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The History of the Equal Rights Amendment: 3 Things You Should Know

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Gloria Steinem, (born March 25, 1934, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.), American feminist, political activist, and editor who was an articulate advocate of the women's liberation movement during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Steinem spent her early years traveling with her parents in a house trailer. After their divorce in 1946, Gloria settled with her mother in Toledo, Ohio, and for the first time began attending school on a regular basis. Her childhood was marked by the added responsibility of taking care of her mother, who was chronically depressed. During her senior year of high school, Steinem moved to Washington, D.C., to live with her older sister.

After graduating from Smith College in 1956, Steinem went to India on a scholarship. There she participated in nonviolent protests against government policy. In 1960 she began working as a writer and journalist in New York City. Steinem gained attention in 1963 with her article "I Was a Playboy Bunny," which recounted her experience as a scantily clad waitress at Hugh Hefner's Playboy Club. By 1968 Steinem's work had become more overtly political. She began writing a column, "The City Politic," for New York magazine. Her involvement in feminism intensified in 1968 when she attended a meeting of a radical feminist group, the Redstockings. Proud of her feminist roots-her paternal grandmother had served as president of the Ohio Women's Suffrage Association from 1908 to 1911-Steinem founded the National Women's Political Caucus in July 1971 with Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Shirley Chisholm. That same year she began exploring the possibility of a new magazine for women, one that treated contemporary issues from a feminist perspective. The result was magazine, which first appeared as an insert in the December 1971 issue of New York. The following year the first stand-alone issue was published.

Steinem gave much of her time to political organizations and became an articulate advocate for the women's liberation movement. She participated in the founding of the Coalition of Labor Union Women, Voters for Choice, Women Against Pornography, and the Women's Media Center. In 2016 she hosted the television documentary series Woman with Gloria Steinem, which focused on issues that concerned females. Her publications include the essay collections Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (1983) and Moving Beyond Words: Age, Rage, Sex, Power, Money, Muscles: Breaking the Boundaries of Gender (1994); Revolution from Within (1992), a work on self-esteem for women; and Marilyn (1997), about Marilyn Monroe. Steinem also wrote the memoir My Life on the Road (2015).

In 2013 Steinem was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

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Gloria Steinem, American feminist, political activist, and editor who was an articulate advocate of the women's liberation movement.

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity) discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
What conduct is prohibited by Title IX?
The Title IX regulation states that "except for provided elsewhere in this part, no person shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any academic, extracurricular, research, occupational training, or other education program or activity operated by a recipient which receives ... Federal financial assistance ....

(b) Specific prohibitions. Except as provided in this subpart, in providing any aid, benefit, or service to a student, a recipient shall not, on the basis of sex:

(1) Treat one person differently from another in determining whether such person satisfies any requirement or condition for the provision of such aid, benefit, or service;

(2) Provide different aid, benefits, or services or provide aid, benefits, or services in a different manner;

(3) Deny any person any such aid, benefit, or service;

(4) Subject any person to separate or different rules of behavior, sanctions, or other treatment;

(5) Discriminate against any person in the application of any rules of appearance;

(6) Apply any rule concerning the domicile or residence of a student or applicant, including eligibility for in-state fees and tuition;

(7) Aid or perpetuate discrimination against any person by providing significant assistance to any agency, organization, or person which discriminates on the basis of sex in providing any aid, benefit or service to students or employees;

(8) Otherwise limit any person in the enjoyment of any right, privilege, advantage, or opportunity." 45 C.F.R. § 86.31

The full text of HHS's Title IX regulation can be found here.
What are some examples of sex discrimination?
Under Title IX, sex discrimination can take many forms, such as:

1. Denying admission of a person into an educational or training program on the basis of sex;

2. Disqualifying a person for a research position on the basis of sex when it is irrelevant to ability to perform the job;

3. Providing unequal educational resources to students of one sex compared to another;

4. Engaging in gender -based or sexual harassment such as making unwelcome sexual comments, advances, and/or name-calling on the basis of sex.

Federal courts and agencies have found that Title IX prohibits sex-based harassment, including sexual harassment, when such harassment is sufficiently serious as to limit the ability to participate in and benefit from a program or activity. Click here for more information on sex-based harassment.

Some examples of sexual harassment by entities receiving HHS funds include but are not limited to:

1. Unwelcome and inappropriate advances to students and employees of a research lab funded by HHS made by professors, employees, researchers, teachers, and/or students;

2. Sexual assault of a student or employee by a doctor or other medical staff in a student sports medicine program or other clinical setting that receives HHS funding.

Who is covered by Title IX?
Title IX prohibits sex discrimination in the education programs and activities of entities that receive federal financial assistance. These programs and activities include "all of the operations of ... a college, university, or other postsecondary institution, or a public system of higher education." 20 U.S.C. § 1687(2)(A); see also 45 C.F.R. § 86.2(h). Therefore, Title IX's nondiscrimination protections apply to student recruitment, admissions, educational programs (including individual courses), research, housing, counseling, financial and employment assistance, health and insurance benefits and health services. The federal agency that provides the federal financial assistance has jurisdiction over Title IX complaints.

The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has jurisdiction over Title IX claims of discrimination against entities that receive federal financial assistance through HHS. Such entities include:

1. Colleges and universities, including all of the programs they operate, regardless of which program receives federal financial assistance from HHS. For example, a university would be covered by Title IX if:

1. The university's medical center receives Medicare reimbursements from the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services;

2. The university's biology department receives grants from the National Institutes of Health;

3. The university's medical, dental, or nursing programs receive funds from the Health Resources and Services Administration.

2. Education programs and activities of entities that are not colleges or universities but receive federal financial assistance from HHS for their educational program or activity. For example:

1. Head Start educational programs for young children funded by the Administration for Children & Families

2. Hospital professional training clinical programs that receive HHS funding;

3. Fatherhood programs providing job training, financial education and other educational programs that receive grants through the Administration for Children & Families.

HHS OCR also has jurisdiction under Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (Section 1557) to investigate complaints of sex discrimination in health programs and activities of recipients of federal financial assistance and other covered entities. Click here for more information about Section 1557.
What should I do if I believe I have been discriminated against under Title IX?
You can file a complaint with OCR if you have been subjected to sex discrimination, including sexual harassment, in an education program or activity that may have received HHS funds.

We will promptly inform you as to whether we have jurisdiction to investigate your complaint. If we determine that the entity named in your complaint does not receive HHS funds, but receives funds from a different federal agency, we will forward the complaint to the appropriate agency.

Certain types of complaints may be forwarded to another agency. The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) regulations generally require referral of individual employment complaints of sex discrimination to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). If there is a pattern and practice of employment discrimination or if the complaint alleges discrimination in employment and in other practices of a recipient, then OCR can investigate the complaint.

If you are not sure about whether OCR has jurisdiction to investigate your complaint, file a complaint with our office and we will help answer your questions through the complaint intake process and our initial evaluation of the complaint. For more information on how to file a complaint, click here.

Please note that Title IX specifically prohibits retaliation for filing a discrimination complaint. When investigating a complaint, OCR informs all recipients of the prohibition on retaliation. In addition, during the complaint process, OCR will seek the complainant's consent to reveal his/her identity or identifying information, if necessary, to investigate the complaint. Consent is voluntary, and it is not always needed to investigate a complaint. Failure to provide consent, however, may make it difficult to investigate some aspects of the complaint.
How does OCR resolve my complaint?
If OCR determines that it has jurisdiction, OCR will investigate the complaint or, in some cases, refer the complaint to an agency with joint jurisdiction. When OCR identifies a violation or compliance concern, it will work with the recipient to achieve compliance with the law. Depending on the scope of the changes required, complaints can be resolved through voluntary compliance letters or agreements requiring the recipient to develop policies, monitoring, notification, and training, which also resolve the specific incidents alleged in the complaint. If voluntary compliance cannot be achieved, OCR can issue a formal findings letter and refer the case to DOJ or begin administrative proceedings to revoke federal funds.

What are some examples of OCR enforcement actions under Title IX:

*This content is undergoing a Section 508 review. If you need immediate assistance accessing this content, please submit a request to OCRMail@hhs.gov. Content will be updated pending the outcome of the Section 508 review.
Where can I get more information?
Resources for those receiving or affected by NIH-funded STEM and research:

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

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1. Women in the Workplace

2. Birth Control Pill

3. Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

4. Betty Friedan and the National Organization for Women (NOW)

5. Gloria Steinem

6. Title IX

7. Roe v. Wade

8. Women in Politics

9. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

10. Unequeal pay