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Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist, did not have a theory of evolution in the modern sense. He did, however, have ideas about the development of living organisms and the natural world. In his theory of nature, species were fixed and unchanging. He believed that all living things have a natural tendency to develop and grow towards a final, perfect state, which he referred to as their "telos."

Later theories of evolution, such as those of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, proposed that species evolve over time through natural selection, in which the fittest individuals are more likely to survive and pass on their traits to their offspring. This is a fundamentally different idea from Aristotle's belief in fixed, unchanging species.

In summary, Aristotle's views on the development of living things were based on the idea of a predetermined natural progression towards a final, perfect state, while later theories of evolution focused on the idea of species changing over time through a process of natural selection.

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Lamarck the theory of Lamarckism was proposed in 1809, this is the theory that the parents can pass down physical characteristics to their offspring which they used throughout their lifetime. It proposes that acquired characteristics, which are things that the organisms develops during their lifetime due to their imposed external environment. He was widely ridiculed and his theory was disproved by 1930, but it has now been proves that there is some truth to his theory.

Parents will develop and display behavioural and physiological changes due to their environment and these changes can be passed down to their offspring. Especially when a zygote is developing, the DNA can not be changes on a molecular level, but the level as to which the DNA expression is turned up and down or how proteins are displayed can be changed due to the environments.

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Charles Lyell is a Scottish geologist who published his works on he power of known natural causes. He previously studied law but found much more interest in doing geological work.

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Darwin proposed the theory of biological evolution through natural selection. He defined evolution as “descent with modification”, meaning species change over large amounts of time, slowly creating new species. It introduced the idea that many species share a common ancestor, which we now know to be true (e.g. breeds of dogs descending from wolves). Natural selection is when populations adapt to become well-suited to their environment.

In the 1850s, Darwin wrote an influential book called ‘On the Origin of Species’, where he officially proposed that species evolved and all living things can be traced to a common ancestor. His ideas were largely based on direct observations from his travels around the planet. From 1831 to 1836, he joined an expedition and travelled on the HMS Beagle, including stops in South America, Australia and South Africa.

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(8 January 1823 - 1913)
He was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He independently conceived the theory of evolution through natural selection.

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Lyell published his findings in a book called “Charles Lyell’s principles of geology”. His principles went against what majority of geologists and Christians believed at that time which was that the world was shaped by major catastrophes such as Noah’s flood.

His argument was that the formation of the earth was through countless small changes occurring in a long amount of time. This theory became known as Uniformitarianism. His work went on to influence Darwin’s theory of natural selection by providing geological and fossil evidence to support his theory

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On the law which regulates the introduction of new species (1855)

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On the law which regulates the introduction of new species (1855)

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Alfred Wallace published a paper discussing his observation of the geographic and geologic distributions of both living and fossil species.

His conclusion was that “every species has come into existence coincident both in space and time with a closely allied species”.

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Natural selection (Alfred Wallace) (February 1858)

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Natural selection (Alfred Wallace) (February 1858)

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Wallace was convinced that, through research in the Malay Archipelago, evolution was real. He later write in his autobiography that the problem was how species would change from one form to another.

While he was in bed with a fever, he had the idea of natural selection. In his journal he wrote how natural selection occurs, while on the island of Gilolo, stating how animals stronger or more suited to the environment will thrive and reproduce more.

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1950-Present: Continued Research and Awareness

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1950-Present: Continued Research and Awareness

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In recent decades, advancements in technology and increased research efforts have furthered our understanding of undertow and its impact on coastal environments

This knowledge has been used to develop more effective safety measures and warning systems, helping to protect beachgoers and improve overall water safety

Ongoing research and awareness campaigns continue to contribute to our understanding of undertow and its role in coastal dynamics.