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Characteristics of young learners
" Children are active learners and thinkers"
(Piaget, 1970)
" Children learn through social interaction"
(Vygotsky, 1962)
Children's characteristics:

Engage in role play and experiment with different interactional identities

Enjoy playing with and through language

Have developed a sense of genres of talk (jokes, stories, news )

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Teaching English through songs
Songs are a useful tool in language acquisition. Language teachers can use them to open or close their lessons, to introduce topics or themes, to add variety or change the pace, to present new vocabulary or recycle known language structures.

Simple, repetitive songs often contain a recurrent grammatical pattern which is useful to teach (especially with younger children). More difficult songs often contain interesting vocabulary and idioms. Also, there is often a message, a theme, or a story underlying a song which students can discuss, explain, debate, and write about at almost any level.

According to Gardner, students classified into the ‘aural/musical’ category will have a lot of benefit from learning through songs as they are strong in singing, picking up sounds, remembering melodies, and rhythms. They like to sing, play instruments and listen to music.

This is not to say that learners with other learning styles cannot benefit from songs. Of course, they can, because in the activities we use songs, we can dance and act (physical learning style), read, draw and do puzzles (spatial intelligence), tell stories, and write (verbal learning styles).

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I Can, 视频播放量 288、弹幕量 0、点赞数 1、投硬币枚数 0、收藏人数 3、转发人数 1, 视频作者 Polar爱学习, 作者简介 ，相关视频：Ten Little Numbers Jumping on the Bed，Yes, I Can! Action Song For Kids，Verb Chant - What Are You Doing?，The ABC Song，Old MacDonald Had a Farm，What Are You Doing? Song 2，animal song，The Ants Go Marching，The ants go marching…

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Toy animals of all kinds can be a wonderful addition to any play session. At home you might have stuffed toys, small plastic toy animals, or even wooden toy animals. Whatever you have available, you can use It to practice naming animals and making animal noises with your little one. You could also create stories with the animals, giving them names, and getting creative. Let your child take the lead and see what they come up with.
Doll House
A favourite toy of many kids, a doll house, can actually play an important role in speech and language development! It doesn’t have to be a traditional doll house either – you could opt for a tree house like the one pictured, or even a large play farmhouse if that is more up your child’s alley.

You can use a toy house to expand your child’s vocabulary, practice telling stories and using correct grammar, and as a bonus it is a whole lot of fun. If you have more than one child, playing with a doll house can help build sharing and other social skills that will be useful as they move into kindy and prep.

Depending on the type of doll house you have at home you can find the right character toys or animals to go in the structure (categories) and can play with what items would be ‘silly’ to have in the doll house and which ones would be more ‘real’

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Fairy tales may bring children to a fantasy land but as they grow, the moral truths of these stories remain in their hearts and minds.
Not all parents believe in the importance of fairy tales for kids. But studies show that fairy tales bring significant positive results in the development of a young mind.
Cinderella

Vocabulary groups include:

Family (sisters, step-mother, father, god-mother)
Clothes (glass slippers, dress)
Adjectives (big, small, ugly, beautiful)
Telling the time (midnight, early, late)
Sample repetitive text:

'She tried on the slipper but it was too big.'
'She tried on the slipper but it was too small.'
'She tried on the slipper and it was just right.'
'She waved her magic wand and puff, turned the pumpkin into a carriage.'
'She waved her magic wand and puff, turned the rags into a beautiful dress.'
Possible language area:

Past simple: tried on, waved, turned (Remember to let the children notice the difference. You don’t need to give them a lecture on the different uses and forms of the past tense!)

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Cheerful fairy tale "Turnip" for children
First you need to choose seven people who will participate in the scene. We need one presenter.

Participants should learn their roles, but don't be discouraged - the words are very simple and easy to remember. Guests of almost any age category can participate in the scene.

The presenter should say the name of the hero, and he, in turn, his own words. In this competition, participants can sit at a table. An exception is the turnip, which should be located on a chair and constantly do something.
During the scene, the presenter should not be silent, but, if possible, comment on what is happening.

The stage requires musical accompaniment. It is advisable to choose Russian folk music. If you wish, you can give prizes to the best actors.

Turnip - Hey, man, remove the handles, I'm still underage!
Grandfather - Oh, my health has already become bad.
There will be a booze now!
Baba - Something my grandfather has ceased to satisfy me.

Granddaughter - I'm almost ready!
Hey, grandfather, grandma, I'm late, my friends are waiting for me!
Bug - Are you calling me a bug again? I'm actually a bug!
This is not my job!

Cat - what is the dog doing on the playground? I'm going to feel bad now - I'm allergic!
Mouse - Maybe we'll have a drink?

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Teaching vocabulary through role playing 

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Vocabulary role-play is a strategy that encourages learners to make connections among their past experiences, the content currently being studied, and vocabulary that is new or being used in an unfamiliar way.  English learners are given an opportunity to see vocabulary words used in context.

Role play exercises give students the opportunity to assume the role of a person or act out a given situation. These roles can be performed by individual students, in pairs, or in groups which can play out a more complex scenario. Role plays engage students in real-life situations or scenarios that can be “stressful, unfamiliar, complex, or controversial” which requires them to examine personal feelings toward others and their circumstances

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Modern methods of teaching in primary education 

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Nowadays, there are several different from each other methods of teaching in primary education.
Montessori

This type of teaching is based on a methodology that’s over 100 years old. Yet, it continues to offer a novel approach to creating a student-centered classroom.

Today, the Montessori method is most popular in preschools, kindergartens, and lower elementary grades. In this method, the teacher prepares an ideal classroom environment full of activities that children may pick from to work on. Moreover, the teacher guides the children to ensure that they choose an adequate number of lessons from all of the subject areas.

The Montessori method also encourages the use of “materials” or carefully curated objects designed for learning. For example, there are trays containing different types of triangles or cards with definitions explaining the parts of a bird. Furthermore, the Montessori method includes areas of the curriculum that teach social skills and practical life skills, such as cooking and cleaning.

Advantages:
1. Strong intrinsic motivation and a strong sense of responsibility are important qualities that the Montessori method strives to instill in students. Children often work independently and have their choice of what to work on and where to work in the classroom.
2. It creates a positive learning environment. The multi-age learning environment is unique and a key factor to this educational method. Younger children have a great opportunity to develop their social, communication, leadership, and emotional skills by working with older children. Older children also benefit from this approach.

Disadvantages:
1. It can be expensive. For Montessori schools, it is very hard to keep their prices low.
2. Some teachers and students may find it difficult to get used to the looseness of the curriculum compared to familiar methods of teaching. It’s important to keep that in mind before deciding to incorporate some ideas of Montessori or even implement it into teaching.

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Ways of using motivation for young learners

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Have a rewards system

Kids of all ages love being rewarded for their work This lets them know they are doing a good job. Rewards help young learners gain a sense of achievement and build confidence in their skills.

Rewards such as star charts or awards are great for keeping track of learners' progress and encouraging them to work towards achieving their learning goals.

2. Make your lesson Fun

Young learners are more motivated and excited to learn when they are having fun. Keeping the lessons fun and engaging is the perfect way to motivate our young learners to stay focused. This will also help the lesson be more effective.

Here are some ideas on how to make lessons fun:

Play fun, educational games where kids can be actively involved and learn at the same time.

Make use of visual aid such as props, realia, and authentic materials.

Adapt learning materials to suit the needs and personalities of all learners

What are the benefits of motivating young learners?
It leads to effective learning.

Increase learners' confidence and classroom achievements.

Motivates students and encourages them to develop a love for learning and participating in the classroom.

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Here in picture we (with my groupmate N. Laziza) took topic about Holidays in Uzbekistan and designed an activity for 1 grade pupils. Here children should look through the pictures and with assosiations should guess and fill the gaps. This activity is useful for children because it is colorful and interesting which will make children involve in given task.

A lesson is only as effective as the material used to teach it. Teachers need to create effective teaching materials to ensure that students are learning to their maximum potential. Any tool used to convey information or test understanding is a teaching material. This broad category includes common classroom elements such as worksheets, videos, quizzes and activities. When designing materials, teachers need to consider a number of factors. By taking time to consider educational goals—and ways to create and deliver materials appropriate to the specific body of students being taught—teachers will be more successful in creating quality teaching material that promotes learning.
Material design is based on the metaphor of material, a concept inspired by the physicality of the real world. Think of material like a sheet of paper. You can touch it, it feels real and follows the rules of physics in a predictable way.
One of the strengths of Material Design is its emphasis on the importance of using motion well. Motion plays a huge role in supporting user actions and providing meaning and feedback. An object's motion is based on real world characteristics that help the user infer the nature of the object itself

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Choosing suitable activities for young learners 

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There are two key factors to consider when choosing learning activities for kids:

1) AGE OF YOUR CHILD
This is huge factor because the age of your child strongly influences his/her ability and learning needs. The age also gives us critical information about their sensitive periods. Developed by Maria Montessori, sensitive periods refer to periods of time when children are hyper focused in learning certain skills or knowledge and are particularly interested in activities that support the sensitive periods.
LEARNING THROUGH THEIR SENSES
From birth, our sweet little babies are already so eager to learn and explore the world! They use their five senses to gather information about how the world works. I'm sure you noticed how your baby is putting everything in his/her mouth. That's just their way of learning through their sense of taste.
In addition to sensory and motor skill experiences, the preschoolers are developmentally ready to learn handwriting, reading and higher-order mathematical skills. Continue to provide opportunities for preschoolers to refine their fine motor skills because they will help to prepare the preschoolers for advanced skills like writing and cutting.

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Lesson planning

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Froebel kindergarten method of teaching 

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Froebel’s Kindergarten Curriculum Method & Educational Philosophy
Kindergarten was the first organized early-childhood educational method. As a keen observer of nature and humanity, Froebel approached human education from both a biological and a spiritual perspective. Froebel discovered that brain development is most dramatic between birth and age three, and recognized the importance of beginning education earlier than was then practiced. The number of innovations that Froebel pioneered through his research is startling, and includes multiple intelligences (different learning styles), play-based, child-centered, holistic education, parent involvement/training, educational paperfolding, use of music, games, and movement activities for education.

Humans Are Creative Beings
From a spiritual perspective, Froebel understood that what separates us from other life forms is that we alter our environment. More than simple tool-building, our brains allow us to visualize in 3-D and imagine a different future. True education therefore must help children to understand their role as creative beings.

Play Is the Engine of Real Learning
Froebel concluded that play is not idle behavior but a biological imperative to discover how things work. It is pleasurable activity, but biologically purposeful. Froebel sought to harness this impulse and focus a child’s play energy on specific activities designed to lead them to create meaning from their experiences.

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It’s very important to understand how to give effective feedback to children so that they get on the right track to promoting self-development. Unlike with giving negative feedback, there are definite results when parents and teachers give positive feedback to children.
1. . Be Specific
It’s important to be specific in the feedback that you give your child. Just saying ‘Good job’ does not suffice, nor does ‘You could have done better’. You must give specific feedback on what was right and what was wrong. Saying ‘I liked the way you helped your little brother get dressed’ or ‘I like it when you greet guests politely’ will elicit more of a response
2. Be on Time
When feedback reaches a child on time, he’s bound to respond positively and remember the experience and what he learnt. If there’s too much of a time lapse between the activity/action and the feedback, it’ll just lose relevance. As much as possible, give feedback soon after an action has been made.
3. . Be Sensitive
Feedback is mainly meant for the receiver, not the giver so be sensitive to the impact of what you say. Keep in mind the individuality of kids while giving feedback to children. No two preschoolers are the same and you must consider this while giving feedback. You need to maintain a balance between the two aspects– not hurting your child’s sentiments and giving proper encouragement!||
4. Avoid a Message Overload
Don’t cite too many activities/actions when giving feedback. Focus on just 1 or 2 things at a time. Likewise, don’t give too much feedback at any one time. If you do, it’ll just dilute the effect of all the feedback you’ve given, leaving your child confused and unsure of what you said. Try to give feedback after each action/activity has been performed.
5. Ask for Feedback too
It’s important that your child also feels capable of giving feedback to his elders. It’ll make him feel important and respected. It’ll also activate his critical thinking since he’ll need to evaluate the behaviour/action of others and provide feedback on the same

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Specific: Rules need to be as specific as possible.
Positive: State your rules in the positive rather than the negative. For example, instead of “don’t yell in class,” say, “speak quietly in class.”
Adaptable: Periodically evaluate your rules and their effectiveness. If at any time a rule doesn’t seem to be working, change the rule!
Few: Keep your rules few in number. You should have no more than five rules.
Sensible: Make rules that make sense!
Examples of classroom rules:

Treat others with respect at all times.
Listen to the teacher when s/he speaks.
Ask for help when you need it.
Be prepared every day with required items.
Respect other people’s property.
Listen and follow directions.
Raise your hand before speaking or leaving your seat.
Respect your classmates and your teacher.
Keep hands, feet, and objects to yourself

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One of the most common reasons why teachers shouldn’t only use tests is because students may have test anxiety. What tends to happen is that students are so nervous when presented with a test that they don’t do as well. You then aren’t able to see what the student is really capable of. For ELL students, they can be extra nervous because not only do they have to recall information they’ve learned, but they may have to decipher what the test question is asking in the first place.
1. Rubrics and Performance Criteria
Using rubrics and performance criteria is a great way to assess a variety of student work. It’s usually based on language proficiency and academic progression through work such as presentations, written assignments and reading activities. You can not only use these to grade your students, but to chart their growth over a set period of time.
2. Oral Presentations or Performances
Many students who have test anxiety might get nervous because their reading or writing skills aren’t very good. That doesn’t mean, however, that they aren’t proficient in oral skills. ( For example role plays, interviews)
3. Non-verbal Assessments
For students who are shy or aren’t as proficient in English, using non-verbal assessments is a great way to see a student’s academic progress. What you’re looking for in this type of assessment is their understanding of vocabulary.
4. Written Assessments
Written assessments are a nice way to see how students can apply their knowledge of English over a wide variety of concepts. For example, you can use assignments to see just how well they understand a text, or even different forms of writing.
5. Portfolios
Portfolios are powerful assessments and are used to gather various samples of student work to track their development over a period of time. In order to maximize the potential of using a portfolio as an assessment tool, you should regularly curate student work to include in them, and have scheduled conferences with students about their work.