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The capital and second-largest city of the Philippines is Manila. It is one of 16 cities that make up Metro Manila, which has a population of 12.8 million inhabitants, according to the 2015 Census. According to census data, Manila city had a population of 1.78 million in 2016 (Manila Population 2022, 2022). The overall population is slowly rising in the years 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2020. In 2020, the overall population of Manila City inhabitants grew by 66,365 over the preceding census year (2015) (2020 Census of Population and Housing Results (City of Manila) | Philippine Statistics Authority National Capital Region, 2020).

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Manila, the capital of the Philippines, is a densely populated bayside city on the island of Luzon. As of 2022, there are about 14 million people residing in the 42.34 km² land.

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According to a new report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) today, the Philippines' economic recovery is anticipated to pick up steam this year and the following year, supported by rising domestic investment and consumption as global epidemic regulations eased, allowing for more manufacturing and construction activities.

As per day COVID-19 cases averaged below 1,000 in March, the areas of the main Luzon Island and Metro Manila, which make up roughly 70% of the GDP, were moved to the least number of pandemic restrictions. Now, companies and public transportation are permitted to run at full capacity. Since February, the administration has allowed all internationally vaccinated visitors back into the nation. As the services sector generates 60% of GDP, this should increase tourism and jobs there, according to the report

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UNSDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

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UNSDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

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SDG 11 focuses more on this problem because it has effective measures to make cities and human settlements inclusive, secure, strong, and viable. As cities develop and the population increases, technology also develops over time. Consequently, there will be an increased level of air pollution because more resources are needed, and demands will also heighten; some technologies also harm the environment, including air quality. SDG 11 strives to improve initiatives to maintain and protect the world's historical and natural heritage and lower cities' negative per capita environmental consequences by 2030, including a special focus on air quality and municipal and other waste disposals.

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Everyone has the right to safe drinking water; however, billions of people around the world lack access to safe drinking water, which is identified as water that is available on-premises, accessible when needed, and free of contamination. In the Philippines, approximately one out of every ten people still lacks access to improved water sources. Diarrhea was one of the most common diseases in Manila in 2016 (World Health Organization, 2019). In Metro Manila and other parts of the country, insufficient and intermittent water supply can have serious health consequences. When water is scarce, people are frequently forced to rely on possibly dangerous drinking water sources. They may also lack adequate water for basic hygiene, such as washing themselves and their clothes and preventing infection from contaminated food or water. Low or negative water pressure in pipes can attract contaminants, putting water quality at risk when restoring the supply. Contaminated water frequently flows from major river mouths in Manila, including Pasig, Tullayahan, and Meycauayan, and contains mostly microplastics and dirt (Emmerik, 2020) that not only causes contaminated drinking water but dirty flood water as well.

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Harmful and Sustainable Technological Advancements Pertaining to Manila City's Air Pollution

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Harmful and Sustainable Technological Advancements Pertaining to Manila City's Air Pollution

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Technological advancements may either harm or improve the air quality in the city. According to a 2016 report, 80% of Manila's pollution is produced by the congestion that travels its streets regularly. The remaining 20% is produced by immobile sources like industries and open combustion of fossil fuels. Jeepneys are the most common mode of public transportation in the Philippines. They are typically front-engine, rear-wheel drive vehicles that operate on diesel fuel. Numerous jeepneys are now outdated vehicles that are frequently hazardous because they pollute the atmosphere.

On the contrary, the Philippines employed more ecological public service vehicles like E-Jeepneys and E-tricycles. Jeepneys and other Public Service Vehicles 15 years old or older are slowly being discontinued in place of more sustainable and ecologically friendly Euro 4 certified vehicles (Manila Air Quality Index (AQI) and Philippines Air Pollution | IQAir, 2022). The E-Jeepney, which operates entirely on electricity, does not require any fossil fuels; thus, it produces no toxic pollutants. It features an eco-friendly design and an ultra-quiet motor that can travel 120 kilometers on an eight-hour charge (Solaready PH, 2018).

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Air Pollution: A Major and Prevalent Problem in Manila City 

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Air Pollution: A Major and Prevalent Problem in Manila City 

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Air Pollution is one of the significant contributors to health emergencies in Manila City. The poor air quality can provoke individuals with health conditions such as respiratory concerns like asthma— especially in the long run (Cariaso, 2022). According to data provided by the IQAir.com website, the average air condition in December 2020 was classified as "good" in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. This value was 25 US AQI, with a PM2.5 concentration of 6.1 g/m3. The 2019 average for Metro Manila was 18.2 US AQI, ranking it the fifth most polluted city in the country.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM2.5 are the answers to determining air quality and are intricately connected to major cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. It has been scientifically verified that being in contact with these contaminants negatively impacts the body's natural immunity systems versus viruses and COVID-19. Due to its minuscule size, PM2.5 particles are unsafe. They can effortlessly surpass the body's natural immune system and get into the lungs with that minuscule size. They enter the lungs and move to the base of the bronchial tubes, where they become trapped in the alveoli. A body has millions of air sacs that swap oxygen for carbon dioxide (Manila Air Quality Index (AQI) and Philippines Air Pollution | IQAir, 2022).

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SDG 6 aims for clean water and sanitation that can address this problem with the use of modern technology. Innovative Water Technologies developed a solar and wind-powered portable water filtration system that provides 20,000 liters of clean water a day for ten years or more. Although this is a great innovation, it will be hard for the majority of people to own one.

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Each of those objectives, from eradicating hunger to lowering inequality to creating sustainable communities all across the world, is centered in the environment.

As to help the accomplishment of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals, UNEP is dedicated to collaborating with all parties involved (SDGs). In order to attain the SDGs and maintain the wellbeing of our world, we advocate for environmental sustainability. We seek to guarantee that the environment is aligned in with all different aspects of sustainable development, and we do this by strengthening nations' capacities to monitor their progress toward the goals.

Supplying more useful data regarding the emergency warning system (EWS). The earlier EWS merely monitored a small number of variables and had few sensors. PfR created a "no-regrets" action plan by giving more comprehensive data than only water level, such as prediction and modeling data. As a result, people's attitudes toward flooding began to shift from passive acceptance to proactive risk reduction. Since many Metro Manila residents have been subject to flooding since they were young, they have become accustomed to receiving flood warnings. The PfR's overarching objective was to provide people with the knowledge and tools necessary to prevent flood damage rather than just respond to it when it occurs. According to the program, it is difficult to change urban mindsets like this and requires multifaceted strategies.

Develop a comprehensive national program to mitigate air pollution that will be carried out by the government through dynamic optimization and activity synchronization and proper delegation of duties; promote cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through the use of incentives and market-based instruments; place more emphasis on pollution prevention than on control; and provide for a comprehensive management program on air pollution. The establishment of a finance or guarantee structure for clean-up, environmental rehabilitation, and compensation for individual damages are all included in this.

As to help the accomplishment of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals, UNEP is dedicated to collaborating with all parties involved (SDGs). In order to attain the SDGs and maintain the wellbeing of our world, we advocate for environmental sustainability. We seek to guarantee that the environment is aligned with all different aspects of sustainable development, and we do this by strengthening nations' capacities to monitor their progress toward the goals.

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With more than 3.5 billion people living in cities now and an estimated 75 percent of the world's population living in cities by 2030, SDG 11 is a crucial issue that has to be addressed. Although cities only make approximately 2% of the total surface area of the planet, they are home to significant processes and activities that account for up to 80% of global energy consumption and 75% of greenhouse gas emissions. The capabilities of cities and urban residents to change their lifestyles in order to adapt sustainable practices will consequently have a significant impact on the SDGs' ability to be fulfilled in the future. The standard of living in cities is strongly correlated with how well they utilize and manage their natural resources. Up until now, the movement for urbanization has been reinforced by rising environmental stress and faster demand for fundamental services, infrastructure, employment, land, and affordable housing, notably for the roughly 1 billion urban poor who reside in informal settlements. Cities are particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change and natural catastrophes because of the great concentration of people, infrastructure, housing, and economic activity they have. Building urban resilience is essential to preventing personal, social, and economic losses, and it is also necessary to safeguard the environment, reduce disaster risk, and combat climate change by increasing the sustainability of urbanization processes. Resource-efficient cities offer more chances for consumer choice and sustainable lifestyles while combining higher production and improvement with lower costs and fewer negative environmental effects. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable is SDG 11's major aim owing to this.

Air pollution, lead contact, exposure to other toxins, hazardous waste exposure, including inappropriate e-waste disposal, all result in life-altering illnesses, unfavorable living conditions, and ecosystem destruction. In addition to hindering economic growth and considerably accelerating climate change, pollution also worsens poverty and inequality in both urban and rural areas. The most discomfort is always experienced by the poor, who cannot manage to protect themselves against pollution's harmful effects. The main environmental factor contributing to sickness and early mortality is pollution. And over 11 million early deaths are a result of pollution. That represents many more fatalities than those caused by AIDS, TB, and malaria put together.

Another UN SDG that has been selected is SDG 6, which talks about the advantages of having access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. The most immediate benefit of having access is that it satisfies the physical demand for a source of clean drinking water. But having access to clean water is simply the beginning; proper sanitation and hygienic habits are also necessary for its full utilization. Other development objectives, such as the eradication of poverty and hunger, the lowering of disparities, the improvement of health and well-being, and the reduction of inequities, all depend on access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. Additionally, it has significant wider socioeconomic effects, especially on women and girls.

Appropriate funding is required for water and sanitation systems that not only strengthen the local economy but also help communities become more resilient and prosperous. To reduce the water deficit curve, proper water supply allocation and management are also required. The large percentage of the effects of disasters and climate change can be avoided. It also has accessible primary preventative measures, like drainage systems, dams, and dikes, just like flooding. Typhoon damage was made worse by poor drainage and issues with rubbish disposal. Population growth in the vicinity of waterways has impacted water flow and made maintenance more difficult. Additionally, solid waste and litter, primarily made of plastic, are constantly clogging pumping station entrances and rivers. Population growth and urban congestion, where a sizeable portion of people live in poor neighborhoods that are particularly susceptible to flooding, are socioeconomic difficulties that exacerbate climate and disaster risks. Near rivers, many communities reside in subpar homes.

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Philippine Statistics Authority National Capital Region. (2021, September 29). Retrieved November 15, 2022, from http://rssoncr.psa.gov.ph/article/2020-census-population-and-housing-results-city-manila

Manila Population 2022. (2022). Worldpopulationreview.com. https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/manila-population

Goal 11 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2022). Un.org. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal11

‌Cariaso, B. (2022, September 16). Air pollution worsen in Metro Manila. The Manila Times; The Manila Times. https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/09/17/news/national/air-pollution-worsen-in-metro-manila/1858700

‌Solaready PH. (2018, July 19). E-jeepney: the greener way to get around. Solareadyph. https://www.solaready.ph/post/e-jeepney-the-greener-way-to-get-around

van Emmerik, T., van Klaveren, J., Meijer, L. J. J., Krooshof, J. W., Palmos, D. A. A., & Tanchuling, M. A. (2020). Manila River Mouths Act as Temporary Sinks for Macroplastic Pollution. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.545812

World. (2019, March 22). Water shortage in the Philippines threatens sustainable development and health. Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health

7 New Technologies That Create Clean Water for a Thirsty World - Goodnet. (2019, March 21). Goodnet. https://www.goodnet.org/articles/7-new-technologies-that-create-clean-water-for-thirsty-world

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