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He is believed to have lived around 620 to 564 BCE.

Legendary ancient Greek storyteller and fabulist, known for his collection of fables.

Aesop’s fables are short moral tales featuring anthropomorphic animals that teach valuable life lessons and wisdom through allegory.

Aesop's fables are known for their simplicity, wit, and universal themes that offer valuable insights into human behavior and morality.

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Author: Mowlanā Nūr Od-dīn’abd Or-raḥmān Ebn Aḥmad

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Author: Mowlanā Nūr Od-dīn’abd Or-raḥmān Ebn Aḥmad

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Jāmī, in full Mowlanā Nūr Od-dīn’abd Or- raḥmān Ebn Aḥmad,

Born: November 7, 1414 inthe Hamlet of Karjerd

Died:November 9, 1492 in Herat, Timurid Afghanistan

Known for his achievements as a scholar, mystic writer, composer of numerous lyrics and idylls.

Greatest Persian and Sufi poets of the 15th Century

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Also Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān, in Arabic.

Born in Besharri, Lebanon, though he, his mother and siblings fled to Boston in 1895.

The Bible, Friedrich Nietzsche and William Blake were some of his inspirations.

The third best selling poet, next to Lao - Tzu (2nd) and William Shakespeare (1st).

His artistic skills was nurtured by Fred Holland Day, a photographer and publisher.

Met Mary Haskell in his first art exhibition in 1904, and helped him study art in Paris.

It was the nickname given his friend Josephine Peabody that became the title of his most renowned literary work.

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Authorship of the Quran is attributed to God or Allah in Islam. Muslims believe that the Quran is not a creation of human beings, but rather a divine revelation provided to Muhammad through the Angel Gabriel. Therefore, it is not considered to have a human author.

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A French orientalist and classic scholar, who became famous for his translation of the Thousand and one nights, the first ever published translation which made him to be credited as the author.

The seventh child of a poor family, Galland was taught Hebrew, Latin, and Greek by canons and attended the College of Noyon and the Collège de France in Paris. He accompanied the French ambassador to Constantinople during 1670–75, learned Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, and wrote a journal of his travels.

It was during these journeys that he first heard the story of Aladdin, told by Hanna Diyab, a Maronite storyteller from Aleppo, Syria. Charmed by the story, Galland decided to include it in his French translation of The Thousand and One Nights. In 1704, Galland published the first part of his translation, which included Aladdin and the Magic Lamp.

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Arabic literature was produced during the medieval golden age of lyric poetry, from the 4th to the 7th cent. The poems are strongly personal qasida, or odes, often very short, with some longer than 100 lines. They treat the life of the tribe and themes of love, fighting, courage, and the chase. The poet speaks directly, not romantically, of nature and the power of God. The qasida survive only through collections, chiefly the Muallaqat, Hamasa, Mufaddaliyat, and Kitabal-Aghani.

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Exposition
In the isles of India lived a Sassanid king who had two sons: Shahryar and Shahzaman. The two became kings. One day, Shahryar invited Shahzaman to his kingdom. While on his way, Shahzaman forgot something so he went back to his kingdom.

Rising Action
Upon returning to Samarkand, Shahzaman found his wife in bed with one of the servants so he slew the two. Shahzaman stayed in the kingdom of Shahryar but he also found out that Shahryar’s wife is also cheating. Shahryar executed his wife and her lovers.

Climax
For three consecutive years, Shahryar married a succession of virgins and executed them the following morning so they wouldn't have a chance to betray him.

Falling Action
The vizier is having trouble searching for virgins for the King. If he fails to fulfill his duty, he will be executed. To save her father’s life, Shahrazar volunteered to marry the king. She devised a plan to avoid being killed after marrying the king. With the help of Dunyazad, Shahrazad tells a story to Dunyazad and the king. But she halts her story at a suspenseful moment and tells Dinazad that she will finish the tale the following night, if the king permits her to live so long. Shahryar wishes to hear the rest of the story, so he agrees.

Denouement
The storytelling of Shahrazad continues for 1,001 nights. Eventually, Shahryar fell in love with Shahrazad, married her, and decided not to do the execution anymore. Meanwhile, Shahzaman fell in love with Dunzayad and decided to marry her too.

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SHAHRAZAD

The narrator and storyteller of the Thousand and One Nights

Oldest sister of Dunyazad and daughter of Jafar

Marries King Shahryar

KING SHARYAR

Ruled the Persian Empire extended to India

Brother of Shahzaman

King of kings

KING SHAHZAMAN

Younger brother of King Shahryar

King of Samarkand

Marries Dunyazad

DUNYAZAD

Younger sister of Shahrazad

Younger daughter of Jafar

JAFAR

Vizier of King Shahryar

Father of Shahrazad and Dunyazad

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1. Sexual Desire & Eroticism- The king spends a night with every woman before he kills her. His rage and wrath being channeled into sexual desire and lustfulness.

2. Fate and Human Agency- Many characters in the tales are at the mercy of their fate and are unable to fight their destiny. At the same time, human agency is given a lot of significance in many of the tales where readers are exposed to characters that are able to use their efforts and intelligence to achieve seemingly impossible success.

3. Role of Women - The Role of Women is presented in a very subtle and nuanced way throughout the collection. On the one hand, there are many strong and intelligent female characters. On the other hand however, women are also depicted as oppressed, socially unequal and unfaithful or immoral.

4. The Danger of Rage, Jealousy, Greed and Pride - Furious, jealous, and greedy characters are often punished for their misdeeds. The collection begins with rage, when Shahzaman discovers his wife lying in the arms of a cook and kills them both, setting off a spiral of events that results in an enormous loss of life.

5. Rags to Riches - Changing from “rags to riches” is a common theme throughout world literature, and many characters in The Arabian Nights follow this path. However, there are also tales that consist of a "riches to rags" theme.

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Not all people are the same.

Nothing is impossible.

Be yourself.

Greatness and strength comes from within.

Impulsive actions motivated by anger will lead to regrets.

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This literary piece reminded me that fidelity is important in a relationship because breaking someone’s trust can have destructive consequences. It also imparted to me that betrayal is the worst thing that a person can experience because it can alter someone’s perception of someone or something. In the story, the betrayal of the queen led to the deaths of many women, as the king believed that all women were the same.

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The plot of the Quran is not linear with a traditional beginning, middle, and end structure. It incorporates teachings, historical accounts, and laws interconnectedly, aiming to guide individuals spiritually and morally.

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1. Adam
2. Noah
3. Abrahan
4. Ishmael
5. Isaac
6. Jacob
7. Joseph
8. Moses
9. Aaron
10. David
11. Solomon
12. Job
13. Ezekiel
14. Jonah
15. Zechariah
16. John the Baptist
17. Jesus
18. Muhammad

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The central theme of the Quran is the oneness of God (Tawhid) and the worship of Him alone, avoiding associating partners with Him (Shirk). It emphasizes the importance of faith, submission, justice, compassion, and accountability. The Quran also deals with various social issues, such as the treatment of orphans, the poor, and the importance of community cohesion.

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The moral lesson of the Quran is to encourage individuals to engage in self-reflection, seeking knowledge, practicing righteousness, and treating others with kindness and justice. It teaches believers to lead a balanced and purposeful life, fulfilling their obligations towards God and fellow human beings.

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The Quran is considered the holy scripture of Islam and is recognized as the most significant work of Arabic literature. This literary piece has shown us the richness of the beliefs and values of Islam. This made me realize how vast the content of the Quran is, just like the Bible. This also represents the oneness of God and his worship. Like the different sacred texts we have, the Quran also imparts to many people the importance of self-reflection, living in righteousness, and showing kindness and justice to other people.

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Al Mustafa has spent 12 years in the city of Orphalese, and now is the time for him to depart. He dwells in the sadness of departure, but as he descends from the hill to go to the temple, he is greeted by the people of Orphalese. He was told to share his knowledge and philosophies first before leaving, though some begged that Al Mustafa stay. As the commotion went on, the seeress Almitra came up to Al Mustafa and asked him to answer the questions of the people.

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Almustafa
Also called the chosen one, is the prophet who imparts wisdom to the poeple of Orphalese.

Almitra
A seeress from the temple of Orphalese and the first woman to believe in Almustafa

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This book contains many themes but one of the most significant themes of this books is the never-ending journey of self-discovery.

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It is through understanding the mysteries of life that one can confront death.

Joy and sorrow are two sides of the same coin.

Attempting to mold your children to your liking is futile.

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This book was brimming with insights and different perspectives that allowed us to ponder our lives, values, and beliefs. One of my profound realizations is that life is a never-ending journey of self-discovery. We should be open-minded about the different truths because it is better to be acquainted with many truths than one. In gaining self-knowledge, we should have patience and humility.

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The Bewildered Arab

From the solitary desert

Up to Baghdad cam a simple Arab;

There amid the rout

Grew bewildered of the countless

People, hither, thither, running,

Coming going, meeting, parting.

Clamor, clatter, and confusion,

All about him and about.

Travel-wearied , hubbub-dizzy,

Would the simple Arab fain

Get to sleep-Bur then, on waking,

"How",quoth he," amid so many

Walking, know myself again?

So, to make the matter certain,

Strung a gourd about his ankle,

And into a corner creeping,

Baghdad and himself and people

Soon were blotted from his brain.

But one that heard him and divined

His purpose slyly crept behind.

From the sleeper's ankle clinging,

Round his own the pumpkin tied

And laid him down to sleep beside.

By and by the Arab, waking,

Looks directly for his signal

Sees it on another's ankle
Cries aloud, "Oh, good-for-nothing
Rascal to perplex me so!
That by you I am bewildered,
Whether I be or I be no!
If I the pumpkin why on you?
If you then where am I, and who?''

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The man arrived in Baghdad for the first time.He got confused where to go. He got confused because of the chatting, clanking, and running all around him. While traveling, he got dizzy and tired , so he rest for a moment. When he woke up, he forgot about himself, almost like he got amnesia.

So, he tied his ankle and tried to walk in a corner. He got really confused of Baghdad, the people, and himself in his head. But he found another person. He has the same looks as the bewildered man. So, the man agreed to help the bewildered Arab. He slept with him beside and tied the rope to his ankle.

The Arab woke up and looks for the signal of the man, but he found another man who had a rope on his ankle. In the end, he's still confused about what happening.

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The theme of the poem revolves around the concepts of identity, self-perception, and the overwhelming nature of the world around us.

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This poem teaches us true identity and self-awareness.

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Sometimes in our lives, we are challenged to adapt to a new environment or situation that can cause overwhelming feelings and confusion. This poem reminded me of the importance of being able to adapt to new environments, and despite all the chaos we may face while adjusting, we may always find a way to cope effectively and identify ourselves accordingly.

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Exposition
The story begins by introducing a farmer who owns a hen that lays eggs regularly.

Rising Action
The farmer becomes so preoccupied with his thoughts of future success that he starts boasting to his friends and neighbors about the fortune he is about to gain from the chicks.

Climax
As time passes, the eggs fail to hatch, and the farmer's dreams of future wealth are shattered.

Falling Action
The farmer's disappointment and realization serve as the falling action of the story.

Denouement
The story concludes with the farmer's understanding of his mistake.

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Farmer
He represents human nature ' s tendency to become overly optimistic and count on future rewards without considering the present circumstances.

Hen
It serves as a symbol of the potential for future success.

Chicks
The chicks that the farmer eagerly anticipates symbolize the future success or rewards he expects to gain from the eggs.

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Avoiding Premature Anticipation

Humility and Realism

Focus on the Present

Patience and Prudence

Greed and Consequences

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Do not depend on something that has yet to happen.

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This story imparts to us to not depend on something that has yet to happen. Sometimes we are being driven by our too many expectations despite of being uncertain to what will happen next or what will be the outcomes of our plans or actions. It is important for us to be reminded that making plans for something that has yet to occur is not a good idea as it can lead to disappointment. We should always manage our expectations.