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- Oral Literature
- Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natual world
- Deep respect for nature and animals
- Cyclical worldview
- Figuative language/ parallelism

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2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

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2200 B.C: Moses( Genesis)- Tower of Babel 

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2200 B.C: Moses( Genesis)- Tower of Babel 

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The Tower of Babel was built by Nimrod. The intent of this building being built was to reach heaven. Nimrod wanted to be most high and wanted to be remebered forever. Moses wrote the book of Genesis as well as Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and most of Deuteronomy.

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After 3 months of taveled Christopher Columbus landed on the Caribbean Island. At first he belived that he had reached the East Indies, he describes the natives that he meet as Indians. On the first day that he was there he ordered six natives to be seized as servents.

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Pocahontas was captured by Captain Samuel Argell in the first Anglo-Powhatan War. While she was held captive she learned how to speak english, and she converted to Christianity. She was then given the name Rebecca.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics 

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Authors and Works

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies: Fact #1

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In 1607, 104 English people arrived in North America to start a settlement. On May 13 they chose to settle in Jamestown, Virgina which was surrounded by water on three sides.

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The Saem Witch Trails took place in colonial Massachusetts. In the trial more than 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 of them were executed.

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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Rationalism- " The age of Reason"- " The Enlightenment" : Period Characteristics 

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Rationalism- " The age of Reason"- " The Enlightenment" : Period Characteristics 

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Rationalism- " The age of Reason"-" The Enlightenment" : Authors and Works

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Rationalism- " The age of Reason"-" The Enlightenment" : Authors and Works

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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The Jamestown Colony was the first permanent English settlement in North America.

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This war took place when 13 of Britian's North American colonies rejected its imperial rule. With the help from France the American colonies were able to defeat the British. By deafeating thee British this gave independence and form the United States of America.

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1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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" Age of Reason" - Jen-Jacques Rousseau publishes ' The Social Contract' - 1762

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" Age of Reason" - Jen-Jacques Rousseau publishes ' The Social Contract' - 1762

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' The Social Contract', challenged the order of socitey based on the church rules.

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Mass executions took place in Paris against people that were suspected to eb against the French Revolution.

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Transcentsentalism- " The American Renaissance"  : Period Characteristics 

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Transcentsentalism- " The American Renaissance"  : Period Characteristics 

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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 Transcendentalism- " The American Renaissance" : Authors and Works

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 Transcendentalism- " The American Renaissance" : Authors and Works

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Transcendentalism was a reaction in the Eastern United States to intellectualism. Its advocates desired to have intence spiritual experiences and sought to exceed the completely materila world of reason and rationality.

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Romanticism is a movement in the arts and literature that orgiginated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, adn the primacy of the individual.

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1840-1860
Transcendentalism

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In 1836 Ralph Waldo Emerson published " Nature". This long book talk about the wonders of nature as well as how to incorporate the wonders into a more meaningful way of life.

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In 1849 Henry David Thoreau wote an essay called, " Civil Disobedience", that argued that citizens should not allow the government to overule their consciences.

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1840-1860
Transcendentalism

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Romanticism & Industrialization             

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Romanticism & Industrialization             

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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The War of 1812 was between the United States and Great Britain. The main of teh War was the British Orders in council which limited American trade with Europe. It took place in the united States, Canada, and on the high seas.

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 California Gold Rush 1848-1855: Fact #2

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 California Gold Rush 1848-1855: Fact #2

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The California God rush started on January 24, 1848. This took place in Coloma California by James W. Marshall. James Marshal found small gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley which drew attention to many people.

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The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush

1848-1855

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The Great Migration took place in 1910-1970. Over six million African Americans moved from The South of America to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states. They did this in order to get away from racial violence. pursue economic and educational oppertunies, and obtain freedom from opression of Jim Crow.

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Nathaniel Hawthorne was born July 4, 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. He died May 19, 1864 in Plymouth, new Hampshire. He was an American novelist and short story writer. he is know for The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables.

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A direct campaign against communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy in the period 1950-1954. many of the accused were blacklisted or lost their jobs, although most did not belong to the Communist party.

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Connection Between the Crucible and McCarthyism

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Connection Between the Crucible and McCarthyism

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The Crucible portrays the emotion of fear and hysteria that symbolized the same emotions during the Salam Witch Trials. The same emotions are included in the McCarthy era. McCarthy's tactics included false accusations, and long-term trial. Some main connection between the Salem Witch Trial and McCarthyism includes accusations, interrogations of innocent people, and death of people.

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One of the top selling artists, he was a rapper and actor. He wrote his music to articulate injustices that are endured by Black Americans.

In August of 1992, Tupac was attacked by kids in Marin City, he had a pistol on him by drooped it. One of the kids picked it up and shot it. Thir resulted in a 6-year-old, Qa'id Walker-Teal dead. However, Tupac was not charged for the death.

Tupac was involved in many legal problems and served in jail. The first event took place in October in 1993. Tupac shot two police officers in Atlanta. However, he was not charged because the court made the prediction after investigation that the police men were drunk and accused Tupac of having a stolen gun. The second event took place in 1994 after Tupac assaulted a movie director by the name of Allen Hughes, and Tupac went to jail for 15 days. The next event took place in February in 1995, Tupac was sentenced to 1.5-4.5 years in jail for sexually abusing a woman. This event took place in Tupac's suite in the New York parker Meridien hotel in November of 1993.

Bonus fact: Tupac died in Las Vegas on September 13,1996. He died from a gunshot wound that was infected for six days after the shooting. The case of his death is still not resolved.

Tupac Shakur: Biography, Rapper, Actor

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Li-Young Lee was influenced by Li Bo and Tu Fu. Lee has a belief in the oneness of all things. He once said, " If you rigorously dissect it, you realize that everything is a shape of the totality of causes. What's another name for the totality of causes? The Cosmos. So, everything is a shape of Cosmos or God. It feels like something bigger than me- that I can't possibly fathom but am embedded in."

Lee published Rose in 1986, won the Delmore Schwartz Memorial Poetry Award from New York University. The City in Which I Love You in 1990 and is a remembrance of his childhood and his father. The Winged Seed: A Remembrance in 1995. Lee lays out his family's path from Indonesia to Pennsylvania in a memoir. Book of My Nights in 2001. M.L. Schuldt said, " it was a transfiguring kind of introspection. Lee endures sleeplessness to contemplate the self's urge for total presence. And as with two volumes that precede it, lee arrives at his revelations through a pliant, twining syntax and an archetypal diction." This book was also rewarded to WIlliam Carlos Williams award.

Lee considers all his poems to be descendent of God. Lee says," There are great poem that have flaws. there are failures of perception, failures of understanding, but flaws become part of the poem's integrity, so I still feel that those poems are descendants of God. But if a poem isn't good enough to be a poem, I don't think it's descended from God: If there is no "I", there is no God. The "Me" taking about "Me"- that's not enough."

Li-Young Lee | Poetry Foundation

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Poe was the principal forerunner of the "art for art's sake" movement in the 19th century European literature. In his work he demonstrated a command of language and technique. He also inspired and encouraged imagination.

Peo enlisted in the army in 1827 and while in the army he published his first book, Tamerlane, and Other Poems. In 1829 he wrote his second collection called, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. In 1829 Poe was also discharged from the army with the rank of a sergeant major, following he was admitted to the United Sates Military Academy at West Point. However, he gained dismissal by not meeting requirements and instead he went to New York City, there he wrote Poems in 1831.

Poe is known for two other popular genres including science fiction and detective story. Some of his works that include these genres include The Unparalleled Adventure of Hans Pfaall, and Von Kempelen and His Discovery.

Edgar Allan Poe | Poetry Foundation

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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The American Civil War was a four-year conflict fought between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded to form the Confederate States of America. It arose from disputes over slavery and states’ rights. When Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery candidate, was elected president in 1860, the Southern states seceded. During this tumultuous period, the nation grappled with profound questions, and the war’s causes and consequences continue to reverberate in our history. The conflict resulted in the loss of 750,000 lives, the emancipation of 4 million enslaved individuals, and the preservation of the United States as one nation.

https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Civil-War

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Reconstruction was a significant period in U.S. history following the American Civil War. During this time, efforts were made to address the legacy of slavery and its impact on politics, society, and the economy. The primary objective was to reintegrate the Southern states—which had seceded—back into the Union. Additionally, 4 million newly freed individuals were part of this transformative process.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history

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Civil War- 1861-1865

Reconstruction Era- 1865-1877

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1- Bret Harte played a significant role in shaping the local-color school in American fiction. Born on August 25, 1836 in Albany, New York, he gained fame for his stories set in California mining towns, vividly capturing the pioneering life of that era.

2- Harte’s literary contributions include:

- “The Luck of Roaring Camp”: A poignant tale set in a rugged mining camp. “The Outcasts of Poker Flat”: A narrative centered around a group of outlaws and their fate.

“The Heathen Chinee”: A satirical poem that unintentionally sparked controversy regarding Chinese immigration.

3- Following the success of “The Luck of Roaring Camp,” Harte’s reputation soared. He secured a lucrative contract with The Atlantic Monthly and relocated from California to the East. His impact on American literature during the post-Civil War era remains significant.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bret-Harte

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The widespread adoption of automobiles transformed mobility. It allowed people to explore job opportunities beyond their immediate neighborhoods. The rise of radio and mass media disseminated information, shaping aspirations and influencing consumer culture. However, access to these technologies varied based on socioeconomic status. The cultural movement known as the Harlem Renaissance celebrated African American art, literature, and music. It provided a platform for Black artists and intellectuals to challenge stereotypes and advocate for equality. Labor unions fought for workers’ rights, fair wages, and better working conditions. Their efforts contributed to improved opportunities for some working-class individuals. The stock market crash of 1929 shattered the illusion of boundless prosperity. Many lost their life savings, jobs, and homes. The subsequent Great Depression intensified economic disparities and highlighted the fragility of the American Dream.

https://brilliantio.com/what-was-the-american-dream-in-the-1920s/

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Step back to the roaring 1920s, an era marked by dramatic social and economic change, when the "American Dream" took on a new meaning.

People from all walks of life were captivated by the promise of prosperity and opportunity, fueling a decade of cultural and artistic innovation that still resonates today.

But what exactly was the American Dream in the 1920s, and how did it shape American history? This article will explore this fascinating topic and the factors contributing to this iconic American era.

The Evolution of the American Dream: From the Roaring Twenties to Today

The American Dream is a concept that has captivated generations of people since the founding of the United States. The American Dream represents the belief that anyone can achieve success, prosperity, and upward mobility through hard work, determination, and perseverance. However, the definition of the American Dream has changed over time, reflecting American society's social, economic, and cultural shifts.

In the 1920s, the American Dream was primarily defined by material wealth and consumerism. This was when the country was experiencing unprecedented economic growth, and many people believed that success meant acquiring as much wealth and material possessions as possible. The era was marked by a culture of excess and indulgence, with people embracing new technologies, such as automobiles and radios, and engaging in a lifestyle of conspicuous consumption.

However, the Great Depression of the 1930s ended this era of extravagance and excess. The American Dream was forced to evolve as people struggled to survive during economic hardship and uncertainty. The American Dream became more focused on social and economic mobility. Many people were looking to government programs like the New Deal to help them achieve a better life.

The post-World War II era saw the American Dream shift again as the country experienced unprecedented economic growth and prosperity. This era was marked by the rise of the middle class, with many people achieving success through hard work and upward mobility. The American Dream became more focused on homeownership, with many people striving to own homes and provide a better life for their families.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the American Dream evolved again as the country experienced a period of social and cultural upheaval. This was a time of civil rights activism, feminist movements, and the rise of the counterculture. The American Dream became more focused on individual freedom and self-expression.

Today, the American Dream continues to evolve, reflecting the changing needs and aspirations of a diverse and dynamic society. While the idea of material success and economic prosperity still holds appeal for many people, the American Dream is increasingly focused on social and environmental responsibility, with many looking to impact the world around them positively.

The American Dream has undergone significant changes over the past century, reflecting American society's social, economic, and cultural shifts. While the core belief in the power of hard work and determination remains, the definition of the American Dream has become more nuanced and complex, reflecting a changing society's diverse needs and aspirations.

The Economic Boom and Consumer Culture

You couldn't help but get swept up in the whirlwind of prosperity and excitement that defined the 1920s as new inventions and consumer culture took center stage.

This era, often called the Roaring Twenties, was when many people experienced rapid economic growth and increased personal wealth.

The United States saw an industry explosion, with mass production techniques allowing for faster and cheaper manufacturing processes.

As a result, everyday items such as automobiles, radios, and household appliances became more accessible to the average person.

With this newfound purchasing power at your fingertips, you began to enjoy a lifestyle that embraced materialism and reveled in it.

The rise of advertising during this period played a crucial role in shaping the American Dream of the 1920s.

Advertisements promised you happiness and success through consumption - all you had to do was buy their products!

This focus on consumerism led to a shift in societal values; instead of prioritizing hard work and frugality like generations before you, your generation placed importance on leisure activities and living life to its fullest potential.

You attended jazz clubs or speakeasies after work while sporting fashionable flapper dresses or sophisticated suits.

It was an age where decadence knew no bounds - even with prohibition laws in place - creating an atmosphere that embodied freedom from traditional constraints.

In essence, the American Dream of the 1920s represented not only financial stability but also personal fulfillment through material possessions and hedonistic pursuits - something which would later come under scrutiny as unsustainable excesses paved the way for darker times ahead.

The Rise of New Industries and Technologies

Imagine living when new industries and technologies were bubbling up, transforming everyday life and opening doors to previously unattainable opportunities.

That's precisely what happened in the 1920s, as America experienced an unprecedented surge of innovation that would change the course of history.

During this period, groundbreaking inventions such as the automobile, radio, telephone, motion pictures, and electrical appliances proliferated nationwide.

These innovations revolutionized communication and transportation and gave individuals newfound freedom and independence.

The rise of these new industries had a profound impact on American society at large.

The automotive industry, led by pioneers like Henry Ford, introduced assembly line production techniques that drastically reduced manufacturing costs, thus making cars more affordable for average Americans.

This accessibility gave people greater mobility, allowing them to easily travel beyond their immediate surroundings - an essential factor contributing to suburbanization trends.

Meanwhile, the entertainment industry saw rapid growth thanks to advancements in film technology (such as sound synchronization) which captivated audiences nationwide.

As a result, Hollywood became synonymous with glamour and allure, attracting millions seeking fame or simply wanting to partake in this cultural phenomenon - embodying another aspect of freedom treasured by those living through the 'Roaring Twenties.'

The Influence of Celebrities on the American Dream

The 1920s was an era of significant social and cultural change in America, marked by the rise of a new generation of celebrities. These stars of the silver screen and the stage captured the imagination of the American public, and their lifestyles and successes helped to shape the idea of the American Dream.

Celebrities in the 1920s represented the ideal of wealth and success, which was seen as attainable by anyone who worked hard and had the talent and charisma to make it big. Movie stars like Rudolph Valentino and Clara Bow became symbols of glamour and sophistication. At the same time, jazz musicians like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington introduced new forms of music that became a hallmark of the era.

The rise of these celebrities was also linked to the growth of consumer culture, as people began to emulate their idols by purchasing the latest fashions and gadgets. This led to a new era of advertising, with celebrities endorsing products and brands, further cementing their place in the public consciousness.

But the influence of celebrities went beyond just fashion and consumer goods. They also helped to redefine the American Dream by challenging traditional gender roles and social norms. For example, stars like Josephine Baker and Bessie Smith pushed boundaries and broke down barriers, becoming symbols of female empowerment and Black excellence.

However, the celebrity culture of the 1920s was not without its critics. Many saw it as shallow and frivolous, a distraction from the more severe issues of the day. The excesses of the era, including Prohibition and the stock market boom, eventually led to the stock market crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression.

Despite these challenges, the influence of celebrities on the American Dream of the 1920s cannot be denied. They helped shape the era's cultural landscape and define the ideals of success and achievement that continue to inspire generations of Americans today.

Social Status and Material Wealth

In the 1920s, social status and material wealth took center stage, with many folks striving to attain these symbols of success.

This aspiration was fueled by an economic boom that allowed for more disposable income and greater access to goods previously reserved for the upper class.

Introducing affordable automobiles such as Ford's Model T enabled ordinary citizens to experience newfound freedom and mobility while showcasing their elevated social standing.

Additionally, the rapid expansion of advertising spurred consumerism and encouraged people to keep up with the latest trends in fashion, home appliances, and other luxuries.

The pursuit of material wealth translated into a preoccupation with appearances as individuals sought to display their success through clothing, cars, homes, and lavish parties reminiscent of F Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Great Gatsby.'

Social status became intrinsically linked to one's possessions and ability to project an image of prosperity regardless of financial security, consequently leading many Americans toward debt accumulation to maintain their desired lifestyle.

This obsession with materialism extended beyond personal belongings - even relationships were often based on superficial qualities or connections that could elevate one's standing within society.

Consequently, traditional values like hard work, integrity, and family bonds began taking a back seat compared to obtaining wealth at any cost - revealing both the allure and pitfalls associated with chasing after the American Dream during this transformative decade.

The Influence of Media and Advertising

As you're swept up in the glitz and glamour of the Roaring Twenties, it's hard not to notice the influential role media and advertising play in shaping society's desires and aspirations.

Newspapers, magazines, radio broadcasts, and even early forms of movies all contribute to the spread of consumer culture. Advertisements promote products that promise a better life - from cars like the Ford Model T to home appliances such as vacuum cleaners and refrigerators. These ads often tap into your subconscious desire for freedom by depicting images of modernity, efficiency, self-expression, and individual success.

The influence of media on public opinion is also evident in how they portray celebrities and their lifestyles. Famed sports figures like Babe Ruth or movie stars like Charlie Chaplin become symbols of success that you might aspire to emulate.

Magazines print photographs showcasing their lavish homes filled with luxurious furniture, stylish clothing, and elegant parties - all reinforcing the notion that achieving wealth is synonymous with living an ideal lifestyle.

As these images permeate society through various channels, they help shape your understanding of what it means to attain the American Dream during this era: accumulating material possessions while maintaining social status becomes central to many people's aspirations for happiness and fulfillment.

Youth Culture and the American Dream

The 1920s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, was a time of significant social and cultural change in America. This era marked the emergence of youth culture as a distinct entity, and the pursuit of the American Dream took on a new meaning for the younger generation.

The youth culture of the 1920s was a rebellion against the conservative values of the previous generations. Young people of this era sought to break free from their parents' traditional roles and expectations and create their own unique identity.

The Rejection of Victorian Values

They rejected the Victorian values of the past and embraced a more liberal lifestyle.

They listened to jazz music, danced the Charleston, and participated in illegal activities such as drinking and smoking.

The pursuit of the American Dream drove this new culture. The American Dream represented the promise of economic prosperity and personal freedom for young people.

They believed they could achieve anything they wanted if they worked hard enough.

The economic boom of the 1920s fueled this attitude. The post-World War I era brought unprecedented economic growth and job opportunities. The younger generation saw this as an opportunity to improve their lives.

The rise of consumer culture also shaped the American Dream of the 1920s. Advertising became more prevalent, and consumer goods heavily influenced the era's youth culture. The rise of mass-produced clothing, cosmetics, and other products allowed young people to express their individuality through their possessions.

The emergence of youth culture was reflected in the media of the era. Magazines like The Flapper and The College Humor catered to the younger generation's interests. The film industry also reflected the changing values of society. Movies like The Jazz Singer and Flaming Youth depicted the lifestyles of young people and celebrated their rebellion against the older generation.

The Reaction of the Older Generation

However, not everyone embraced the youth culture of the 1920s. Many older Americans saw the younger generation's behavior as immoral and dangerous.

The rise of jazz music, dance clubs, and speakeasies was seen as threatening traditional values. The clash between the older and younger generations was evident in the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925, which pitted religious fundamentalists against those who supported teaching evolution in schools.

The youth culture of the 1920s played a significant role in shaping the American Dream.

Young people of this era rejected traditional values and sought to create their own unique identity. They embraced the promise of economic prosperity and personal freedom fueled by the era's economic boom.

The rise of consumer culture and media also contributed to the emergence of youth culture. However, this cultural shift was met with resistance from the older generation, highlighting the generational divide of the time.

The 1920s marked a turning point in American history, where pursuing the American Dream took on a new meaning for the younger generation.

The Impact of the Civil Rights and Women's Movements

Civil Rights

The 1920s marked a decade of tremendous change in American society. The country experienced economic growth and cultural transformation following World War I, which fueled a new vision of the "American Dream." This dream no longer represented only the ideal of economic success but also a vision of equality and opportunity for all, regardless of race or gender. The Civil Rights and Women's Movements were two key drivers of this shift in thinking.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1920s emerged as a response to the systemic racism and discrimination experienced by African Americans in the United States.

This movement was led by prominent figures such as Booker T. Washington and Marcus Garvey, who advocated for equal treatment and rights for black Americans.

The Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was also characterized by the cultural movement celebrating African Americans' rich history and artistic achievements.

The impact of the Civil Rights Movement on the American Dream was significant. For the first time, African Americans could express their cultural and artistic identities in new and meaningful ways.

The Harlem Renaissance produced a wealth of literature, music, and art that challenged racial stereotypes and showcased black Americans' intellectual and creative capabilities. This cultural renaissance inspired a new sense of pride and identity within the black community and helped to reshape the American Dream to include a vision of racial equality.

Women's Movements

Similarly, the Women's Movement of the 1920s sought to challenge the traditional gender roles that limited women's opportunities and freedoms.

This movement was characterized by the fight for women's suffrage, culminating in ratifying the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

Women such as Alice Paul and Carrie Chapman Catt led the charge for women's rights, advocating for equal pay, access to education, and reproductive freedom.

The impact of the Women's Movement on the American Dream was profound. The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, a significant step forward in the fight for gender equality.

Women were also able to participate more fully in the workforce and pursue educational opportunities that had previously been closed to them. This newfound freedom and independence challenged traditional gender roles and paved the way for a new vision of the American Dream that included gender equality and women's empowerment.

The Civil Rights and Women's Movements of the 1920s played a crucial role in redefining the American Dream. These movements challenged the systemic inequalities and limitations that had previously defined American society and opened the door to new opportunities and possibilities for all Americans.

The impact of these movements can still be felt today as we strive toward a more just and equitable society.

Migration in the Roaring Twenties

In the 1920s, the United States underwent a dramatic social and economic change.

The post-World War I era was a time of optimism and opportunity, and many immigrants saw the United States as a land of limitless possibilities. For many, the American Dream was the promise of a better life, free from the poverty and oppression of their homelands.

Immigrants came to America from all over the world, but many were from Southern and Eastern Europe. They brought their languages, religions, and customs, which added to the rich cultural tapestry of the United States. Cities like New York and Chicago became melting pots of different cultures, with neighborhoods and districts reflecting their residents' unique traditions and practices. This diversity enriched American culture and contributed to economic growth and success.

Immigrants brought new skills, ideas, and innovations, spurring entrepreneurship and new industries. Today, the legacy of these immigrant communities can still be seen in the fabric of American society, from the foods we eat to the languages we speak.

Despite many challenges, immigrants persevered and pursued the American Dream. For many, this meant working hard and saving money to buy a home, start a business, or provide a better life for their children. Others sought education and professional opportunities to rise to the ranks of American society.

The 1920s also saw significant changes in American immigration policy.

The Immigration Act of 1924 imposed strict quotas on the number of immigrants allowed into the United States. This law was designed to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, as well as from Asia. It reflected a growing sense of nationalism and xenophobia among many Americans, who believed the country was overwhelmed by immigrants.

Despite these challenges, the American Dream remained a powerful force in American society. Immigrants and native-born Americans alike continued to believe in the promise of a better life, and the 1920s saw many achieve success through hard work and determination. However, the legacy of this era also includes the darker side of the American Dream, including the exclusion and marginalization of many groups.

The American Dream and immigration were deeply intertwined in the 1920s. Immigrants came to the United States for a better life but faced many challenges and obstacles. The American Dream reflected the optimism and opportunity of the era, but it also reflected the inequalities and prejudices of American society.

The legacy of the 1920s continues to shape American culture and identity today, reminding us of the power of hope and the importance of inclusivity and equality.

The Changing Definition of Success

In the 1920s, the American Dream was defined mainly by pursuing wealth and material success. The post-World War I era saw a boom in industry and technology, leading to consumerism and a focus on individual achievement. People believed anyone could achieve financial prosperity and social status through hard work and determination.

This pursuit of success was reflected in popular culture of the time, from the emergence of new industries like Hollywood to the rise of sports heroes like Babe Ruth. Success was measured in terms of money, fame, and recognition, and the American Dream was seen as the ultimate prize for those who worked hard enough to attain it.

However, as the decade progressed, the definition of success began to shift. Some people began questioning whether wealth and material possessions were the keys to happiness and fulfillment. This led to a growing interest in spiritual and intellectual pursuits, with many people turning to literature, philosophy, and the arts to find meaning.

This shift was also reflected in popular culture, with the rise of new art movements like surrealism and modernism that challenged traditional notions of beauty and meaning. The American Dream began to be seen as more than just a quest for material success but a journey of self-discovery and personal fulfillment.

Today, the definition of success continues to evolve. While financial success and social status are still critical to many, there is a growing recognition of the importance of work-life balance, personal relationships, and community involvement. The American Dream is about individual achievement and creating a better world.

The changing definition of success in the 1920s reflected a more significant shift in American culture and values. While pursuing material wealth and individual achievement was still central to the American Dream, a growing interest in spiritual and intellectual pursuits challenged traditional notions of success. Today, the American Dream continues evolving as we strive to find meaning and purpose beyond pursuing wealth and recognition.

The Legacy of the Roaring Twenties

The 1920s, commonly known as the "Roaring Twenties," was a decade marked by significant social, cultural, and economic change in the United States. It was a time when the concept of the "American Dream" took on a new meaning, and its influence continues to shape the values and aspirations of modern Americans today.

One of the most significant contributions of the 1920s to the American Dream was the idea of consumerism. With the rise of mass production and new technologies, such as the radio and the automobile, Americans could access more goods and services than ever before. The growth of consumer culture gave rise to a new sense of individualism and personal freedom, where people could pursue their desires and aspirations by acquiring material goods.

Moreover, the 1920s was a decade marked by social and cultural change, particularly in gender roles. Women, in particular, began to challenge traditional gender roles and expectations. The ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 granted women the right to vote, empowering them to participate in the political process and shape their destinies. Women also entered the workforce in large numbers, challenging traditional notions of domesticity and paving the way for future generations of women to pursue their career aspirations.

Another significant contribution of the 1920s to the American Dream was the rise of jazz and other forms of popular culture. Jazz music originated in African American communities and symbolized freedom, individualism, and rebellion against the status quo. It gave rise to a new sense of cultural identity, where people could express themselves through music, dance, and other forms of artistic expression.

The 1920s also saw the emergence of the "New Woman," a term used to describe women who challenged traditional gender roles and embraced a more independent and liberated lifestyle. The New Woman represented a shift away from the Victorian-era ideals of womanhood and paved the way for future generations of women to pursue their dreams and aspirations.

In addition to cultural and social change, the 1920s was a decade of economic growth and prosperity. The stock market boomed, and the economy experienced rapid growth, leading to a newfound sense of optimism and possibility. The economic prosperity of the 1920s laid the foundation for future generations of Americans to pursue their economic dreams and aspirations.

The 1920s significantly contributed to the American Dream, shaping the values and aspirations of modern Americans today. The rise of consumer culture, women's empowerment, the emergence of jazz and popular culture, and the economic growth and prosperity of the era all contributed to a new sense of individualism, personal freedom, and possibility.

The legacy of the Roaring Twenties lives on today, inspiring Americans to pursue their dreams and aspirations and strive for a better future.

The Global Impact of the American Dream

The American Dream, a concept deeply ingrained in the American psyche since its inception, has profoundly impacted the rest of the world. The idea that anyone, regardless of their background, could achieve success through hard work and determination has inspired people all over the globe to pursue their dreams and strive for a better life. This article will explore how the American Dream has influenced and shaped the world beyond the United States.

Firstly, the American Dream has been a beacon of hope and a symbol of freedom for people living under oppressive regimes. Throughout history, people have considered the United States a model of democracy and human rights, and the American Dream has played a significant role in this perception.

For many, the American Dream represents the idea that with hard work and perseverance, they, too, can achieve success and escape the tyranny of their governments. This has been evident in the numerous waves of immigration to the United States throughout the centuries. People sought to escape poverty and oppression in their home countries and build better lives for themselves and their families.

Secondly, the American Dream has had a profound impact on global culture. From Hollywood movies to popular music, American culture has been exported around the world, shaping the tastes and preferences of people in every corner of the globe.

The idea of the American Dream has been a recurring theme in many of these cultural products, with characters striving to achieve success and happiness in a land of opportunity. This has helped to popularize the concept of the American Dream and make it more accessible to people outside of the United States.

However, the American Dream has not been universally embraced. In many parts of the world, it has been criticized as a narrow and exclusionary concept that ignores the realities of social and economic inequality.

Critics argue that the American Dream is built on individual achievement and ignores the structural barriers that prevent many people from achieving success, such as poverty, discrimination, and lack of opportunity. They also point to the environmental and social costs of the American Dream, such as the overconsumption of resources and the widening gap between the rich and the poor.

The American Dream has profoundly impacted the world beyond the United States. It has been a source of hope and inspiration for people living under oppressive regimes, a cultural touchstone that has shaped global tastes and preferences, and a controversial concept that has been the subject of intense debate and critique.

Whether it represents a model of success to be emulated or a flawed ideology that perpetuates inequality, there is no denying the global impact of the American Dream.

The Future of the American Dream: Challenges and Opportunities

As we move into the 21st century, the American Dream is being redefined in new and exciting ways. Traditionally, the American Dream has been associated with achieving upward mobility and financial success through hard work and determination.

However, recent years have brought new challenges to this ideal, including rising income inequality, stagnant wages, and systemic barriers to social mobility. In this essay, we will examine the future of the American Dream and explore the opportunities and challenges ahead.

One of the critical challenges facing the American Dream today is income inequality. The gap between the rich and poor has grown significantly over the past few decades, with the wealthiest Americans capturing a disproportionate share of the country's wealth.

This trend has made it increasingly difficult for working-class families to achieve economic stability and upward mobility. However, there are opportunities for change. Policies such as progressive taxation, increasing the minimum wage, and investing in education and job training programs can help to reduce inequality and create a more equitable society.

Another challenge to the American Dream is that many Americans feel they are working harder than ever but are not reaping the rewards of their labor. Despite productivity and economic growth increases, wages for many workers have remained stagnant. This has contributed to frustration and disillusionment among many Americans, who feel the system is rigged against them.

However, there are opportunities for change. Companies can adopt more equitable pay structures and provide benefits such as paid sick leave and parental leave to help workers achieve a better work-life balance. Additionally, policymakers can enact policies such as paid family leave and expanding access to affordable child care to support working families.

A third challenge to the American Dream is the persistence of systemic barriers to social mobility. Despite progress in civil rights and gender equality, many Americans still face significant obstacles to achieving their full potential. For example, people of color and those from low-income backgrounds are more likely to experience discrimination in the workplace and the criminal justice system.

Additionally, women continue to face a gender pay gap and are underrepresented in positions of power and influence. However, there are opportunities for change. We can work to dismantle systemic barriers to social mobility by investing in education, reforming the criminal justice system, and promoting diversity and inclusion in all areas of society.

The future of the American Dream is both challenging and full of opportunities. While there are significant obstacles to achieving the ideal of upward mobility and financial success for all, there are also many ways in which we can work to create a more equitable and just society. By addressing income inequality, stagnant wages, and systemic barriers to social mobility, we can build a future where the American Dream is within reach for all.

Why The American Dream Will Always Matter

The American Dream has been a powerful and enduring ideal in the United States since the nation's founding. At its core, the American Dream is the belief that anyone can achieve success and prosperity, regardless of background or circumstances, through hard work, determination, and ingenuity. While the definition of the American Dream has evolved, the fundamental idea remains the promise of a better life, a brighter future, and the freedom to pursue one's passions and ambitions.

There are several reasons why the American Dream will always matter. First and foremost, it speaks to the fundamental human desire for progress and self-improvement. The American Dream is about striving for something better, whether pursuing a higher education, starting a business, or simply building a better life for oneself and one's family. This drive for self-improvement is a universal human trait, and the American Dream embodies this desire in a uniquely American way.

Another reason the American Dream will always matter is that it reflects the values of individualism and self-reliance deeply ingrained in American culture.

The American Dream is based on the idea that success and prosperity are attainable through one's efforts rather than being handed down by the government or inherited from family wealth. This emphasis on individualism and self-reliance has been a defining characteristic of American culture since the nation's founding, and the American Dream continues to embody these values today.

Moreover, the American Dream has shaped American society and culture. Pursuing the American Dream has driven innovation, entrepreneurship, and social progress.

From the pioneers who settled in the West to the immigrants who built new lives in the United States, the American Dream has been a powerful motivator for individuals and communities to push beyond their limitations and strive for something greater.

In recent years, however, some have argued that the American Dream is no longer attainable for many Americans. The rising cost of education, housing, and healthcare, along with increasing income inequality and a rapidly changing job market, have made it harder for some to achieve the kind of success and prosperity that the American Dream promises. In response, some have called for a redefinition of the American Dream to better reflect the challenges of the 21st century.

While the American Dream's challenges are accurate, the ideal remains as relevant and vital as ever.

The American Dream is not just an abstract concept; it is a lived experience for millions of Americans who have achieved success and prosperity through hard work and determination. And while the path to achieving the American Dream may be more difficult today than in the past, the ideal remains a powerful motivator for individuals and communities to strive for something better.

In conclusion, the American Dream will always matter because it embodies the universal human desire for progress and self-improvement, reflects the values of individualism and self-reliance that are deeply ingrained in American culture, and has played a crucial role in shaping American society and culture.

While the American Dream's challenges are accurate, the ideal remains a powerful motivator for individuals and communities to push beyond their limitations and strive for something greater. The American Dream is not just a concept; it is a lived experience for millions of Americans and will continue to inspire and motivate future generations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What was the American Dream in the 1920s?

The American Dream in the 1920s referred to the idea that anyone, regardless of their background or circumstances, could achieve success and prosperity through hard work, determination, and ingenuity. It was a time of significant social and economic change. The promise of a better life, a brighter future, and the freedom to pursue one's passions and ambitions was a powerful motivator for many.

How did the American Dream in the 1920s differ from previous eras?

The American Dream in the 1920s was marked by a shift towards a more consumer-driven society, with an emphasis on material possessions and the accumulation of wealth. This was in contrast to earlier eras, where the American Dream was more focused on the idea of the "self-made man" and pursuing individual success through hard work and determination.

Who was able to achieve the American Dream in the 1920s?

The American Dream in the 1920s was primarily associated with the middle and upper-middle classes, who had the financial means to pursue their ambitions and take advantage of the opportunities of the time. However, there were also examples of people from all walks of life achieving the American Dream, including immigrants, African Americans, and women.

What were some of the factors that contributed to the American Dream in the 1920s?

The 1920s was a significant social and economic change in the United States, marked by technological advancements, rising incomes, and a growing consumer culture. These factors, along with the end of World War I and the return of soldiers to the workforce, contributed to a sense of optimism and possibility that fueled the American Dream of the era.

How did the American Dream in the 1920s shape American history?

The American Dream in the 1920s profoundly impacted American society and culture, shaping everything from the rise of consumerism and mass media to the emergence of new cultural trends like jazz music and the flapper lifestyle. It also contributed to a period of economic growth and prosperity but ultimately proved unsustainable, leading to the economic collapse of the Great Depression.

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The Golden Age of Opportunity: The American Dream in the Roaring Twenties

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Step back to the roaring 1920s, an era marked by dramatic social and economic change, when the "American Dream" took on a new meaning.

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1- Sandra Cisneros significantly shaped the local-color school in American fiction. Born on August 25, 1836 in Albany, New York, she gained fame for her stories set in California mining towns, vividly capturing the pioneering life of that era.

2-Cisneros gained international attention with her first book of fiction, “The House on Mango Street” (1983). Written in a defiant youthful voice, it reflects her memories of a girlhood spent trying to be a creative writer in an antagonistic environment. She continued to explore her experiences through poetry, including works like “The Rodrigo Poems”, “My Wicked, Wicked Ways”, and “Loose Woman”.

3-Beyond her fiction and poetry, Cisneros authored a children’s book titled “Hairs = Pelitos”, which uses differing hair textures within a single family to explore issues of human diversity. Her collection of short stories, “Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories”, features tales of beleaguered girls and women who assert their power over their destinies. Additionally, her memoir “A House of My Own: Stories from My Life” and the semi-autobiographical work “Caramelo; o, puro cuento” further showcase her literary versatility.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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Modernism: World War I/ World War II: Fact #1

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Modernism: World War I/ World War II: Fact #1

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World War I- World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder triggered a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. The conflict involved the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) against the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan, and the United States). Thanks to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, World War I saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction. By the time the war was over, and the Allied Powers had won, more than 16 million people—soldiers and civilians alike—were dead. (https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history)

World War II- World War II, also known as the Second World War, involved more than 50 nations and was fought on land, sea, and air across nearly every part of the world. The war began in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, leading to a global conflict that raged until 1945. The war resulted in an estimated 60 to 80 million deaths, including civilians, and left numerous cities in Europe and Asia reduced to rubble. The Holocaust, orchestrated by Hitler’s regime, saw the murder of 6 million Jews in Nazi concentration camps. The war’s legacy included the creation of the United Nations and the emergence of Cold War geopolitical rivalries. (https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history)

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World War II: Summary, Combatants & Facts

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World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Rising to power in an unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. The majority of the world’s countries eventually formed two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Axis.

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Modernism: The Great Depression:1929-1939: Fact #2

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Modernism: The Great Depression:1929-1939: Fact #2

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The Great Depression, originating in the United States in 1929, was a severe and prolonged economic downturn. It led to significant declines in industrial production, widespread unemployment, deflation, and increased rates of poverty and homelessness. The impact was felt globally, and it prompted fundamental changes in economic policies and institutions. The Great Depression remains one of the most challenging periods in modern history, affecting people’s lives and shaping economic theories and practices.

https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/great-depression-history

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What Caused the Great Depression?

Throughout the 1920s, the U.S. economy expanded rapidly, and the nation's total wealth more than doubled between 1920 and 1929, a period dubbed " the Roaring Twenties."

The stock market, centered at the New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street in New York City, was the scene of reckless speculation, where everyone from millionaire tycoons to cooks and janitors poured their savings into stocks. As a result, the stock market underwent rapid expansion, reaching its peak in August 1929.

By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stock prices much higher than their actual value. Additionally, wages at that time were low, consumer debt was proliferating, the agricultural sector of the economy was struggling due to drought and falling food prices and banks had an excess of large loans that could not be liquidated.

The American economy entered a mild recession during the summer of 1929, as consumer spending slowed and unsold goods began to pile up, which in turn slowed factory production. Nonetheless, stock prices continued to rise, and by the fall of that year had reached stratospheric levels that could not be justified by expected future earnings.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

On October 24, 1929, as nervous investors began selling overpriced shares en masse, the stock market crash that some had feared happened at last. A record 12.9 million shares were traded that day, known as "Black Thursday."

Five days later, on October 29, or "Black Tuesday," some 16 million shares were traded after another wave of panic swept Wall Street. Millions of shares ended up worthless, and those investors who had bought stocks "on margin" (with borrowed money) were wiped out completely.

As consumer confidence vanished in the wake of the stock market crash, the downturn in spending and investment led factories and other businesses to slow down production and begin firing their workers. For those who were lucky enough to remain employed, wages fell and buying power decreased.

Many Americans forced to buy on credit fell into debt, and the number of foreclosures and repossessions climbed steadily. The global adherence to the gold standard, which joined countries around the world in fixed currency exchange, helped spread economic woes from the United States throughout the world, especially in Europe.

Bank Runs and the Hoover Administration

Despite assurances from President Herbert Hoover and other leaders that the crisis would run its course, matters continued to get worse over the next three years. By 1930, 4 million Americans looking for work could not find it; that number had risen to 6 million in 1931.

Meanwhile, the country's industrial production had dropped by half. Bread lines, soup kitchens and rising numbers of homeless people became more and more common in America's towns and cities. Farmers couldn't afford to harvest their crops and were forced to leave them rotting in the fields while people elsewhere starved. In 1930, severe droughts in the Southern Plains brought high winds and dust from Texas to Nebraska, killing people, livestock and crops. The " Dust Bowl " inspired a mass migration of people from farmland to cities in search of work.

In the fall of 1930, the first of four waves of banking panics began, as large numbers of investors lost confidence in the solvency of their banks and demanded deposits in cash, forcing banks to liquidate loans in order to supplement their insufficient cash reserves on hand.

Bank runs swept the United States again in the spring and fall of 1931 and the fall of 1932, and by early 1933 thousands of banks had closed their doors.

In the face of this dire situation, Hoover's administration tried supporting failing banks and other institutions with government loans; the idea was that the banks in turn would loan to businesses, which would be able to hire back their employees.

FDR and the Great Depression

Hoover, a Republican who had formerly served as U.S. secretary of commerce, believed that government should not directly intervene in the economy and that it did not have the responsibility to create jobs or provide economic relief for its citizens.

In 1932, however, with the country mired in the depths of the Great Depression and some 15 million people unemployed, Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory in the presidential election.

By Inauguration Day (March 4, 1933), every U.S. state had ordered all remaining banks to close at the end of the fourth wave of banking panics, and the U.S. Treasury didn't have enough cash to pay all government workers. Nonetheless, FDR (as he was known) projected a calm energy and optimism, famously declaring "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

Roosevelt took immediate action to address the country's economic woes, first announcing a four-day "bank holiday" during which all banks would close so that Congress could pass reform legislation and reopen those banks determined to be sound. He also began addressing the public directly over the radio in a series of talks, and these so-called " fireside chats " went a long way toward restoring public confidence.

During Roosevelt's first 100 days in office, his administration passed legislation that aimed to stabilize industrial and agricultural production, create jobs and stimulate recovery.

In addition, Roosevelt sought to reform the financial system, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC) to protect depositors' accounts and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and prevent abuses of the kind that led to the 1929 crash.

The New Deal: A Road to Recovery

Among the programs and institutions of the New Deal that aided in recovery from the Great Depression was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which built dams and hydroelectric projects to control flooding and provide electric power to the impoverished Tennessee Valley region, and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a permanent jobs program that employed 8.5 million people from 1935 to 1943.

When the Great Depression began, the United States was the only industrialized country in the world without some form of unemployment insurance or social security. In 1935, Congress passed the Social Security Act, which for the first time provided Americans with unemployment, disability and pensions for old age.

After showing early signs of recovery beginning in the spring of 1933, the economy continued to improve throughout the next three years, during which real GDP (adjusted for inflation) grew at an average rate of 9 percent per year.

A sharp recession hit in 1937, caused in part by the Federal Reserve's decision to increase its requirements for money in reserve. Though the economy began improving again in 1938, this second severe contraction reversed many of the gains in production and employment and prolonged the effects of the Great Depression through the end of the decade.

Depression-era hardships fueled the rise of extremist political movements in various European countries, most notably that of Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime in Germany. German aggression led war to break out in Europe in 1939, and the WPA turned its attention to strengthening the military infrastructure of the United States, even as the country maintained its neutrality.

African Americans in the Great Depression

One-fifth of all Americans receiving federal relief during the Great Depression were Black, most in the rural South. But farm and domestic work, two major sectors in which Black workers were employed, were not included in the 1935 Social Security Act, meaning there was no safety net in times of uncertainty. Rather than fire domestic help, private employers could simply pay them less without legal repercussions. And those relief programs for which African Americans were eligible on paper were rife with discrimination in practice since all relief programs were administered locally.

Despite these obstacles, Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet," led by Mary McLeod Bethune, ensured nearly every New Deal agency had a Black advisor. The number of African Americans working in government tripled.

Women in the Great Depression

There was one group of Americans who actually gained jobs during the Great Depression: Women. From 1930 to 1940, the number of employed women in the United States rose 24 percent from 10.5 million to 13 million Though they'd been steadily entering the workforce for decades, the financial pressures of the Great Depression drove women to seek employment in ever greater numbers as male breadwinners lost their jobs. The 22 percent decline in marriage rates between 1929 and 1939 also created an increase in single women in search of employment.

Women during the Great Depression had a strong advocate in First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who lobbied her husband for more women in office-like Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, the first woman to ever hold a cabinet position.

Jobs available to women paid less but were more stable during the banking crisis: nursing, teaching and domestic work. They were supplanted by an increase in secretarial roles in FDR's rapidly-expanding government. But there was a catch: over 25 percent of the National Recovery Administration's wage codes set lower wages for women, and jobs created under the WPA confined women to fields like sewing and nursing that paid less than roles reserved for men.

Married women faced an additional hurdle: By 1940, 26 states had placed restrictions known as marriage bars on their employment, as working wives were perceived as taking away jobs from able-bodied men-even if, in practice, they were occupying jobs men would not want and doing them for far less pay.

Great Depression Ends and World War II Begins

With Roosevelt's decision to support Britain and France in the struggle against Germany and the other Axis Powers, defense manufacturing geared up, producing more and more private-sector jobs.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 led to America's entry into World War II, and the nation's factories went back into full production mode.

This expanding industrial production, as well as widespread conscription beginning in 1942, reduced the unemployment rate to below its pre-Depression level. The Great Depression had ended at last, and the United States turned its attention to the global conflict of World War II.

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HISTORY Vault

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Great Depression: Black Thursday, Facts & Effects

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. At its peak, the U.S. unemployment rate topped 20 percent.

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World War I: 1914-1918

The Great Depression: 1929-1939

World War II: 1939-1945

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Despite the prevailing belief in equal opportunity, racial discrimination persisted. African Americans faced significant barriers due to Jim Crow laws, segregation, and systemic racism. They were often excluded from well-paying jobs, quality education, and homeownership. Immigrants, especially those from non-Western European countries, encountered challenges. While some succeeded, many faced language barriers, xenophobia, and limited access to education and social networks. Women, although making strides during this era, still encountered limitations. While the flapper culture challenged traditional gender norms, women’s access to higher education and professional careers remained restricted. Economic opportunities were more abundant in urban centers. Cities like New York, Chicago, and Detroit offered jobs in industries such as manufacturing, finance, and entertainment. Rural areas, however, struggled with declining agricultural prices and limited prospects. The American Dream was more attainable for the middle and upper classes. They had access to education, investment opportunities, and social networks. Working-class individuals faced greater challenges, especially during economic downturns.

https://19thcentury.us/19th-century-american-dream/

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Welcome to my blog, 19th Century! In this article, we delve into the fascinating concept of the 19th century American Dream. Join us as we explore the hopes, dreams, and aspirations that defined the era and shaped the nation's history. Get ready to embark on a journey through time and uncover the essence of the American Dream in the 1800s.

The 19th Century American Dream: Aspirations and Realities

The 19th century American Dream was a concept that embodied the ideals and aspirations of many individuals during this time period. It represented the belief in the possibility of upward mobility, success, and a better life for oneself and future generations.

Aspirations for economic prosperity and social advancement were at the heart of the 19th century American Dream. People sought opportunities to build wealth and improve their social status through hard work, entrepreneurship, and determination. The idea of achieving success through one's own efforts was deeply ingrained in the American psyche.

However, the realities of the 19th century American Dream were often far from the idealized version. Social and economic inequalities were rampant, especially for marginalized groups such as women, African Americans, and immigrants. While some individuals were able to achieve their dreams, many others faced immense challenges and barriers that limited their opportunities.

Industrialization and urbanization also brought about significant changes in society. While these developments created new avenues for economic growth and innovation, they also led to exploitation of workers, poor working conditions, and widening wealth gaps. The stark contrast between the aspirations of the American Dream and the harsh realities of everyday life caused disillusionment and frustration for many.

The 19th century American Dream was a complex and multifaceted concept. It encompassed the aspirations of individuals seeking prosperity and success, but the realities of the time often fell short for many. The pursuit of the American Dream was an ongoing struggle, shaped by the social, economic, and political forces of the 19th century.

Children's Early 19th Century Morning Routine

The 1890's ~ Amazing Rare Footage of Cities Around the World

What did the American Dream entail during the 1900s?

During the 1900s, the American Dream encompassed several key elements. Opportunity was one of the central aspects, as people believed in the possibility of achieving success and prosperity through hard work and determination. This period saw a significant influx of immigrants who sought a better life and economic opportunities. The American Dream also included the pursuit of wealth and material possessions as symbols of success. The rise of industrialization and capitalism allowed individuals to aspire to financial abundance and social mobility. Another crucial aspect was homeownership, as owning property represented stability and social status. Many Americans aimed to purchase their own homes and establish roots in communities. Lastly, the American Dream encompassed the idea of individual freedom and self-determination. People sought personal autonomy and the ability to shape their own destiny, whether through entrepreneurship, education, or political participation. Overall, the American Dream during the 1900s revolved around the belief that anyone could achieve success, happiness, and upward mobility through hard work and equal opportunities.

What is the 1920 definition of the American Dream?

In the context of the 19th century, the concept of the American Dream began to take shape, although its formal definition and popularity surged in the 20th century. However, we can still see some foreshadowing of the principles that would later define it.

The American Dream, in the context of the 1920s, can be understood as the belief that anyone, regardless of their background or social status, has the opportunity to achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination. This idea gained traction during the post-World War I era, also known as the Roaring Twenties, when the United States experienced rapid economic growth and cultural transformation.

In the 1920s, the American Dream was often associated with material wealth and social mobility. It reflected the prevailing optimism and consumerism of the time. Many believed that with the advent of new technologies and increased industrialization, economic opportunities were abundant. The dream was often seen as a pursuit of personal happiness through financial success and upward social mobility.

However, it should be emphasized that the American Dream meant different things to different people. While some focused primarily on materialistic aspects, others emphasized freedom, equality, and the pursuit of individual liberties. For example, women fought for their rights and sought to expand their roles beyond traditional domestic ones. African Americans and immigrants, who faced systemic discrimination and marginalization, also sought to realize their own versions of the American Dream by overcoming barriers and achieving social and economic equality.

Overall, while the specific definition of the American Dream in the 1920s differed to some extent from its later interpretations, the core idea of individual opportunity and upward mobility remained central. The concept continues to evolve and adapt as society changes, reflecting the aspirations and ideals of each era.

In what ways has the American Dream evolved since the 1900s?

The American Dream has certainly evolved since the 1900s. During the 19th century, the American Dream was often associated with individualism, freedom, and the pursuit of success and upward mobility. It was the belief that anyone, regardless of their background, could achieve their goals through hard work and determination.

In the early 1900s, the American Dream started to take on a more materialistic aspect. With the rise of consumer culture and economic growth, the focus shifted towards achieving a higher standard of living. Owning a home, having a stable job, and being able to provide for one's family became important markers of success.

Following World War II, the American Dream expanded to include notions of suburban living and the "perfect" nuclear family. The post-war period saw a surge in economic prosperity, leading to an increased emphasis on material possessions and the pursuit of a comfortable lifestyle. The dream of owning a house with a white picket fence in the suburbs became a symbol of the American Dream.

The civil rights movement in the mid-20th century further reshaped the American Dream. The fight for equality and social justice highlighted the need for equal opportunities and access to the dream for all Americans, regardless of race, gender, or social class. The dream of equality and inclusivity became an integral part of the American Dream.

In recent decades, the American Dream has faced challenges due to economic inequality. The gap between the wealthy and the poor has widened, making it more difficult for some individuals to achieve upward mobility. The dream of economic success and social mobility has become more elusive for many, leading to a reevaluation of what the American Dream truly means.

Today, the American Dream is evolving to encompass broader definitions of success and happiness. It is no longer solely about material wealth or social status. People are redefining the dream to include concepts such as work-life balance, personal fulfillment, and social impact. The emphasis is shifting towards a more holistic view of success that takes into account individual well-being and societal progress.

The American Dream has transformed over the years from a focus on individual success and material wealth to a more inclusive and multifaceted ideal. It continues to evolve as society changes and new challenges arise, reflecting the aspirations and values of each generation.

Can you provide some examples of the American Dream throughout history?

1. Horatio Alger's Rags to Riches Stories: During the 19th century, the American Dream was often associated with the idea of upward social mobility and achieving success through hard work and determination. Author Horatio Alger became famous for his series of novels that depicted young protagonists overcoming poverty and adversity to achieve wealth and success.

2. Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny: The concept of Manifest Destiny fueled the American Dream during this era, as it promoted the belief that it was the nation's destiny to expand westward and create a prosperous and democratic society. Many individuals and families saw the opportunity to gain land, wealth, and a fresh start by moving westward.

3. Homesteading and the Frontier Life: The passage of the Homestead Act in 1862 further reinforced the American Dream. This act allowed individuals to claim up to 160 acres of public land if they were willing to live on and improve it for five years. Many people saw this as an opportunity to secure their own piece of land and build a better future for themselves and their families.

4. Industrialization and Opportunities in the Cities: The rise of industrialization in the 19th century brought new opportunities for economic prosperity. Immigrants and rural Americans flocked to the growing cities in search of jobs and a chance to improve their social status. The American Dream often meant finding employment in factories or industrial settings and being able to support one's family with a higher standard of living.

5. Abolitionist Movement and Equal Rights: The American Dream also encompassed the ideals of freedom, equality, and individual rights. The 19th century saw a growing movement to abolish slavery and extend civil rights to all Americans. African Americans, women, and other marginalized groups fought for their right to pursue their version of the American Dream, which included equal opportunities for success and happiness.

Overall, the American Dream in the 19th century revolved around the ideas of social mobility, land ownership, opportunities in urban areas, and the pursuit of freedom and equality. These concepts shaped the aspirations and motivations of many individuals during this time period.

Frequently Asked Question

How did the concept of the American Dream evolve during the 19th century?

Strong>The concept of the American Dream evolved significantly during the 19th century. Initially, it was closely associated with the idea of unlimited opportunities and upward social mobility that America offered to immigrants and settlers. The promise of the American Dream attracted millions of people from all over the world, seeking a better life and the chance to achieve success.
During the early 19th century, the American Dream was primarily tied to economic prosperity and individual achievement. It embodied the belief that anyone, regardless of their social background, could rise to prominence through hard work and determination. This idea was reinforced by the notion of frontierism, as the expanding frontier provided new lands to settle and exploit. As the century progressed, the concept of the American Dream became more inclusive, encompassing not only economic success but also social and political freedoms. The abolitionist movement, women's suffrage, and the fight for equal rights for African Americans challenged the prevailing social norms and expanded the definition of the American Dream. People began to realize that true fulfillment of the American Dream required not only material wealth but also equality and justice for all. However, it is important to note that the American Dream was not accessible to everyone during this time. Native Americans were forcibly displaced from their lands, and African Americans faced systemic racism and discrimination. Women also struggled for equality in a predominantly male-dominated society.
Despite these challenges, the 19th century witnessed a growing belief in the potential for progress and individual agency. The American Dream became a powerful narrative that fueled the nation's growth and development, shaping its identity as a land of opportunity and freedom. By the end of the century, the American Dream had become a central theme in literature, art, and public discourse, reflecting both the aspirations and the realities of the evolving American society.

What factors influenced individuals' pursuit of the American Dream in the 19th century?

In the 19th century, several factors influenced individuals' pursuit of the American Dream.
1. Westward Expansion: The availability of vast land in the West fueled the desire for economic opportunities and social advancement. The idea of starting a new life on the frontier motivated many individuals to pursue the American Dream.

2. Industrialization: The rapid growth of industries during the 19th century created employment opportunities and the potential for upward mobility. Many individuals sought economic success by pursuing careers in factories, mines, or railroads.

3. Immigration: The massive influx of immigrants during this period contributed to the diversity and dynamism of American society. Immigrants brought with them their hopes and dreams of finding better economic prospects and social mobility in America.

4. Individualism and Self-reliance: The belief in individualism and self-reliance was a core tenet of the American Dream. People believed that through hard work, determination, and personal responsibility, they could improve their lives and achieve prosperity.

5. Social and Political Changes: The abolitionist movement, women's suffrage movement, and other social and political reforms challenged existing social hierarchies and expanded opportunities for marginalized groups. These changes inspired people to pursue their own version of the American Dream, regardless of their background or gender.

6. Education and Enlightenment: Access to education increased during the 19th century, allowing more individuals to acquire knowledge and skills necessary for upward mobility. Education was seen as a means to escape poverty and achieve success.

7. Entrepreneurship and Innovation: The spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation thrived during this time, with inventors and businesspeople achieving great success. Individuals aspired to create their own businesses, invent new technologies, or become successful professionals.

Overall, the combination of economic opportunities, social changes, and the belief in personal agency and hard work motivated individuals in the 19th century to pursue the American Dream.

How did economic and social changes in the 19th century impact the ability of individuals to achieve the American Dream?
In the 19th century, economic and social changes had a significant impact on the ability of individuals to achieve the American Dream.
Economically, the Industrial Revolution transformed the United States into a manufacturing powerhouse. This led to the rise of capitalism and the growth of industries such as textiles, iron, and railroads. While these developments created new opportunities for wealth accumulation, they also widened the wealth gap between the rich and the poor.

Socially, the 19th century saw an influx of immigrants seeking better economic prospects. The promise of the American Dream, with its ideals of freedom, equality, and upward mobility, attracted people from all over the world. However, many immigrants faced discrimination and limited access to opportunities due to their ethnicity or social class.

The expansion of westward territories during this period also played a role in shaping the American Dream. The allure of land ownership and the potential for economic prosperity motivated many individuals to take part in the westward movement. However, Native Americans were dispossessed of their lands, and conflicts arose over competing claims and resources.

Furthermore, the rise of industrial capitalism brought about significant socioeconomic changes. Labor conditions were often harsh, with long working hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions. The working class struggled to improve their living conditions and secure a better future for themselves and their families.

Despite these challenges, some individuals were able to achieve the American Dream. Through hard work, determination, and entrepreneurial spirit, some were able to rise from poverty and achieve economic success. However, it is important to recognize that the ability to achieve the American Dream was not equal for all. Barriers such as discrimination, social inequality, and limited opportunities hindered the progress of many.

The economic and social changes of the 19th century had both positive and negative effects on the ability of individuals to achieve the American Dream. While economic opportunities expanded, social barriers and systemic inequalities limited the upward mobility of many, highlighting the complex nature of achieving the American Dream in this period.

The 19th century American Dream was a powerful and influential concept that shaped the lives and aspirations of countless individuals during this transformative era. The promise of upward mobility and the pursuit of success motivated immigrants, pioneers, and the working class alike to seek a better life in America. This period witnessed a plethora of opportunities and advancements, fueling the hopes and dreams of individuals across the nation.

However, it is important to recognize that the 19th century American Dream was not accessible to all. While some achieved great success and prosperity, others faced tremendous challenges and barriers, including racial discrimination, economic inequality, and limited opportunities for women. These disparities highlight the complexities and contradictions inherent in the pursuit of the American Dream.

Nevertheless, the 19th century American Dream remains a defining aspect of American history, shaping the values and ideals that continue to resonate today. It embodies the belief that hard work, determination, and ambition can lead to a brighter future, while also reminding us of the importance of addressing systemic inequalities and ensuring equal access to opportunities for all. As we reflect on the 19th century American Dream, let us strive towards an inclusive and equitable society, where the promise of a better life is within reach for every individual, regardless of their background or circumstances.

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Direction notes: Special events and Dates

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