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Units 13 to 15 in the green Macmillan

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from Recycling Advanced English

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from Advanced Language Practice

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from Recycling Advanced English

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from Advanced Language Practice

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from Recycling Advanced English

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from Recycling Advanced English

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Du musst dir keine Sorgen machen, es kann nicht schlecht gewesen sein.
You musn't to worry, it couldn't have been bad.
--> You mustn't worry, it couldn't have been bad.

Wir durften nicht eintreten, weil wir zu jung waren. Wir hätten nicht hinzugehen brauchen.
We mustn't enter because we were too young. We didn't need to go there.
--> We weren't allowed to enter because we were too young.  (...)

Ich konnte es noch nie verstehen und werde es vielleicht auch nie tun können.
I could never understand it and I perhaps wont (won't) ever can do so.
--> I could never understand it and I perhaps will never be able to do so.

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Meine Schwester geht an die High School, aber ich treffe sie oft vor der Universität.
My sister goes to the high school but I often meet her in front of university.
--> My sister goes to high school but I often meet her in front of the university.

Eine europäische Universität ist eine attraktive Option.
An european university is a attractive option.
--> An European university is an attractive option.

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A university is an institution of higher education.

The university I go to is in the UK.

American universities are more expensive than Swiss universities.

indefinite article (a/an): first time you mention sth, unspecific
definite article (the): when it's clear what/who is meant, plus specific rules (cf. grammar overview)
no article: general statements

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Erst geschah die Eruption, dann wurden tagelang Flüge in ganz Europa gestrichen.
First happened the eruption, then flights for days in whole Europe were cancelled.
--> First the eruption happened, and then flights in the whole of Europe were cancelled for days.

Unfälle gibt es in Island zum Glück gewöhnlich nicht.
Luckily, accidents don't happen usually in Iceland.
--> Luckily, accidents are not happening often in Iceland.

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with non-defining relative clauses

after an if-clause
after linking words at beginning of sentence
after participle and adverbial clauses

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with defining relative clauses
before an if-clause

before ‘that’

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Not only does Iceland offer beautiful landscape, but its people are also very welcoming.
Under no circumstances should you touch molten lava.
Were there no volcanoes, Iceland would be unable to use geothermal energy so easily.
Geysirs are very photogenic, as is hot lava.

advanced structure used with negative adverbials, 2nd/3rd conditional, "as", and "adj. though/as it may/might verb"

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Weil sie in einem Autounfall gestorben war, verursachte Diana's Tod einen Aufschrei im Vereinigten Königreich.
Having died in a car crash Diana's death caused an uproar in the UK.
--> Having died in a car crash, Diana caused an uproar in the UK.

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Created by collisions of particles, northern lights are a popular tourist attraction.
Travelling to Iceland, some people have made unforgettable

experiences.

Having been to Iceland twice, my best friend loves it.
rule: subjects in both clauses must be identical!
use: participle clauses can provide time, reason, result, contrast or condition to the main clause

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Ist das alles, das übrig ist?
Is this all what is left?
--> Is that all/everything that is left?

Island, dessen Vulkane bekannt sind, ist eine Insel.
Iceland whoms volcanos are well-known is an island.
--> Iceland, whose volcanos are well-known, is an island.

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Islands Vulkane --> Iceland's volcanoes
Island ist ein Land. --> Iceland's a country
Das Haus der Millers ist gross. --> The Millers' house is large.
Sein Garten ist schön. --> Its garden is beautiful.

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Northern lights, which are created by collisions of particles, are a popular tourist attraction.

People who have seen them will never forget them.

defining: necessary for sentence to make sense, no commas
non-defining: additional information, commas, no "that" as relative pronoun

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Iceland’s volcanoes are said to be spectacular.

Iceland is believed to have existed for millions of years.

In 1960, Iceland was thought to be boring.

Last year, northern lights were rumoured to have been seen.

time of reporting: indicated in passive tense of reporting verb
time of reported event: if = reporting time --> "to + inf."
if earlier than reporting time --> "to have been + past part."

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Er sagte ihr, er wolle nicht, dass sie komme.
He said her, that he doesn't want that she would come.
--> He told her that he doesn't want her to come.

Sie fragte, ob er sie hasse.
She asked weather did he hate her?
--> She asked whether he hated her.

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My best friend told me that he had been to Iceland twice.

He asked me whether I didn’t want to go there.
I replied that I would book tickets.

rules: tenses of direct quote are moved one step into the past for indirect version, further changes to guarantee accuracy may be needed (e.g. today, this, pronouns); reporting verb "tell" always with addressee
questions: no auxiliaries, use whether or if for non-"wh" questions

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Sie kleidet sich immer so elegant wie Coco Chanel.
She always dresses so elegant like Coco Chanel.
--> She is always dressed as elegantly as Coco Chanel.

Ihr Bruder, der hart arbeitet, kleidet sich oft dramatisch schlecht.
--> Her brother, who works hard, often dresses dramatically badly.

Er singt weniger schön als sie und hört schlechter als sie, aber ich bin die schlechteste Sängerin der Welt.
--> He sings less beautifully than she and he hears worse than her(/she does), but I am the worst singer in the world.

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cf. example in timeline, "I hate learning new things and I am not interested in..."

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cf. example in timeline, "it was raining heavily."

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impossible, about the past
if + past perfect; would have + past participle

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impossible, because partly about the past
option 1: present consequence of past action --> if: 3rd; main: 2nd
option 2: past consequence of state/fact --> if: 2nd; main 3rd

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almost impossible, unrealistic situation in the present
if + past simple, would + inf.

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possible/likely, (fairly) realistic situation in the present with present/future consequence
if + present simple, will future

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main clause always happens if condition is met, 100% true
if + present simple, present simple

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Wenn ich in den USA leben würde, würde ich dort studieren.
If I would live in the US I would study there.
--> If I were living/lived in the US, I would be studying/study there.

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The road was been blocked from the police when I arrived.
--> The road had been blocked/was being blocked by the police when I arrived.

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Wenn sie mich nicht akzeptiert hätten, wäre ich sehr traurig gewesen.
When they didn't accept me, I would've been very sad.
--> If they hadn't accepted me, I would've been very sad.

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I would not have chosen to study at Oxford

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If my parents had not conceived me,

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if I was not ambitious.

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I would not exist.

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If I marry,
I will have children of my own.

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If you do not pass your finals,
you do not receive your degree.

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If I did not live in the UK,
I would not want to study here.

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If my parents had not wanted a child,
they would not have tried for one.

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Five years from today, I will have been offered a job, and my house will be being built.

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Your life is changed massively by travelling - I am being overwhelmed by all the experiences at the moment.

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The result is going to be announced on Monday. I hope I will be awarded a prize.

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Since my applications were sent out, I have been accepted by four universities.

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En route to the hospital, my father was almost run over by a car whose driver was looking at a tower that was being built.

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My parents had been informed there might be a problem before I was born.

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Bis 2200 werden wir viel gelernt haben, und die ersten Menschen werden einige Jahre auf dem Mars gelebt haben.
Until 2200, we will learn much, and the first peoples will be living on mars for a few years.
--> By 2200, we will have learned a lot, and the first people will have been living on Mars for a few years.

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In zehn Jahren werde ich immer noch hier sitzen.
In ten years, I will still sit here.
--> Ten years from now/today, I will still be sitting here.
--> In ten years' time, I will still be sitting here.

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spontaneously: Ich gehe mit dir.
I go with you.
--> I will with you. [spontaneous]

Pass auf, die Leiter wird umfallen!
Watch out, the ladder will fall!
--> Watch out, the ladder is going to fall! [clear indications]

Sie reisen morgen nach Oxford.
They travel to Oxford tomorrow.
--> They are going to travel to Oxford tomorrow. [plan, social]

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No "will" future after: as soon as, after, before, until, when, by the time.

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Er bereitet sich immer vor, weil er nichts verpassen will.
He always is preparing himself because he don't want to miss something.
--> He always prepares because he doesn't want to miss anything.

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Ich habe ihn vor zwei Tagen getroffen.
I have met him before two days.
--> I met him two days ago.

Er wollte nicht, dass sie ihn schlug.
He didn't wanted that she stroke him.
--> He didn't want her to strike him.

Ich wartete, als ich einen Schuss hörte.
I were waiting when I was listening to shot.
--> I was waiting when I heard a shot.

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Ich warte, seit mein Zug angekommen ist.
I am waiting since my train has arrived.
--> I have been waiting since my train arrived.

Ich gehe seit zwölf Jahren zur Schule.
I go to school since 12 years.
--> I have been going to school for 12 years.

Hast du es schon gemacht?
Do you have done it already?
--> Have you done it yet?

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by, for (since)

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by

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a week from now/today, in two years' time

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now, right now, at the moment, currently

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usually, always, often, never --> habit
twice a week, once a year, etc.

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how long, for, since, recently, lately (& more)

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already, yet, ever, never, so far, until now
for, since
just, recently, lately

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as, while (when)

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yesterday, last year, past dates, ago
note on dates: It happened on the 28th of oOctober 2021.

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cf. left box + for (since)

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- plans, intentions
- clear signs/evidence

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future actions/events/states looked back on from future point in time

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- present continuous form
- social events with arrangements

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- present simple form
- public transport, education

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states, habits, facts, single actions in the present

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- actions/events in progress at future point in time

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actions/events happening up to future point in time (element of repetition)

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actions in progress right now

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completed action/event in the past
no connection to the present!

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actions/events in progress at a point in the past

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actions/events/states connected to the present
things happening at unknown time in the past

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actions beginning in the past with element of repetition, affecting the present

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repeated action up to a point in the past

actions/events influencing point in the past

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I am going to Oxford with a friend tomorrow, our train leaves at 9 am.

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where I will live during my studies.

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I will have been working as a lawyer for a while in six years’ time.

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Three years from now, I will have left university and
I will be revising for my finals to get my BA.

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I love learning new things and I am interested in almost everything but now I am enjoying my gap year.

However, I don’t know

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When my gap year ends, I am going to study law at Oxford.
(I was accepted in spring.)

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Sie hatten 2 Stunden gewartet, als er ankam.
They were waiting since two hours when he arrived.
--> They have been waiting for two hours when he arrived.

Bevor sie ging, hatten sie Tee getrunken.
Before she left, they drank tea.
--> Before she left, they had drunk tea.

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until, before, after (just, when, already)

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- spontaneous decisions
- general predictions (often personal)
note: offers/suggestions in first person: shall

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completed action/event before another point in the past

states lasting up to a point in the past

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Since I started school, I have made many mistakes but I have learnt a lot because I have been studying hard every day.

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It was raining heavily outside and my father was working
when my mother's water broke.

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until they found out

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My parents had been trying to have a child for two years and they had been sad about failing to do so

they had conceived me.