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How electricity and magnetism are involved?

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How electricity and magnetism are involved?

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Basic Theory

The simple electric motor is a prototype that converts electrical energy to machenical energy; it works because of the interactions between current and magnetic field. The electricity passes from the negative end of the battery to the positive side, meaning that the current passes through the paper pins and the wire to form a full circuit. The coil in this experiment is the motor's armature, and when the current travels through the armature in a full circuit, a magnetic field forms around the coil. This magnetic field is not in the same direction as the magnet's magnetic field, a field that is created by the poles; therefore, the coil's magnetic field would repel against the magnet's field, causing the spinning of the coil.

How the wires effect motion

During our experiment, we sanded one side of the wire but half of the other side because the circuit needed to have a break in order for the motion the coil to be constant. During the spinning motion, the circuit would be constantly breaking and reconnected, and so would the magnetic field created by the current. When the circuit connects, the magnetic fields repel each other and push the wire hoop in one direction, then the circuit disconnects, and the momentum of the previous repulsion continues to push the hoop until it spins back into a full circuit. If the circuit is a full circuit all the time, half of the time the magnetic field would repel, and the other half would attract, making the wire hoop turn first clockwise then counter-clockwise.

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Discuss changes/adjustments/improvements you made to make your motor work better

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Discuss changes/adjustments/improvements you made to make your motor work better

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When I first tried to build the electric motor, I spent a lot of time trying to figure out why the coil failed to spin. Afterward, I discovered that the paper pin was not touching the positive end of the battery since the positive end has a hump and it was hard to make sure the paper clip is always fully touching the hump. Therefore, changing the paper clip to two steel sticks would make the motor more rigid and stronger while functioning. With steel sticks of the same length, it would also guarantee that the height of the two stands do not differ, unlike a paper clip which has inaccurate heights after we bent it.

Furthermore, the current electric motor is limited to only one battery's voltage. The power source could be changed to a DC power supply. This way, the voltage that goes through the motor could be adjusted, thereby adjusting the strength of the magnetic field and the speed of the motor spinning. Moreover, it would also avoid the previously mentioned problem of the paperclip not connecting to the positive end and reducing the probability of the circuit disconnecting when it should not disconnect.

Finally, a rotor could be used as a holder of the coil so that the coil can be wrapped around it. The rotor could be connected to the two ends of the steel (which were paper clips in the original design) so that it maintains the position of the coil and prevnets the coil from getting out of shape after functioning too many times. The rotor itself should be steel and should not have automation which would change the purpose of the electromagnetic motor.

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When there is a wire that has current through it, a magnetic field forms around the wire with a counter-clockwise flow. The magnitude of a magnetic field is calculated by the permeability of the material multiplied by the current and divided by 2πr.

The connection between electricity and magnetism can be explained by electromagnetic induction, which is the change in magnetic flux. Magnetic flux is how a conductor is affected by a magnetic field, the formula for it is the product of how large the magnetic field is and the surface area of an object perpendicular to the magnetic field. An example that explains electromagnetic induction is Micheal Faraday's test on whether a magnetic field could create current (see attached image). When the switch between the coil and the power source is open, the circuit is not full, so there is no magnetic field created. However, when the switch closes, the circuit is full and creates a magnetic field; therefore, the magnetic flux changes since one component of its equation changes from zero to a positive value. Thus, electromagnetic induction occurred and current was created from the magnetic field because the magnetic flux changed.

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One example of how electromagnetism application are loudspeakers. A loudspeaker has a cone on the outer layer, a coil in the middle, and a piece of permanent magnet at the end. The coil is connected to electricity which allows current to pass through. After the current passed through, it interacts with the permanent magnet and creates a repelling force that pushes the cone out. Similarity, when the current is made to change direction, the forces turn into a attracting force and the cone moves back. Constant changing of direction causes the cone to vibrate, causing pressure in the air to change, and results in sound waves that people hear.

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BBC. “Electromagnets - AQA - Revision 5 - GCSE Physics (Single Science) - BBC Bitesize.” BBC Bitesize, 2019, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zc3dxfr/revision/5. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

Bozeman Science. “Electromagnetic Induction.” YouTube, 5 Jan. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeTmIa00_rc. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

“How Does a Magnetic Card Reader Work?” Electricity - Magnetism, 22 May 2023, www.electricity-magnetism.org/how-does-a-magnetic-card-reader-work/#:~:text=The%20read%20head%20is%20a. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

How to Make a Simple Electric Motor. “Education.com.” Education.com, Education.com, 8 Nov. 2010, www.education.com/science-fair/article/no-frills-motor/. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

Hungry SciANNtist. “DIY Simple Electric Motor | How Does It Work? | Science Project.” Www.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqqx55ZcbfQ. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

Khan Academy. “Magnetic Field Created by a Current Carrying Wire | Physics | Khan Academy.” YouTube, 1 Aug. 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ri557hvwhcM. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

The Engineering Mindset. “Electric Motor Build - Make a Simple Electric Motor.” Www.youtube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbcJvGk72HY. Accessed 7 Nov. 2023.

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Applications of Electromagnetism: Card Reader

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Applications of Electromagnetism: Card Reader

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Another example of electromagnetism application are magnetic card readers. A magnetic stripe card includes a magnetic stripe and encoded information stored on the stripe. The magnetic stripe is composed of iron-based particles that store data of binary code. A card reader has an electromagnet that notices the change in magnetic field (which results the change in magnetic flux) when a card swipes in the reader, similar to how the magnetic field changes when two magnets are moved pass each other. As a result, the current passes through the card to the card reader, while the card reader translates it into data.