# data[].attributes.body
Born in 1706, Emilie du Chatelet was a French mathematician, physicist, and natural philosopher of the Enlightenment period. Her most notable achievement was her groundbreaking translation and commentary of Sir Isaac Newton's Principle Mathematica.

# data[].attributes.body
Margaret Cavendish was a poet, philosopher, and fiction writer. Her work displayed an early form of naturalism that is used by current day philosophers and scientists. Her work also precedes the views of Hobbes and Hume. A sum of her works would be the baseline for modern day philosophy.

# data[].attributes.body
Benjamin Franklin was one of the founding fathers of America and a main contributor to the enlightenment. Franklin tried to prove many religious belief through experimentation. Franklin also believed in democracy as the best form of government. Franklin Spearheaded Scientific thinking and reason in the Enlightenment.

# data[].attributes.body
Emilie was a prominent host of salons, where she invited leading philosophers, scientists, and writers of her time to engage in discussions among philosophy. These salons became an important part of the Enlightenment, fostering new ideas of thought and exchanging ideas, as well as contributing to the spread of knowledge for women.

# data[].attributes.body
Du Chatelet's translation and commentary on Sir Isaac Newton's Principal Mathematica was her most notable achievement that made one of Newton's famous works accessible to the French audience of the Enlightenment. Her commentary and translation had clarified Newton's work and had also added her own insights, making the book a comprehensive reference for the future generation. This played a crucial role in the dissemination of Newtonian physics in France and greatly contributed to it's acceptance and understanding in the country

# data[].attributes.body
The Blazing-World is a book made by Margaret Cavendish that tells the story of a tyrannical ruler who finds out about the blazing world. The empress learns that the people of the blazing world speak the same language, follow the same religion, and also follow the same ruler. The empress then defends her country from war. This book is very important as one of the books being read by impactful enlightenment thinkers.

# data[].attributes.body
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/emilie-du-chatelet/

https://scientificwomen.net/women/du_chatelet-emilie-25

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Emilie DU CHATELET

18th century

Born: 1706 in Paris (France)
Death: 1749 in Lunéville (France)

Main achievements: Translation of Isaac Newton's book Principia Mathematica.
Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet was a French mathematician, physicist, and author during the Age of Enlightenment. Her crowning achievement is considered to be her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica. The translation, published posthumously in 1759, is still considered the standard French translation. Voltaire, one of her lovers, declared in a letter to his friend King Frederick II of Prussia that du Châtelet was "a great man whose only fault was being a woman".

Émilie du Châtelet was born on 17 December 1706 in Paris, the only daughter of six children. Du Châtelet also had an illegitimate half-sister, Michelle, who was born of her father and Anne Bellinzani, an intelligent woman who was interested in astronomy and married to an important Parisian official. Her father was Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, a member of the lesser nobility. At the time of du Châtelet's birth, her father held the position of the Principal Secretary and Introducer of Ambassadors to King Louis XIV. He held a weekly salon on Thursdays, to which well-respected writers and scientists were invited.

Du Châtelet's education has been the subject of much speculation, but nothing is known with certainty. Among their acquaintances was Fontenelle, the perpetual secretary of the French Académie des Sciences. Émilie's father Louis-Nicolas, recognizing her early brilliance, arranged for Fontenelle to visit and talk about astronomy with her when she was 10 years old. Émilie's mother, Gabrielle-Anne de Froulay, was brought up in a convent, at the time the predominant educational institution available to French girls and women. While some sources believe her mother did not approve of her intelligent daughter, or of her husband's encouragement of Émilie's intellectual curiosity, there are also other indications that her mother not only approved of du Châtelet's early education, but actually encouraged her to vigorously question stated fact. In either case, such encouragement would have been seen as unusual for parents of their time and status. When she was small, her father arranged training for her in physical activities such as fencing and riding, and as she grew older, he brought tutors to the house for her. As a result, by the age of twelve she was fluent in Latin, Italian, Greek and German; she was later to publish translations into French of Greek and Latin plays and philosophy. She received education in mathematics, literature, and science. Her mother Gabrielle-Anne was horrified at her progress and fought Louis-Nicolas at every step, once attempting to have Émilie sent to a convent. Émilie also liked to dance, was a passable performer on the harpsichord, sang opera, and was an amateur actress. As a teenager, short of money for books, she used her mathematical skills to devise highly successful strategies for gambling.

On 12 June 1725, she married the Marquis Florent-Claude du Chastellet-Lomont. Her marriage conferred the title of Marquise du Chastellet. Like many marriages among the nobility, theirs was arranged. As a wedding gift, the husband was made governor of Semur-en-Auxois in Burgundy by his father; the recently married couple moved there at the end of September 1725. Du Châtelet was nineteen at the time, her husband thirty-four. The Marquis Florent-Claude du Chastellet and Émilie du Châtelet had three children: Françoise Gabriel Pauline, Louis Marie Florent, and Victor-Esprit. Victor-Esprit died as a toddler in late summer 1734, likely the last Sunday in August. In 1749 Émilie du Châtelet gave birth to Stanislas-Adélaïde du Châtelet (daughter of Jean François de Saint-Lambert). She was born on 4 September 1749. The infant died in Lunéville on 6 May 1751.

In 1733, at the age of 26, du Châtelet resumed her mathematical studies. Initially, she was tutored in algebra and calculus by Moreau de Maupertuis, a member of the Academy of Sciences. Although mathematics was not his forte, Maupertuis had received a solid education from Johann Bernoulli, who also taught Leonhard Euler. By 1735, however, du Châtelet had turned for her mathematical training to Alexis Clairaut, a mathematical prodigy known best for Clairaut's equation and Clairaut's theorem. Du Châtelet and Voltaire may have met in her childhood at one of her father's salons; Voltaire himself dates their meeting to 1729, when he returned from his exile in London. However, their friendship began in earnest in May 1733, upon her re-entering society after the birth of her third child. Du Châtelet invited Voltaire to live in her country house at Cirey-sur-Blaise in Haute-Marne, northeastern France, and he became her long-time companion (under the eyes of her tolerant husband). There she studied physics and mathematics and published scientific articles and translations. To judge from Voltaire's letters to friends and their commentaries on each other's work, they lived together with great mutual liking and respect.

In May 1748, du Châtelet began an affair with the poet Jean François de Saint-Lambert and became pregnant. In a letter to a friend, she confided her fears that she would not survive her pregnancy. On the night of 3 September 1749, she gave birth to a daughter, Stanislas-Adélaïde, but died a week later, at Lunéville, from a pulmonary embolism, at the age of 42. Her daughter died roughly eighteen months later. In 1749, the year of her death, she completed the work regarded as her outstanding achievement: her translation into French, with her commentary, of Newton's Principia Mathematica, including her derivation of the notion of conservation of energy from its principles of mechanics. Published ten years after her death, today du Châtelet's translation of Principia Mathematica is still the standard translation of the work into French.

Source: Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
18th century Born: 1706 in Paris (France) Death: 1749 in Lunéville (France) Main achievements: Translation of Isaac Newton's book Principia Mathematica. Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Châtelet was a French mathematician, physicist, and author during the Age of Enlightenment.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Concept of Energy and Energy Conservations

# data[].attributes.subject
The Concept of Energy and Energy Conservations

# data[].attributes.body
Another of Emilie's contributions to the science of the Enlightenment is her concept of energy and energy conservation, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another. Du Chatelet argued that energy is a quantity that is conserved in all physical processes, and recognized that energy could exist in different forms.

# data[].attributes.body
Materialism is the belief that all matter is physical and not spiritual nor any other form but physical. Cavendish was a believer of this philosophy and even writes about it in her books. She uses materialist belief to argue atomism. Though she adopted some atomist belief of matter and nature in her books. She also argues Aristotelianism belief in philosophical and physical opinions in 1655.

# data[].attributes.body
Cavendish's view on god is very puzzling. Though Cavendish is a materialist she claims orthodoxy and Anglicanism. But this does not mean she believes in God. Cavendish actually questions his existence in Further Observations she states God is incomprehensible, and above nature: but inasmuch as can be known, to wit, his being. It is still very uncertain if she believes in god or not.

# data[].attributes.body
Franklin was very bright in engineering so he invented many things. He found a way to harness electricity as a power source through his metal rod. He also made bifocals to help see things better which he used himself. Franklin stoves were fireplaces but many times better. He's made so many inventions and has been one of the main people to lead us to the industrial revolution.