commission. 2016. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/getmedia/567c9dbe-3d53-4a0c-96ef-88428edf5064/Equally-Well-Consensus-Statement

17. Byrne L, Wang L, Roennfeldt H, Chapman M, Darwin L, Castles C, et al. National Lived Experience Workforce Guidelines. 2021. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/lived-experience/lived-experience-workforces/peer-experience-workforce-guidelines

22. Norton K, Norton L. Pre-exercise screening. Exercise and Sports Science Australia, Fitness Australia and Sports Medicine Australia; 2011.

26. NSW Government. Metabolic Monitoring, New Mental Health Clinical Documentation Module. 2012. https://www1.health.nsw.gov.au/pds/ActivePDSDocuments/IB2012_024.pdf

32. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77-101. [Google Scholar]

34. Hancock N, Scanlan JN, Bundy AC, Honey A. Recovery assessment scale: domains and stages (RAS-DS) manual version 3. The University of Sydney.2019. https://ras-ds.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/RASDS-Manual-Version-3-2019-FINAL.pdf

Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Availability Statement

Data cannot be shared openly to protect study participant privacy and confidentiality.

Articles from Discover Mental Health are provided here courtesy of Springer

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Gym and swim: a co-facilitated exercise program that improves community connection, confidence, and exercise habits in a community mental health service

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
High rates of cardiometabolic disease and poor physical health outcomes contribute to significant premature mortality in people living with severe mental illness (PLWSMI). Lifestyle interventions such as exercise are known to improve both physical ...

# data[].attributes.headline
Building Cultural Relevance in Learn-to-Swim Programs

# data[].attributes.subject
Building Cultural Relevance in Learn-to-Swim Programs

# data[].attributes.body
Programs like Deadly Little Dolphins incorporate cultural practices, storytelling, and Indigenous games into swimming lessons. By linking water safety and skill acquisition to local traditions, the initiative increases engagement and retention among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children. Coaches receive cultural competency training to ensure respectful and effective delivery. Integrating community input fosters trust and ownership while reinforcing identity and pride. These culturally grounded practices help children feel valued, making swimming programs both meaningful and effective. Swimming Australia’s approach exemplifies best practice for inclusive First Nations sport programs.

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Increasing cultural diversity within outdoor swimming for positive change within communities

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What started out as an adult learn to swim project has become a comprehensive development programme that enables women from marginalised communities to learn a new life skill, develop self-confidence, grow community, expand support networks, and access limitless opportunities for themselves and their families.

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Swimming Australia’s First Nations programs address specific barriers to water safety in Indigenous communities. Geographic isolation, limited access to pools, and historical distrust of formal education systems contribute to low participation. Deadly Little Dolphins delivers mobile lessons, family engagement, and culturally tailored instruction. By embedding traditional water knowledge, cultural relevance, and community involvement, the program enhances safety and engagement. Children gain both technical skills and confidence, while communities build ownership of the program. This holistic approach ensures equitable access to water safety education for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children across Australia.

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Impact of Swimming Programs on Cultural Pride

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Impact of Swimming Programs on Cultural Pride

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Swimming Australia’s programs foster cultural pride by connecting children to water-based traditions and community knowledge. Deadly Little Dolphins integrates storytelling and Indigenous customs into lessons, creating a culturally meaningful learning environment. Participants develop swimming proficiency while strengthening identity and belonging. Engaging Elders and local mentors ensures programs reflect community values, increasing retention and participation. By celebrating cultural heritage alongside skill development, Swimming Australia supports both personal and community growth. Programs demonstrate that culturally responsive sport initiatives not only teach technical skills but also nurture pride, confidence, and long-term engagement among First Nations youth.

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Swimming is more than just a recreational activity; it holds profound cultural significance across the globe. From ancient civilizations to modern-day practices, the art of swimming has transcended time and geography, often intertwining with the identities and traditions of diverse societies. As we explore the cultural relevance of swimming worldwide, we'll also discuss the essential gear that enhances the experience, such as comfortable swim goggles, swim caps, swim ear bands, and more.

A Historical Perspective on Swimming

Swimming has been an integral part of human existence for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of swimming dates back to ancient paintings found in the cave of Lascaux in France, depicting swimmers around 10,000 years ago. Ancient Egyptians revered water for its life-sustaining properties, often showcasing swimming in their art. The significance continued through ancient Greece and Rome, where swimming was considered a vital component of education and physical fitness.

Swimming and Health Through the Ages

Throughout history, swimming has been associated with health and wellness. In ancient Rome, public baths were a hub of social interaction, while in many cultures, swimming was tied to rites of passage and rituals. For instance, in Pacific Island cultures, swimming is often linked with spiritual beliefs, where water is seen as a source of life and health.

Cultural Events Centered Around Swimming

Across various regions, swimming events and competitions become focal points for community gatherings and celebrations. These events often foster camaraderie and enhance community bonds.

The Olympics: A Global Stage

The Olympics shine a light on swimming as a competitive sport, celebrating the skills of swimmers worldwide. Events such as freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly not only showcase athletic prowess but also reflect the different swimming styles and traditions inherent to various cultures. Athletes equipped with swim goggles and swim caps represent their nations, promoting not only healthy competition but a sense of national pride.

Local Festivals and Swimming Competitions

From the Ganges River in India to the beaches of Hawaii, local culture celebrates swimming through festivals. In these events, traditional costumes may be donned, accentuating the cultural heritage of the people. Participating in such local competitions often allows individuals to connect with both their roots and the nature surrounding them.

Swimming as a Symbol of Freedom

Throughout history, swimming has also been a symbol of freedom. Nations long restricted by geography have found solace in water, utilizing it as a means to explore and assert their identity.

Water and Independence Movements

In the early 20th century, swimming took on added layers of significance for marginalized communities fighting for their rights. For instance, in the United States, public pools became battlegrounds for civil rights during segregation, representing not just a struggle for access to recreational activities but also for basic human rights. The act of swimming became synonymous with liberation and equality.

The Role of Swimming in Modern Culture

Today, swimming continues to be significant both recreationally and competitively. It has evolved into a popular form of exercise embraced by millions. The accessibility of swimming has increased in recent years, with many communities offering programs that promote swimming literacy for all ages.

Swimming in Popular Media

In modern media, swimming finds its representation in films and books, often portraying the sport as a pathway to self-discovery or healing. Movies like "The Way Back" and "Soul Surfer" showcase how swimming can aid in personal growth. Additionally, social media platforms are filled with influencers promoting swimming as not just a sport but a lifestyle, further increasing its cultural relevance.

Swimming Across Cultures

Diverse cultures around the world display unique relationships with swimming, viewing it through various lenses.

Indigenous Cultures

For many Indigenous peoples, swimming is a tradition steeped in history. These communities regard water as sacred, and swimming serves as an embodiment of that respect. Children learn to swim early on, often as part of their cultural education, ensuring these practices are passed down through generations.

Beach Culture and Community Identity

In coastal towns and cities, swimming and beach culture create unique identities. Surfing, beach games, and swim competitions unite communities, fostering a sense of belonging. Notable locations like the Gold Coast in Australia or Coney Island in New York reflect how swimming shapes local cultures and economies.

The Essentials: Gear for Enhanced Swimming Experiences

Whether swimming for leisure, competition, or cultural events, the right gear is essential. Let's explore some of them:

One of the most popular accessories is comfortable swim goggles. Ensuring clear vision underwater, they are essential for both recreational and competitive swimmers. Various designs cater to different face shapes and swimming styles, helping swimmers achieve optimal comfort and efficiency in the water.

Swimming Caps

Swim caps are another vital piece of swimming gear. Not only do they help keep hair dry and free of chlorine, but they can also streamline a swimmer's look in the water, reducing drag. For competitive swimmers, the right cap can make a significant difference.

Swim Ear Bands

For those sensitive to water in their ears, swim ear bands provide protection and comfort, allowing swimmers to enjoy their experience without discomfort. This accessory is especially popular among children and those who frequent swim practices or competitions.

Empowering the Next Generation

Swimming promotes confidence and safety, particularly among younger generations. Teaching children to swim not only equips them with a crucial life skill but also teaches respect for water. Schools and community programs are now emphasizing swimming classes, helping to reduce the incidence of drownings while fostering cultural appreciation for swimming.

Community Programs

Many cities have initiated programs aimed at promoting swimming among youth, particularly in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. By providing access to swimming facilities and professional coaching, these initiatives empower children while instilling a sense of community pride.

The Final Splash: Celebrating Swimming Globally

As we've explored, swimming serves as a cultural symbol deeply ingrained in societies across the globe. It carries historical significance, nurtures community bonds, and stands as a testament to the resilience of the human spirit. Whether you're donning swimming goggles for a competition, slipping on your swim caps for a local festival, or enjoying the refreshing embrace of water, swimming is a celebration of life itself. Let us cherish this universal activity that continues to unite cultures, promote wellbeing, and inspire future generations.

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The Global Importance of Swimming: A Dive into Cultural Significance

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Swimming is more than just a recreational activity; it holds profound cultural significance across the globe. From ancient civilizations to modern-day practices, the art of swimming has transcended time and geography, often intertwining with the identities and traditions of diverse societies. As we explore the cultural

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Swimming Australia identifies barriers affecting Indigenous children’s participation, including lack of facilities, economic constraints, and cultural differences. Deadly Little Dolphins overcomes these through community-based programs, mobile pools, and culturally relevant teaching. Local coaches and Elders guide lessons, fostering trust and relevance. Programs emphasise safety, confidence, and skill-building while respecting traditions. By addressing structural and social barriers, Swimming Australia ensures equitable access and promotes lifelong water competency. These strategies highlight the importance of contextual understanding when designing First Nations sport programs, demonstrating how culturally tailored approaches can increase participation and positive outcomes.

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Learning from Other Australian Indigenous Sports Programs

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Learning from Other Australian Indigenous Sports Programs

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Swimming Australia adapts strategies from other Indigenous sports programs, such as AFL’s Indigenous engagement and netball community initiatives. Mentorship, school-based outreach, and culturally informed coaching increase participation and retention in swimming. Programs emphasise relationship-building, trust, and relevance while promoting technical skills and water safety. By learning from successful models, Swimming Australia tailors delivery to First Nations communities, ensuring effectiveness and sustainability. Cross-sport lessons demonstrate that collaborative, culturally responsive approaches improve access, engagement, and skill development for Indigenous children in swimming programs nationwide.

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Australia is made up of hundreds of diverse First Nations Australians, each with their own culture, language, beliefs and practices.

Sport is the ultimate cultural community connector and can contribute to reducing the physical and mental health challenges that these communities currently face.

That is why it is important for clubs to implement strategies for the inclusion of First Nations Australians.

Programs and interventions that are forced or imposed without significant consultation, are unlikely to benefit First Nations Australians or the broader community.

Community-led initiatives and healthy, active role models are important first steps, to increase First Nation Australians' participation in sport.

Develop strategies and policies in partnership with First Nations peoples, rather than for them.

Reach out to your local Aboriginal Land Council and develop a formal or informal relationship with the traditional owners relevant to your club.

Open club meetings with an Acknowledgement of Country.

Open significant club events with an Acknowledgement of Country and where possible a formal Welcome to Country performed by a Traditional Owner.

Display visible items such as flags, artwork, Acknowledgement of Country signage prominently around the club.

Consider the unique experiences and socio-cultural factors surrounding our First Nations peoples and be respectful and understanding of them. This includes acknowledging the experienced racism, battles for recognition for identity and social acceptance, and cultural and community connections.

Make sure that your social events, newsletters, or social media posts are culturally appropriate and welcoming of First Nations peoples. Representation in social media posts matter.

Acknowledge and celebrate key First Nations events such as Reconciliation Week and NAIDOC week.

Ensure you have tried and tested policies and processes to prevent and respond to racism and discrimination. Promote these through coaches, committee members and volunteer, to the whole club at the start of the season, mid-season and again when new people join the club.

Ensure policies outline consequences for discrimination, ensuring that casual racist slurs or insults (for example in-jokes) are included as forms of discrimination and will have the same consequences.

Have a formal complaints process in place.

Ensure you have a committee member or a club-nominated officer with professional or lived experience in place for confidential discussions.

Regardless of whether racism or discrimination has occurred in your club ensure you regularly facilitate conversations that allow for reflection and learning about dealing with incidents if and when they occur.

Consciously work towards having First Nations people in leadership and mentoring roles at your club as coaches or committee members.

Consider creative ways to assist any family at your club that has transport or financial challenges that are preventing participation.

Resources

Best practice examples

NATIONAL ABORIGINAL SPORTING CHANCE ACADEMY (NASCA)

National Aboriginal Sporting Chance Academy (NASCA) works with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people to create a strength-based, culturally strong environment.

To remain successful, NASCA's mentoring programs involve local community and parents and are long term, respectful, mutually beneficial relationships.

RUMBALARA FOOTBALL NETBALL CLUB

Rumbalara Football Netball Club is an Aboriginal community run sporting club dedicated to strengthening the Shepparton community by bringing families together through strong vibrant leadership.

The club is a place of belonging that people of all ages and backgrounds can call their own.

JOHN MORIARTY FOOTBALL

John Moriarty Football, named after its co-founder Yanyuwa man John Moriarty AM, the first Aboriginal footballer to be selected to play for Australia, delivers a transformational Indigenous football program for 2-18 year olds. The program uses football (soccer) for talent and positive change and has a track record of improving school attendance and achieving resilient, healthier outcomes for some of Australia's most remote Indigenous communities.

THE INDIGENOUS MARATHON FOUNDATION

The Indigenous Marathon Foundation (established in 2009 by world marathon champion Rob de Castella), is a health promotion charity that uses running to celebrate resilience and achievement, creating inspirational Indigenous leaders.

VICTORIAN INDIGENOUS SURFING PROGRAM

The Victorian Indigenous Surfing Program is one of the longest running Indigenous engagement programs in the country. Launching in 1999, the program uses surfing as a way to connect Indigenous Victorians with the ocean whilst learning new skills, water safety and healthy habits.

Strong Aboriginal community leadership and engagement in culturally safe and engaging environments that are inclusive, respectful and flexible, are the core values of the program.

AFL NORTHERN TERRITORY: REMOTE PROJECTS

By harnessing the passion for AFL, remote-based football initiatives, delivered by AFL Northern Territory: Remote projects, save extensive and dangerous travel time to access structured and supported sporting environments. Remote based football programs allow people to play their sport of preference on country of significance, without the potential distractions of urban locations.

Football activities involve targeted messaging and specific programs based on advice from community elders, funding bodies and service providers. The remote projects are delivered in a culturally sensitive manner with consideration for local customs, traditions and cultural practices.

SHARE A YARN

The Share a Yarn initiative provides Australian Elite Athletes with meaningful opportunities to connect and build relationships with First Nations communities, and learn more about the differing cultures, lands, histories, and people within them.
First Nations Australians Cultural, racial and linguistically diverse communities LGBTIQ+ communities People with disability Intersectionality Women and girls

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First Nations Australians | Australian Sports Commission

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Australian Sports Commission is determined to have more Australians participating and excelling in sport, from grass-roots right up to the pinnacle of elite competition.

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International Insights Applied to Indigenous Swimming

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International Insights Applied to Indigenous Swimming

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Swimming Australia incorporates international best practices in coaching, program design, and inclusion into Indigenous swimming programs. Exchanges and collaborations provide insights into culturally responsive pedagogy and talent development. Deadly Little Dolphins benefits from these lessons, improving program quality and retention. Techniques from global water safety and youth development programs are adapted for First Nations contexts, enhancing both technical skill acquisition and cultural engagement. Integrating international perspectives while maintaining local cultural relevance strengthens pathways from learn-to-swim participation to competitive achievement for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children.

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‘Djabooly-djabooly: why don’t they swim?’: the ebb and flow of water in the lives of Australian Aboriginal women

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Aquatic activities have been pivotal to the lifestyle of Australian Indigenous peoples for millennia. That historical connection with rivers, streams and beaches is a largely untold story. This pap…

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Historical Context of Indigenous Swimming Access

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Historical Context of Indigenous Swimming Access

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Historically, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities had limited access to swimming pools and formal swimming instruction. Swimming Australia’s First Nations programs address these historical inequities by offering community-based lessons, mobile pools, and culturally tailored coaching. Understanding this history is critical for program design, ensuring interventions are sensitive, inclusive, and effective. By acknowledging barriers such as systemic exclusion, geographic isolation, and intergenerational trauma, Swimming Australia can develop initiatives like Deadly Little Dolphins that not only teach water safety and swimming skills but also foster cultural pride, community engagement, and long-term participation.

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At one point in history, people across the world ‘forgot’ how to swim. Why?

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Swimming should be accessible to everyone, but throughout history, that has not been the case for many people.

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Swimming Australia’s Deadly Little Dolphins emphasises community engagement, encouraging local participation in program delivery. Elders, families, and community leaders collaborate in planning and coaching, ensuring lessons are culturally appropriate and meaningful. This approach fosters trust, ownership, and long-term participation while promoting swimming skills and water safety. Programs are delivered flexibly to meet community needs, including mobile pools and weekend lessons. By centering local knowledge and values, Swimming Australia strengthens cultural connections and ensures that Indigenous children experience swimming programs that are both technically sound and socially relevant.

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Mentorship in Indigenous Swimming Programs

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Mentorship in Indigenous Swimming Programs

# data[].attributes.body
Mentorship is central to Swimming Australia’s First Nations programs. Elders and local coaches provide guidance, teaching both swimming skills and cultural knowledge. This dual focus reinforces identity, pride, and community connectedness while improving skill acquisition. Programs like Deadly Little Dolphins integrate mentorship into lessons, enhancing engagement and retention. Mentors model safe water practices and pathways to competitive swimming, bridging community culture with formal sport systems. By combining mentorship with technical instruction, Swimming Australia fosters holistic development that respects First Nations perspectives, strengthens community ties, and provides culturally relevant pathways for children.

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Swimming Australia - Deadly Little Dolphins

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Deadly Little Dolphins is our national call to action to ensure Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have access to learn to swim to improve their swimming.

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Swimming Australia partners with community programs like KARI Foundation to engage children from infancy. Initiatives such as Parents & Bubs introduce infants and families to water safety and swimming in culturally safe environments. Early engagement fosters confidence, reduces fear of water, and encourages continued participation. Programs also support caregivers, providing tools and education for ongoing water safety at home. By embedding swimming skills from a young age, Swimming Australia addresses long-term health, safety, and participation outcomes while building culturally inclusive programs that empower children, families, and communities across Indigenous communities.

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Study: Early Swimming Promotes Early Development - YMCA of Niagara

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Study: Early Swimming Promotes Early Development Republished with permission from ACTIVE FOR LIFE Swimming is one of the most important skills that children can learn. Swimming provides for basic safety in and around water, and it also opens the door to

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Deadly Little Dolphins balances participation with pathways toward competitive swimming. Children begin with foundational skills, progressing to advanced lessons and potential elite development. Swimming Australia supports this progression through coaching, mentorship, and community involvement. Programs are culturally tailored, ensuring relevance while fostering performance potential. By aligning technical skill development with cultural engagement, children remain motivated, safe, and confident in water environments. This holistic model exemplifies evidence-based pathways that combine inclusion, water safety, and skill mastery, demonstrating how Swimming Australia effectively nurtures both community participation and long-term sporting excellence.

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Reducing Drowning Risk in Indigenous Communities

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Reducing Drowning Risk in Indigenous Communities

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Drowning rates are disproportionately high in Indigenous communities due to limited access to swimming education. Swimming Australia’s First Nations programs target these disparities with community-focused lessons, culturally tailored coaching, and family involvement. Programs prioritise water safety, practical skills, and confidence, while addressing geographical and social barriers. Mobile pools and flexible delivery ensure accessibility. By combining technical instruction with cultural understanding, these programs not only teach swimming but reduce risk, improve lifelong water competency, and promote engagement in safe recreational activities, demonstrating a socially responsive model of Indigenous-focused sport programming.

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Swimming Australia incorporates traditional water knowledge and storytelling into Deadly Little Dolphins. Lessons connect swimming skills with cultural narratives, respecting local practices and fostering identity. This integration ensures programs are relevant, increasing engagement and retention among children. Community Elders guide teaching and provide mentorship, linking historical understanding with technical skill development. By embedding First Nations perspectives, Swimming Australia demonstrates culturally responsive programming that strengthens pride, participation, and skill acquisition, offering a model for inclusive and effective sport education in Indigenous communities.

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Swimming Australia designs First Nations programs to be flexible and accessible, using mobile pools and community venues. Scheduling considers local needs, family availability, and cultural events, ensuring higher participation. Coaches receive cultural competency training to deliver lessons effectively. This adaptive approach allows children in remote or underserved regions to access swimming education safely and meaningfully. By prioritising accessibility, Swimming Australia reduces barriers, promotes inclusivity, and ensures that all Indigenous children have opportunities for skill development, water safety, and confidence-building in culturally safe swimming programs.

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Swimming Australia - Deadly Little Dolphins

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Deadly Little Dolphins is our national call to action to ensure Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have access to learn to swim to improve their swimming.

# data[].attributes.body
Swimming Australia adapts international best practices in coaching and program design to Indigenous communities. Programs like Deadly Little Dolphins incorporate insights from global youth swimming initiatives, emphasising safe learning environments, progression pathways, and inclusion. Techniques are modified to respect local culture and community structures. International collaboration enhances program quality, coaching expertise, and engagement outcomes. By combining global knowledge with culturally grounded delivery, Swimming Australia strengthens technical, social, and cultural competencies among Indigenous children, providing pathways from participation to potential elite development.

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Historical Exclusion and Current Programs

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Historical Exclusion and Current Programs

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Historically, Indigenous Australians faced systemic exclusion from swimming programs due to geographic, social, and cultural barriers. Swimming Australia’s First Nations programs, such as Deadly Little Dolphins, counter these inequities through mobile lessons, local coach development, and culturally informed delivery. Recognising this history informs program design, ensuring interventions are sensitive, inclusive, and effective. By addressing past barriers, programs support swimming skill acquisition, water safety, and cultural engagement, promoting trust and long-term participation in Indigenous communities. This historical understanding ensures programs remain equitable and culturally respectful.

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Future Directions in First Nations Swimming Programs

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Future Directions in First Nations Swimming Programs

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Swimming Australia continues to develop Deadly Little Dolphins, expanding reach and integrating community feedback. Future directions include increased mentorship, enhanced coach training, and links to competitive swimming pathways. Programs aim to improve water safety, participation, and cultural pride, emphasizing holistic development. Data collection and evaluation measure outcomes, guiding program improvements. By prioritising cultural relevance, accessibility, and skill progression, Swimming Australia provides a sustainable, inclusive model for First Nations swimming programs, fostering community engagement and potential pathways to elite participation while ensuring lifelong participation and water competency among Indigenous children.