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Work on your column on different senses

– Structure of the organ,
Receptor cells,
Stimuli,
Passage of the information,
Effector,
(Response).

Preparation time – 25 minutes .
Presentation time – 5 minutes / team .

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The retina is the back part of the eye that contains the cells that respond to light. These specialized cells are called photoreceptors. There are 2 types of photoreceptors in the retina: rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision at low light level, while the cones are responsible for coloured vision.

When the eye absorbs light, the receptors start the electrophysiological process that sends visual signals to the brain. The receptors send a signal to the optic nerve, which sends it further to the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe then tells the pupil to expand and contract, whether it

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Callum

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Structure

Skin has three layers:

The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.

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Light detected by the retina of your eye is converted to nerve impulses for the brain that travel down the optic nerve.

Some of these nerve impulses go from the optic nerve to the muscles that control the size of the pupil.

Part of the optic nerve from one eye crosses over and couples to the muscles that control the pupil size of the other eye.

More light creates more impulses, causing the muscles to close the pupil.

The response of the pupil is an involuntary reflex.

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Structure of the Nose

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Receptor Cells

Touch receptors sense when the skin is touching an object and when it stops touching that object.

Cold receptors sense coldness  when the surface of the skin drops below 95 ° F.  Hot receptors start to sense heat  when the surface of the skin rises above 86 ° F.

Pain receptors detect pain and stimuli that cause damage to the body. There are millions of pain receptors in the skin.

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Effector:
An effector is any part of the body that that produces the response. For example; a muscle contracting to move the arm, a muscle squeezing saliva from the salivary gland and a gland releasing a hormone into the blood.

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Once inside your nostrils, these air molecules land on the olfactory epithelium — a tissue covered in mucus that lines the nasal cavity. The epithelium contains millions of olfactory receptors. Olfactory Nerves send a message to the parietal lobe of the brain.

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An example of a response is In dim light, your pupil expands to allow more light to enter your eye. In bright light, it contracts.

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Stimuli

Sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin known as peripheral (Outer) receptors.

Touch is the results from an active or passive contact between a person's skin and an object. Pressure applied on to the skin is the primary stimulus for the sense of touch.

Touch or tactile perception is processed through the somatosensory system. This system consists of sensory receptors, peripheral sensory neurons and brain cells. When pressure is applied on the skin peripheral touch receptors send information to the brain via the somatosensory pathway, usually comprised of three long neurons.

Modern research reveals that humans are least sensitive to pressure applied on the feet and most sensitive to pressure on the face.

https://explorable.com/skin-senses-touch

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The Receptors of hearing are hair cells. Which can be found on the basilar membrane, which is in turn found on the cochlea.
The hair cells form a tissue called the Organ of Corti, which is seen as a sensory organ.

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The stimuli of the tongue is food or anything you put in you're mouth.

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Effector

An effector is any part of the body that produces the response of the stimuli. Therefore, in this case, the tongue (an organ made up entirely out of muscle) has taste buds which contain receptor cells that react to chemicals in foods. In total, there are four different taste buds, which can be recognised by taste:

1. Saltiness
2. Sweetness
3. Bitterness
4. Sourness

All of these taste buds are located in different areas of the tongue. However, a fifth taste bud has been found to cover the whole surface of the tongue. The taste its gives, follows a meaty or savoury feeling. This taste bud is called umami. Taste buds consists of receptors which all have nerves of their own.

For example, when eating or drinking, the information of the receptor cells are sent to the brain. This tells you which flavours you are tasting.

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Sound

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Effectors are organs in the body that bring about a response to the stimulus.

Usually these effectors are muscles and they respond by contracting. They could  however be glands and they may respond by releasing an enzyme. Many  responses are reflexes.
The body receives information from many different receptors at the same time.

Co-ordination involves processing all the information from receptors so that the body can produce a response that will benefit the whole organism.

In most animals this job is done by the central nervous system.

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The organs of smell are made up of patches of tissue called olfactory membranes. The olfactory are located in a pair of clefts just under the bridge of the nose. Only a small part of air reaches the olfactory clefts to get a response to an odor. When a person sniffs to detect a smell, air moves faster through the nose, increasing the flow to the olfactory clefts and carrying more odor to the sensory organs.In the brain, olfaction is processed by the olfactory system.
Summary: There are chemical receptors in each of our nostrils. The receptors receive airborne chemicals, and then send messages to the brain.

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Each of our taste buds contains approximately 50-150 receptor cells. One end of each cell is perpendicular to the tongue, while the other is connected to nerve fibers that carry the signal received by the cell to areas of the brain that process taste-related information. there are taste receptors in the throat and on the roof of the mouth. These receptors are thought to pick up the basic taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter and Umami (savory). When you put food on your tongue, the molecules attach to the buds and stimulate the receptors, which in turn causes the relevant sensory neurons (a nerve cell)  to fire.

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Smell receptors are called chemical senses because they are only sensitive to a certain type of chemical stimulation
Receptors in the nose are called olfactory receptor neurons. They are located within a small area at the back of the nasal cavity.

The axons (the long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells) of the receptor cells extend into the olfactory bulb, which is located in the forebrain of vertebrates and pass on the input about odors detected. This information is then processed.

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Odor molecules
Chemical stimulation

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The three parts of the ear anatomy are the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The inner ear is also called the cochlea. (‘Cochlea’ means ‘snail’ in Latin; the cochlea gets its name from its distinctive coiled up shape.)

The outer ear consists of the pinna, ear canal and eardrum. The curves in the outer ear help us to identify from which direction the sound signals are coming.
The middle ear consists of the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and ear drum
The inner ear consists of the cochlea, the auditory (hearing) nerve and the brain

Sound waves enter the ear canal and make the ear drum vibrate. This action moves the tiny chain of bones (ossicles – malleus, incus, stapes) in the middle ear. The last bone in this chain ‘knocks’ on the membrane window of the cochlea and makes the fluid in the cochlea move. The fluid movement then triggers a response in the otolets/ hairy cells in the fluid, which send a signal to the hearing nerve, which sends a signal to the temporal lobes of the brain.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgdqp-oPb1Q

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The eustachian tube is a canal that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, which consists of the upper throat and the back of the nasal cavity. It controls the pressure within the middle ear, making it equal with the air pressure outside the body.

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Human Noses are structured to collect and detect chemicals floating in the air (odors). Tiny hairs behind the nose have special receptors that respond to airborne chemicals and produce electrical signals that are transmitted to different parts of the name by the olfactory nerve.

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The Response of the tongue would be what kind of taste you would feel from the four types of taste receptors that the tongue detects.

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The stimulus is light getting into the eye

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Once the olfactory receptors bind with a specific odor, they send their electrical impulses to a certain microregion, also known as the glomerulus, which then passes it along to other parts of the brain. The “odorant patterns” that are released from the glomerulus are interpreted in the brain as smell.