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1778 | Capt. Cook lands at Waimea bay in Kauai

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1778 | Capt. Cook lands at Waimea bay in Kauai

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On January 18, 1778, Captain James Cook becomes the first European to arrive on the islands. The Hawaiians welcomed him and his crew, and were fascinated by their ships and use of iron. The ships made a brief stop at Niihau, but soon left to find the western end of a northwest passage between the Atlantic and the Pacific. The ships returned to the islands and found a safe harbor in Kealakekua Bay in Hawai'i about a year later.

This event was important and relates to the Overthrow because Captain Cook was the first European who spread the word eventually getting to the U.S, who overthrew the Hawaiian Monarchy. Eventually after finding the islands, Cook would eventually go home to Britain to spread the word of finding the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the American Revolution, many British residents moved to the United States, and word eventually got out about the Islands. Missionaries took this opportunity to spread the word of God.

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1814 | First missionaries arrive on the bay of the islands

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1814 | First missionaries arrive on the bay of the islands

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The missionaries first arrived on the bay of the islands looking to spread the word of God in 1814. Some of the missionaries were Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston, and his wife Lucy. They arrived from new England, on the Big Thaddeus. Hiram Bingham's son was the first person to translate the bible into Hawaiian.

The missionaries' arrival to the Hawaiian Islands is an event that was very important in relation to the overthrow of the islands for many reasons. One reason why it is important is because this is the first event that the United States ever found or stepped on the Hawaiian Islands, and only more and more people came to the islands after this. Eventually, the missionaries converted the Hawaiians to Christianity, which also was a factor that ruled the overthrow of the Islands. It gave the Americans something to hold over the Hawaiians.

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On July 9, 1839, The 60-gun frigate, Artemise, arrived on Honolulu Harbor with the Captain, Captain Laplace, demanding to meet with the king. Laplace demanded to press for religious freedom for Catholics. He forced Kamehameha III to sign an unfair treaty and to pay $20,000 as insurance.
Laplace said, "If the king and chiefs refuse to sign the treaty I present, war will immediately commence, and all the devastations and calamities which may result shall be imputed to them alone."
The treaty allowed freedom of worship to Catholics, and special trading privileges to France.

This relates to the overthrow because it was the first time that Kamehameha III almost had war break out with another country. This treaty also upset trade relationships with America and Britain. In addition to this, this treaty could have shown America how weak Hawaii was, giving them an idea of how to overthrow could be possible.

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The Great Mahele occurred in 1848. The King, 245 ali'i, and konohiki came together to divide the land, a process that took several months. The land was divided in areas which were intended for the controlling ali'i and related kanaka to have a variety of resources. They were also divided separately from each other so not one island or large piece of land would be able to rebel against Kamehameha. Each ali'i supervised a strip of land called an ahupua'a, which ran from mountain to sea.

The Great Mahele influenced the overthrow of the islands very strongly, and was one of the bigger events that did so. One reason why the Great Mahele influenced the overthrow was because the missionaries were buying plots of land to build churches. Although there was no concept of "buying" land, and it still was more of a shared plot, the missionaries had access to large amounts of land because of this event. In return, the missionaries taught the Hawaiians about God, and also taught them other common skills like reading and writing.

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On December 20, 1849, the Treaty of Friendship behind the United States and the Hawaiian Kingdom was signed in Washington D.C. This treaty primarily stated that the citizens of both the United States and the Hawaiian islands should enjoy their property and security as citizens, but are always to follow to laws of both countries. It also stated that any citizen that violates this treaty should be held responsible for their actions.

This treaty influenced the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom in multiple ways. One way that this event influenced the overthrow was because it was the first treaty that officially ensured peace between Hawaii and the United States. This created a trust between the two nations, which would be soon taken advantage of. This treaty also allowed the United States to further understand how Hawaii worked regarding the social classes, monarchy, and more.

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1851 | Kamehameha III sent a secret annexation proclamation

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1851 | Kamehameha III sent a secret annexation proclamation

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On February 1, 1851, Commissioner Perrin of France presented a list of ten demands for the Hawaiian Islands to follow. Alarmed by this, Kamehameha III signed a secret proclamation which put the islands under the protection of the United States until the relationship between France and Hawaii would be restored. This proclamation would stricly be only used in case of emergency, which was respected since the United States had no desire to annex Hawaii at the time and was sure to transfer the sovereignty back to the Islands eventually.

This event influenced the overthrow in numerous ways. One way that it influenced the overthrow was because this proclamation gave a sense of trust between Hawaii and the United States. It also showed the United States how weak the Hawaiian Islands were, and how vulnerable they were to being devoured by a bigger country like France. It also showed how a country like the United States would be able to easily annex them in any scenario.

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The Reciprocity Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Hawaii that ensured a market for Hawaiian sugar, in exchange for special privileges economically that other countries did not have access to. Due to the Civil War, sugar prices rose rapidly in the United States, which led them to an idea of creating a treaty between the U.S and Hawaii to fix this problem. After several failed attempts, The Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 was signed, and was to be enforced on September 9, 1876.

When the treaty was renewed in 1887, the United States was granted exclusive rights to Pearl Harbor. This affected the overthrow, because it not only gave the Unites States access to the land, but it gave them information about it. The reciprocity treaty also affected the overthrow because it gave the United States a market for sugar, which was not allowed in other countries.

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The Hawaiian League was a secret society that was formed with the goal to annex Hawaii to the United States. Formed in early 1887, the Hawaiian league included Lorrin Thurston, Stanford Dole, William Ansel Kinney, William Owen Smith, George Norton Wilcox, and Edward Griffin. American businessmen like the ones stated controlled majority of the Hawaiian Kingdom's wealth. These men would soon conduct the Bayonet Constitution and Overthrow.

This event was one of the most crucial parts to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. To start off, the Hawaiian League was primarily the group that Overthrew Queen Liliuokalani to make Hawaii the 50th state. Even prior to this, the Hawaiian League would force Kamehameha to sign the Bayonet Constitution, which also took a big part of the overthrow. Without this group, the overthrow would have happened differently.

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In 1887, just after accusations and scandals were made towards King David Kalakaua's spending, The Hawaiian League hosted a mass public meeting where they demanded the king to sign a new constitution. Holding bayonets to the king's head, the Hawaiian league forced the king to sign away many rights. He signed away his authority over the people, took away the land rights of Native Hawaiians, and gave foreign landowners to vote. In return, the Hawaiian League spared the king's life.

This event was one of, if not the biggest, event before the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. This event primarily gave away the rights to Native Hawaiians and gave power to the foreigners. This event also gave the foreigners leverage over Hawaii, making the overthrow easier for them.

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On October 1, 1890, The McKinley Tariff of 1890 became law. It boosted tariff rates nearly 50% on average for most American products. Committee Chairman William McKinley of Ohio led most of  the efforts. Sugar and coffee were free of tariff.

This event influenced the overthrow in many ways. One way that it influenced the overthrow was because it increased the tax for goods and services in the U.S, but did not in Hawaii. Foreigners would be able to trade goods and services in Hawaii for a much more discounted price. It also boosted the trading industry withing Hawaii.

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1893 | The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

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1893 | The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom

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On January 17, 1893, a group sugar planters, the Committee of Safety, ruled under Stanford Ballard Dole overthrew the Kingdom of Hawaii. Queen Liliuokalani gave up her throne and surrendered Hawaii's independence to the United States of America. After she stated this in writing, she retired to her home in Washington D.C. The queen's representatives were not allowed to be on the same ship as her, and by the time they arrived in D.C, the annexation treaty was already sent to the Senate by President Harrison. Harrison was in his last days of ruling, and Grover Cleveland who took his position, withdrew the treaty. and She wrote President Cleveland, and on December 1893, he made a speech to Congress about the situation.

The process of the overthrow was very significant to Hawaii today and had a deep relation to every other event in this timeline. One way that the overthrow of the Islands are still relevant today is the representative natives still have of their culture today. Another way that the overthrow is still significant is the holidays and days of observance we have for historical people or events that happened during the overthrow.

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The Ku'e petitions were collections of signatures of Hawaiian women, men, and children who opposed the annexation of Hawaii to the U.S. These signatures were collected island by island by three Hui. There were the Hui Aloha Aina for women, Hui Aloha Aina for Men, and the Hui Kalaiana. These groups went from island to island holding town meetings about the annexation, and collected signatures from those who opposed it.

These petitions were very relevant to the overthrow of the Hawaiian kingdom. Although they were only found after the overthrow happened, it showed the amount and commitment of Hawaiians to stop the U.S from taking their land from them. It was an example of how many people the U.S would be affecting and changing the lives of. It showed the start of a new beginning.