# data[].attributes.body
Reform continues and all forms of traditional and technical curriculum models are challenged.

# data[].attributes.body
Behaviorism

# data[].attributes.body
Basic Principal of Curriculum and Instruction

# data[].attributes.body
learner vs subject matter

# data[].attributes.headline
The Birth of the Field of Curriculum (1918 - 1949)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Birth of the Field of Curriculum (1918 - 1949)

# data[].attributes.body
Scientific methods, progressive views, and the study of the child began to influence education and its curriculum.

# data[].attributes.body
whole child vs cognitive

# data[].attributes.body
serving all students

# data[].attributes.body
Looking beyond the classics and rote memorization and into different learning styles and learning technical, vocational, and science.

# data[].attributes.body
High Schools

# data[].attributes.body
Elementary Schools

# data[].attributes.body
Colleges

# data[].attributes.body
Academies

# data[].attributes.body
Town Schools

# data[].attributes.body
Latin

# data[].attributes.body
European Influence

# data[].attributes.body
Kindergarten

# data[].attributes.body
Equality in education for all Americans.

# data[].attributes.body
Free public education, a decrease in religious influence, and a rise in science.

# data[].attributes.body
Reading was the priority, so students can learn religion and law.

# data[].attributes.headline
Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Curriculum

# data[].attributes.subject
Chapter 3: Historical Foundations of Curriculum

# data[].attributes.body
Student:

they should play a limited role in curriculum planning by simply providing information

they are not experts

Teacher:

central in curriculum making; therefore should be actively involved

works with supervisors, administrators, and other colleagues at the school, district and state level

Principal:

should be the leader in curriculum, but spends most of time on other duties

curriculum management is often delegated to assistant principals

Changing Professional Roles:

Curriculum is upside down, aligning it according to state tests

Instructors teach to the test

# data[].attributes.body
Those involved with the curriculum must also be those involved with implementing the theory.

Both theory and practice are interrelated

Curriculum specialist needs to understand that different things are important from the theory versus the practice side

Certification:

There is a lack of curriculum certification in most states

Curriculum specialists are often not certified in the field of curriculum

# data[].attributes.body
Development:

starts with objectives and includes student assessment, content selection, and the organizing, implementing, and evaluating of curriculum.

Open systems develop through change

Closed systems are static

Design:

the arrangement and conceptualization of curriculum's major components

influenced by the designer's view and philosophy of curriculum

Planned and Unplanned Curriculum:

planned curriculum refers to the goals students are to reach through the lessons and content

unplanned (or hidden) curriculum comes from the interactions among students and between students and teachers

# data[].attributes.body
there are four generally agreed upon foundations

philosophical, historical, psychological, and social

# data[].attributes.body
Behavioral: reduce teaching and learning to specific behaviors; drill and practice

Managerial: selecting, organizing, communicating, and supervising those involved with curriculum

Systems: engineers plan curriculum, the stages, and the structures; used to improve how people perform their work.

Academic: analysis and synthesis of curriculum's positions, trends, and concepts.

Humanistic: focus on self-reflection in learners with an emphasis on the whole child versus only the cognitive.

Reconceptualist: focuses on theory and looks into the social, economic, and political institutions of society.