# data[].attributes.body
Fisiak (1981) defines contrastive analysis as "subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them."

Constractive means comparing languages and finding hoe they are alike o different, not caring about their origins or past.

CA is a partof the language study that compares two o more languages or parts of languages to find how they are different or similar. And then apply the results to language teaching.

Contrastive linguistics has pedagogical objectives in the field of translation and second language acquisition. It also analyzes divergence and differentiation.

# data[].attributes.body
Parts of the tongue
Tongue tip (apex): is thin and narrow, the sounds emitted with the tip of the tongue are called apical sounds.
Tongue blade: is the part of the tongue lying just below the upper alveolar ridge, sounds which are made with the tongue blade are called laminal sounds
Tongue back: is that part of the tongue lying below the soft palate, sounds that are made with the tongue back are called dorsal sounds.
Parts of the palate

Hard palate: is the immobile hard bony portion of the palate, sounds that are made with the hard palate are called palatal sounds.
Soft palate (velum): is the posterior soft portion of the palate that continues from the posterior border of the hard palate, sounds that are made with the velum are called velar sounds.

# data[].attributes.body
1.  /kæt/
2. /leɡ/
3. /haɪ/

# data[].attributes.body
In the field of phonemics, we study the way in which we perceive and comprehend these sounds and how we understand them using phonemes, which are discrete units of sound in a language.

# data[].attributes.body
·    Pen     [pʰen]  ------    aspirated

·    Stop    [stɒp]  ------    un - aspirated

·    Top     [tʰɒp]   ------    aspirated

·    Bat     [bæt]    ------    un - aspirated

# data[].attributes.body
Allophones are considered a set of spoken sounds with which the same phoneme can be pronounced, which have different pronunciations depending on the language.

# data[].attributes.body
/sh/ : shop, mission, lotion
/u(r)/ : hurt, after, heard
/o/(o short) : top, fault, start

# data[].attributes.body
A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in the English language. It may be represented by several letters, such as the sound /sh/, or it may represent only part of a letter, such as the /k/ of the letter 'x'.

# data[].attributes.body
The phonological process that reduces unstressed vowels to a schwa sound /ə/ in many English words, such as "about" and "banana" (Coleman, 1998): about /əˈbaʊt/, banana /bəˈnɑːnə/

# data[].attributes.body
The phonological feature that distinguishes voiced and voiceless consonants, such as /b/ and /p/, which can change the meaning of words in English (Burzio, 1994): bat /bæt/, pat /pæt/.

# data[].attributes.body
The phonological rule that explains why the plural suffix /-s/ can be pronounced as /s/, /z/, or /ɪz/ depending on the preceding sound (Odden, 2005): cats /kæts/, dogs /dɒɡz/, buses /bʌsɪz/.

# data[].attributes.body
Phonology is the study of how language uses sounds, how they are put together, and how they make up words and sentences (Bird, 2006).

# data[].attributes.body
Studies speech sounds as they are perceived and reproduced, how we are heard, how we speak and how the information we share is understood, paying attention to the influence of the speech organs in the production of sounds.

# data[].attributes.body
i:   _ see  /si:/
ai  _ five /faiv/
u:  _ too /tu:/