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The smallest unit of sound in spoken language that makes a difference in communication. The spoken word nose consists of three phonemes: /n/-/o/-/z/.

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An approach to teaching reading that emphasizes the systematic relationship between the sounds of language and the graphemes (i.e., letters or letter combinations) that represent those sounds. Learners apply this knowledge to decode printed words.

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The UR Sound - Bossy R Song and Practice | ABC Phonics Song with Sounds for Children

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The ability to act (speak, read, write) with ease and accuracy. Research indicates that oral reading fluency is the ability to read text accurately, with sufficient speed, prosody, and expression. It is an essential component of reading because it permits the reader to focus on constructing meaning from the text rather than on decoding words.

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Reading Fluency Strategies for K-2 Learners | how to teach reading fluency in first grade

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Knowledge of self, task, and genre. Also, awareness and knowledge of one's mental processes that allows one to monitor, regulate, and direct self to a desired end (adj. metacognitive).

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Metacognition: The Skill That Promotes Advanced Learning

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The words known or used by a person or group or a set of words compiled from written or oral sources. Contrast this definition to that of lexicon, which is all the words of a language.

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The ability to detect and manipulate the smallest units (i.e., phonemes) of spoken language. For example, recognition that the word cat includes three distinct sounds or phonemes represents phonemic awareness. Individuals with phonemic awareness can blend phonemes to form spoken words, segment spoken words into their constituent phonemes, delete phonemes from spoken words, add phonemes, and substitute phonemes.

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Let's Learn SEGMENTING WORDS {Phonemic Awareness}

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Awareness of sounds of words in learning to read and spell. (Note: The constituents of words can be distinguished in three ways: (1) by syllables, as /bo˘ok/, (2) by onsets and rimes, as /b/ and /o˘ok/, or (3) by phonemes, as /b/ and /o˘o/ and /k/. (cf. phonemic awareness)

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Teacher reads a story aloud and then stops to show pictures, ask questions, point out important ideas, note comprehension problems, and reread to clarify misunderstanding.

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Words that a person can recognize and read quickly and automatically without the support of decoding.

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Invented or inventive spelling involves using one's phonetic knowledge to make one's best written rendition of the word.

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What Is Invented Spelling? | Reading Lessons

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Patterns of stress or intonation in language, such as the rising intonation at the end of a question in English. An important feature of oral reading.

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Used to build phonological awareness skills in beginning readers. Words are segmented into individual sounds, or phonemes, and corresponding boxes are drawn to match each. For example, the word bat would have three corresponding boxes. A child listens to a pronunciation of the word and then moves a token or coin into the box for each corresponding sound or phoneme. (Elkonin, 1963)

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The concept that letters or groups of letters in alphabetic orthographies (i.e., written systems) represent the phonemes (sounds) of spoken language.

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GOHREADING ~ The Alphabetic Principle ~ Foundations of Reading 90 Test ~ GOHACADEMY.COM

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Different ways of organizing the information in texts depending on their purpose. Common text structures include compare-contrast, problem-solution, cause-effect, time sequence (timeline), description, and chronology.

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The three-tier framework (tiered vocabulary) was introduced by Isabel Beck and Margaret McKeown. Tier 1 words such as dog, book, and red are considered to be basic vocabulary, learned largely through oral language experiences, rather than formal instruction. Tier 2 words such as measure, fortunate, and accelerate appear in many domains and are often given the most instruction within reading because of their high use and their generalized use across disciplines. Tier 3 words such as isotope, crepe, and Tesla are unique to a particular domain and, therefore, do not appear in text with high frequency and, thus, usually receive limited instructional attention in reading. (Beck & McKeown, 1985; Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2002, 2013)

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A theory of reading comprehension associated with Philip Gough and William Tunmer and is represented by the formula D × LC = R, which proposes that readers' comprehension of text depends on their capabilities to decode (D) and their oral language comprehension (LC). The theory indicates that if decoding and understanding of oral language are strong, readers will comprehend the text read. If either decoding or language understanding is weak, reading comprehension will be significantly reduced, and in some cases may not occur.

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Automatic word recognition

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An effortless process beyond out awareness. Being able to recognize the word automatically by processing all the letter-sound associations simultaneously or recognizing the word as a whole unit.

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0:00 / 1:20•Watch full video

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What is Hearing Test Word Recognition | Very Important | Hearing Group

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Knowing what the words mean. Essential for comprehension and the relationship of vocabulary and comprehension is reciprocal.

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In English, the vowels are a, e, i, o, and u. They are the speech sounds made without stoppage or friction of the air flow as it passes through the vocal tract, and the most prominent sounds in a syllable, as /ō/ in Joan.

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Components of speech that are articulated by partial or complete closure of a part of the vocal tract. For English, consonants tend to have a regular or invariant pronunciation. For this reason, they are often the first letter sounds to be taught to children. In other languages, such as Spanish, vowel sounds have a more regular pronunciation than do consonants.

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In a syllable, a sequence of two or more distinguishable consonant sounds before or after a vowel sound. For example, bl in black or nd in find. (See also consonant cluster)

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A sequence of two or more distinguishable consonant sounds without an intervening vowel sound. For example, skr and mz in screams. (See also consonant blend)

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Consonant Clusters | English Pronunciation Lesson

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The part of a syllable that includes the vowel and all subsequent sounds in the syllable, such as the ip in trip, at in hat, and in in chin.

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Onsets and Rimes | Set 2 | Initial Blends | Jack Hartmann

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The consonant sounds in a syllable that precede the vowel, such as tr in trip, sk in skip, h in hat, and ch in chin.

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A symbol representing a vocal sound.

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An additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning.

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What are affixes? | Reading | Khan Academy

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A word, letter, or number placed before another

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Prefixes for Kids | Grammar for Elementary Students

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A morpheme added at the end of a word to form a derivative. E.g., -action, -fy, -ing, -itis.

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Suffixes | English For Kids | Mind Blooming

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A meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful elements, such as the word book, or the plural component of a word, such as s in books. (adj. morphemic)

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What is Morpheme?  Morpheme as a word, Words having two or more morphemes, (L-4) #morpheme

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The study of structure and forms of words including derivation, inflection, and compounding. (adj. morphological)

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Knowing that stems from previous experience; the knowledge someone already possesses prior to reading a text.

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Analyzes and rates text based on a U.S. grade school education level

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The Frayer model (Frayer, Frederick, & Klausmeier, 1969) is a technique used to teach vocabulary. It involves students completing a four-quadrant graphic organizer with the target term in the center. The first quadrant is where the definition is written. The second quadrant involves providing examples. The third quadrant is for including either nonexamples or nonessential characteristics. The fourth quadrant can be used for adding a sentence that expands the meaning or for drawing a picture that illustrates the meaning of the word.

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When a student recognizes less than 85% of the words or when his or her comprehension falls below 50%, the student is considered to have reached the Frustration Level in reading

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A response, usually oral, made by a reader to a word or phrase that varies from the expected response given the text being read. Miscues occur when readers make changes in pronunciation (letter–sound relationships), syntax (the flow of language) or semantics (meaning change). Kenneth Goodman, the originator of the term, has found that dialectical changes rarely affect meaning-change and also maintains that a reading miscue cannot be coded semantically acceptable if syntax is also not coded as acceptable, a conclusion that educators working with deaf readers have questioned. Historically, miscue analysis drew attention to the need to observe language learners closely before deciding on what instructional support to provide, a concept that unpinned the whole language movement in reading education.

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The ease with which a reader can understand a written text. A text's readability is predicted on the basis of quantitative analysis of text features, such as vocabulary and syntax. A reader's prior knowledge, interest, and familiarity are nontextual factors that also affect one's reading of text.

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Intentional actions taken by readers to enhance comprehension, particularly when reading a difficult text. Some popular strategies include visualizing, self-questioning, monitoring, summarizing, and using text structure.

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A student's reading level is determined from an assessment, usually a running record or an informal reading inventory. The level is an attempt to match children with books that are optimal for effective small-group or individual instruction.

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Measured by words read per minute, reading rate influences one's fluency and comprehension. Students' reading rate should increase continually during elementary school years.

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Reading Fluency with Chloe, Second Grader

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Championed by Marie Clay within Reading Recovery as a means to assess a child's reading level by evaluating oral reading and comprehension through a tracking of error patterns. Currently, running records are ubiquitous. Fountas and Pinnell, among others, recommend the use of running records as a tool for coding, scoring, and analyzing a child’s precise reading behaviors throughout all stages of literacy development, from emergent to early to transitional to fluent to inform instructional decisions, especially for guided reading. (Clay, 1993a, 1993b, 2013; Fountas & Pinnell, 1996, 2009)

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HOW TO DO RUNNING RECORDS READING ASSESSMENT

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A numeric representation of a text's readability or difficulty based on an assessment of its semantics (vocabulary) and syntactic features (sentence length, structure). The content sophistication or quality of the text is not included in the Lexile. For example, a reader's Lexile level is as assessment of the level or Lexile of text he or she can read independently.

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Lexile Informational Video: An Overview of The Lexile Framework for Reading

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Lexile Informational Video: An Overview of The Lexile Framework for Reading Intended for: Administrators, principals, literacy coordinators, publishing/testing partners and parents This twelve minute video is intended as an introduction to The Lexile Framework for Reading and is perfect for providing a broad understanding of the Lexile Framework - its use, application and importance in preparing students for career and college readiness.

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The ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, compute, and communicate using visual, audible, and digital materials across disciplines and in any context. Over time, literacy has been applied to a wide range of activities and appears as computer literacy, math literacy, or dietary literacy; in such contexts, it refers to basic knowledge of rather than to anything specific to reading and writing.

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The base word gives the word its basic meaning. It is the part of the word that cannot be broken down and is sometimes known as a root word. Base words can have a prefix, which is a letter or letters added to the beginning (e.g., predawn, preview, review), or a suffix, which is a letter or letters added to the end (e.g., viewing, views, viewed).

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A reference point used for measurement.

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Combining units of sound (syllables, onsets and rimes, phonemes) to form a word.

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Letter Blending + sight words + Phonics | READING LESSONS for Kids

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A critical analysis of the form, craft, language, and meaning of a text to determine what it says, how it says it, and what it means in order to understand the deepest intentions of the author and the text's message.

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A compound word is a combination of two or more words that become a new word. Three types of compounds exist: (1) closed compounds—written as single words, with no hyphenation, such as schoolhouse; (2) hyphenated compounds, such as up-to-date; (3) open compounds—written as separate words, such as the nouns real estate, city bus.

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Hints provided by the author to support readers connecting their prior knowledge to interpret its vocabulary and message.

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Context Clues | Award Winning Context Clues Teaching Video | Comprehension & Reading Strategies

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(1) Using one or more strategies to identify a printed word and its meaning; (2) Using knowledge of the logic of the written symbol system (especially letter–sound relationships and patterns in alphabetic orthographies) to translate print into speech; encoding involves translating speech into print using this knowledge.