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Similes:

"Those saints must have been thin as knucklebones or shards of stained glass or Christ carved on his cross" She adds to the theme through this simile as she ridicules being skinny and embraces herself as she portrays the skinny as people that are gross in a way through the use of the words like knucklebones or shards of stained glass.

"Hard as pew seats. Brittle as hair shirts". She again uses similes to enhance the poems development and her despise toward the skinny.  She acts like they are punishing themselves through the reference to hair shirts and pew seats.

Metaphors:

" Women made from bone" This metaphor shows us that the author thinks these women who are thin are attempting to change to meet people's standards and are starving themselves to do so.

Allusions:
"All of the saints starved themselves. Not a single fat one." This allusion refers to the ideal state that a person could be in which is sainthood. She secretly refers to how saints are portrayed as thin and how that could mean that the ideal person should be thin.

Diction:
The authors word choice is mostly colloquial while also being a little less formal. She uses words and phrases that we do not use in common tongue, such as 'protrude" or "abreast" or phrases like "Women consumed by fervor". But at the end of the poem she uses much happier and sort of delicate words such as "lolling" and "munching".

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All of the saints starved themselves.
Not a single fat one.
The words “deity” and “diet” must have come from the same
Latin root.

Those saints must have been thin as knucklebones
or shards of stained
glass or Christ carved
on his cross.

Hard
as pew seats. Brittle
as hair shirts. Women
made from bone, like the ribs that protrude from his wasted
wooden chest. Women consumed
by fervor.

They must have been able to walk three or four abreast
down that straight and oh-so-narrow path.
They must have slipped with ease through the eye
of the needle, leaving the weighty
camels stranded at the city gate.

Within that spare city’s walls,
I do not think I would find anyone like me.

I imagine I will find my kind outside
lolling in the garden
munching on the apples.

—Joyce Huff

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Tone in "The Hymn of a Fat Woman" is condescending toward the skinny and thin people who are viewed as the ideals for people in her society. The tone could be shown through the sarcasm seen in this stanza of the poem, "The words "deity" and "diet" must have come from the same Latin root" . This quote shows the reader that she is ridiculing the emphasis of being skinny in society and religion. Another quote that proves the tone is condescending toward thin people is "Those saints must have been thin as knucklebones or shards of stained glass". She uses word choice such a knucklebones and stained glass to describe the thin people that she has come to know.

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The theme of the poem is developed throughout the piece. After close analysis of the poem the theme could be concluded to be that you should not discriminate and that you should overcome that discrimination. The author tries to overcome the discrimination by ridiculing people who attempt to maintain the social norm of being thin. The author refers to her  fatness as a primary example and tries to show that she is fine with who she is, as seen in this quote "I will find my kind outside lolling in the garden munching on apples". The author refers to the apple Adam and Eve ate in the old testament which god prohibited Adam and Eve from eating as it was the introduction of sin. The author refers to this apple as the symbol of being fat, "her kind" eats these even though it is looked down upon by god who is represented by the thin people. She is overcoming and creating a new social norm in which being fat is fine and should not be looked down upon by society.