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The Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1962): As President Mao wanted to improve China's development rapidly, he launched a campaign to help increase industrial and agricultural production. However, with the backyard steel production and large famines, it caused the death of 30 million people, indicating that it was a major setback for China both socially and economically.

The Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976): Under this revolution, the government paralyzed the research and educational systems, limiting the probability of having contact with anything that represented Western ideologies. Many intellectuals were killed or sent to labor camps.

Economic Reforms (1978 - 1980s): After Deng Xiaoping became president, he implemented his four modernizations program that included agriculture, industry, defense, and science. Furthermore, China carried out the "Open Door Policy," which helped the United States and China establish diplomatic relationships. Lastly, the economic reforms from the government led to less control over businesses and land ownership, contributing to China's economic growth.

Tiananmen Square Protest (1989): The protest at the plaza demonstrated the students' determination to bring attention to freedom and democracy. However, some people sacrificed throughout the process.

One Child Policy (1979 - 2015): The policy was introduced to help control rapid population growth. Families that were found with multiple children were fined or faced other consequences. Yet, with their preference for having boys, there was a significant difference in baby gender ratios.

Citation: https://www.chipublib.org/timeline-of-chinas-modern-history/

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1912-25

After the 1911 collapse of the Qing Dynasty, China declares itself a republic in 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first president. Sun founds the Nationalist Party, Kuomintang (KMT) and later resigns in favor of Yuan Shihkai. Shihkai attempts to reinstate the monarchy but fails, and after his death in 1916 the country is left without a strong central leader, and the country descends into a period of control by warlords.

1921-35

The Chinese Communist Party is founded in Shanghai. Mao Zedong leads the Long March and establishes revolutionary headquarters in Yenan.

1925

Sun Yat-sen dies; Chiang Kai-shek assumes leadership of KMT and launches the Northern Expedition that reunifies China under Nationalist government.

1920s-1950

Traditional arranged marriage continues in both the legal system and local customs; it is marked by complex negotiations of families through matchmakers regarding the bride price and the bride's dowry.

December 1937-March 1938

During the Sino-Japanese War, the four-month Japanese occupation of Nanking known as the Rape of Nanking is the cause of an estimated 260,000 Chinese civilian casualties during the invasion.

1946-49

Civil war between the Nationalists and the Communists results in the Communists' victory; the Nationalist government evacuates to the island of Taiwan.

1949

Mao proclaims the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

1950

A new marriage law bans polygamy and arranged marriages, promoting women's equality and encouraging freedom of choice in selecting a spouse.

The Agrarian Reform Law redistributes the land of landlords and wealthy farmers to millions of peasants.

1950s-1978

A planned economy demands rationed household goods and food. By national poverty line criteria, people in poverty are estimated at 260 million and the income gap between rural and urban populations grows.

1953

Mao begins Rural Collectivization based on a five-year plan. Individual landownership is abolished and replaced with cooperatives.

1957-58

An "Anti-Rightist" campaign is used by Mao to eliminate critical intellectuals. A half-million dissidents are sent to remote labor camps for "reform through labor."

1958-62

The "Great Leap Forward" plan calls for an unrealistic increase in industrial and agricultural production. All land is collectivized and farmers are organized into People's Communes. Mao declares the goal of passing Great Britain in industrial production by 1972, and backyard furnaces for steel production are created across the country. However, the steel produced is of poor quality and the agricultural reforms cause one of the largest famines in human history, with an estimated 30 million deaths from starvation.

1966-76

Under the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution China's jurisdiction, research and educational systems are paralyzed. Student bands of "Red Guards" search and destroy anything considered bourgeois-anything representing capitalism, religion, tradition and the West. Most of China's cultural heritage is destroyed. Mao's rivals within the party are purged. Intellectuals and people with "counterrevolutionary" backgrounds are dragged from their homes to endure fatal "struggle sessions," sent to labor camps or detailed to custodial work units.

1972

Richard Nixon visits China, normalizing the relationship between the United States and China.

1977

After the Cultural Revolution, the National Higher Education Entrance Examination is re-introduced, which ends the policy of only admitting people into higher education with farming, factory and military experience during 1971-1977.

1978

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Article 46 guarantees freedom of religion but with a number of restrictions.

Start of Deng Xiaoping's Four Modernizations program (agriculture, industry, defense and science) is instituted as a form of Chinese socialism.

1979

Continuing China's "Open Door Policy," diplomatic relations are established between the United States and China.

1979-present

The "One-Child Policy" is introduced to limit births nationwide as the population reaches 900 million. Violation of this family planning policy results in fines, confiscation of property, salary cuts or dismissal. Officials also refuse to issue house registry to "out of plan" children, thereby denying them education and other benefits.

1980s

The Chinese government begins a series of economic reforms that lead to less government control of business and landownership. A new household responsibility system replaces a collective system, and the privatization of state enterprises contributes to China's economic growth.

1987

Western-style fast food is introduced in China-KFC opens its first store, and McDonald's will follow in 1991.

1989

Tiananmen Square protests conducted largely by students bring international attention to China. Military clashes with the protesters, who demand freedom and democracy, result in multiple deaths.

1990

China's biggest special economic zone launches in the suburbs of Shanghai at Pudong, designed to be China's new financial and commercial hub.

1997

China takes control over Hong Kong's sovereignty based on previous contractual agreements with the United Kingdom.

2000

Government consolidates Internet regulations for mainland China.

2001

China is admitted to the World Trade Organization and wins the bid for the 2008 Olympics.

2007

For the first time since 1979, a review of every capital offense criminal case must be reviewed by the Supreme People's Court. The court reports that as a result about 15 percent of cases are now overturned, but China remains the world's leading executioner, with the list of crimes punishable by death including theft, embezzlement and forgery.

2008

The XXIX Summer Olympics are held in Beijing.

2009

Twenty million migrant workers are reported to have lost their jobs in China due to the global economic crisis.

2010

China becomes the world's second-largest economy. In response to alleged cyberattacks on email accounts of human rights activists, Google ends its compliance with China's Internet censorship and re-routes Internet searches to Google Hong Kong. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to Liu Xiaobo, a Chinese human rights activist "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."

Sources

Becker, Jasper. The Chinese: An Insider's Look at the Issues Which Affect and Shape China Today. Oxford University Press, 2000.

Fenby, Jonathan. Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present. HarperCollins, 2008.

Meisner, Maurice. Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic. The Free Press, 1986.

"Introduction to China's Modern History." Asia for Educators.

"Timeline: Chronology of Key Events." China Profile. 2012.

Content last updated: April 30, 2012

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After the 1911 collapse of the Qing Dynasty, China declares itself a republic in 1912 with Sun Yat-sen as the first president. Sun founds the Nationalist Party, Kuomintang (KMT) and later resigns in favor of Yuan Shihkai.

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Decolonization (1945 - 1970): After World War II, Britain no longer had the wealth or strength to manage its overseas empires; therefore, many countries started to gain their independence one after another. This shows a shift in global powers and how Britain was very unstable economically and politically.

The Troubles (1969): In Northern Ireland, the Catholic citizens believed that they were treated unfairly in many different ways, so they started protesting against the government. However, when the British soldiers came to restore order, there was a lot of violence between the government and the citizens, leading to more violence in other countries and a deep division between the Northern Irish and the UK.

Economic Reforms (1979-1990): Margaret Thatcher was elected as the first female Prime Minister and introduced free-market policies to help revitalize the economy and increase national GDP.

Financial Crisis (2008 - 2009): After the stock market crashed in 2008, there was a significant decrease in the UK's GDP. This caused many people to be unemployed and the productivity to decrease.

Brexit (2020): Great Britain officially withdrew from the European Union because of the influx of migrants from other EU countries and many other reasons.

Sources:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_01.shtml

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z9jhg2p#zsrjp9q

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1969 might have started out with a change of Prime Minister, but all of the old problems remained (CCEA). - BBC Bitesize

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1969 might have started out with a change of Prime Minister, but all of the old problems remained. The situation had become so tense that it looked as if violence would break out at any time.

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The Brexit effect: how leaving the EU hit the UK | FT Film

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The handover of Hong Kong from Britain to China

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Coup Overthrow (1953) After Iran decided to nationalize their oil industry, the British and US intelligence overthrew Prime Minister Mossaddegh through a coup. This helped the Shah to return to power.

Iranian Revolution (1979): In this revolution, the citizens were unhappy with the Shah's governance and eventually replaced him with a new leader, Ayatollah Khomeini. This caused their relationship with Western powers to collapse.

Iran-Iraq War (1980 - 1988): Iraq attacked Iran because Iraq wanted its land and natural resources. However, Iran fought back, and neither country won. This caused a lot of damage, which both countries suffered hugely. A cease-fire was declared after the UN helped with its negotiations.

Student Protests (1999): Many pro-democracy students protested against the government because of corruption, repression, and poor governance. More than 1,000 students were arrested, but this indicated a social movement that was not successful.

Economic Situation (2015): For many years, Iran faced a lot of restrictions because of their nuclear program. Thus, Iran signed the JCPOA to help improve their economy.

Sources:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14542438

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International economic sanctions on Iran lifted after UN says satisfied with progress on fulfilling nuclear agreement. President Rouhani embarks on the first European state visit of an Iranian president for 16 years.

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A chronology of key events in Iran's history, from the first Persian Empire to the present

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The 1979 Iran Revolution: How It Happened

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Oil Discovery (1976): As they found a super oil field in the Bay of Campeche, this fueled a massive economic boom in their country. It increased their GDP, job creation, and export revenue.

Earthquake Disaster (1985): This earthquake caused serious damage to their infrastructure in Mexico City, and many people died. Thus, it harmed their economy and tourism industries and required them to spend lots of money to reconstruct these buildings.

NAFTA (1993): This free trade agreement between Mexico, USA, and Canada helped improve their economy.

Indigenous Rights (1994): This Chiapas conflict between the government and the Chiapas indigenous led to the awareness of indigenous rights. After a year, the government agreed to give the indigenous people greater autonomy.

USMCA (2018): Similar to NAFTA, this aimed to create more trade, which can help improve their economic growth.

Source:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19828041

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1913-14 - The liberal Francisco Madero introduces land reform and labour legislation before being assassinated. Victoriano Huerta seizes power. Political unrest continues with Emiliano Zapata leading a peasant revolt in the south.

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1913 -14 - The liberal Francisco Madero introduces land reform and labour legislation before being assassinated. Victoriano Huerta seizes power. Political unrest continues with Emiliano Zapata leading a peasant revolt in the south.

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Nigeria's Independence (1960): After many years of colonization by the British, they finally gained their independence, and Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa started to lead the government.

Biafran War (1967 - 1970): The civil war between Nigeria and the Republic of Biafra started because of the significant political and ethnic unrest after its independence. Thus, it led to the death of about 2 million people and unresolved tensions. Nigeria was still politically unstable.

Ethnic Violence (2002): Ethnic violence erupted in Lagos, which caused over 100 deaths and more conflicts between the two ethnic groups.

Boko Haram Uprising (2009 - now): Since the north and south parts of the country were developed differently, many Northern Nigerians felt ignored by the government and decided to fight back. They started bombing infrastructures and killing people, but their problems still haven't been solved till today. This is a huge humanitarian problem for Nigeria.

Presidential Elections (2011): Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan won the presidential elections. Their GDP became the largest economy in Africa, surpassing South Africa and Egypt.

Source:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13951696

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A chronology of key events in the history of Nigeria from its earliest civilisations to the present day.

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Nigeria's civil war explained - BBC News

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The Cold War (1950s): After World War 2, the Soviet Union and the USA became to two largest global powers and started to compete over who had the largest influence around the world.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): When Russia placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, it almost started World War III. This proves how powerful Russia was in its nuclear technology.

Collapse of the Soviet Union (1991): Russia became an independent state and formed the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Putin Wins Election (2000 - now): After President Putin won the election, he aimed to consolidate state powers and turned the government into a more authoritarian one.

Invasion of Ukraine (2022 - now): As Russia tried to take Ukraine back under its influence, this started another war and led to many consequences.

Source:

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17840446

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November - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government, suppress elected Constituent Assembly, establish ruthless 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' under Communist Party rule that crushes religious and political dissent.

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A chronology of key events in the history of Russia, from the 1200s to the present

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Ukrainians face life or death calculations as Russia inches closer in Donetsk | BBC News