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YouTube, YouTube, 19 Apr. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=64JUJdZdDQo.

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Decent with modification: Hereditary genetics passed down through generations from two parents that create new genetics from the parents. For example, two Brown Bear parents passed on traits to their offspring that was born with a white fur mutation and their thick fur. This allowed the cub to live in other environments like the Arctic where they blend in and can survive the harsh weather.

Natural Selection: Because of the pressures from the environment, the ancestral polar bears became modern polar bears.

Directional: EXAMPLE: The bears with the white fur and a thick coat had a very low chance at surviving when prey could easily spot them and the weather became hotter and hotter, but the brown bears could easily live. To contrast, the white bears with a thick coat could live in very cold conditions and hunt prey in snowy regions where the brown bears could not. This allowed for the white bears to survive in the Arctic and the Brown bears to survive elsewhere.

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“Content.” Genetics Basics Lesson 3: Modes of Inheritance, hihg.med.miami.edu/code/http/modules/education/Design/CoursePageContent.asp?ID=20.

Boundless. “Boundless Biology.” Lumen, Open SUNY Textbooks, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/adaptive-evolution/.

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Bears come into contact every so often and may bump into other species in the Ursidae Family and hybridization is occurring more and more often as brown bears move up closer to the Arctic circle and polar bears move out. They have the same amount of chromosomes and share a common ancestor between them, allowing offspring to live on.

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“Content.” Genetics Basics Lesson 3: Modes of Inheritance, hihg.med.miami.edu/code/http/modules/education/Design/CoursePageContent.asp?ID=20.

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“Evolution.” Polar Bears - Incredible Evolution, polarbearevolution.weebly.com/evolution.html.

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NATURAL VARIATIONS:
Bear reproduction: 95-225 days

Bear weight - 150-1300 lbs

Bear height: 3.5-11 ft

MICROEVOLUTION:

Brown Bears changing from having normal brown to black fur to having a mutation of white fur that stayed because of geographical isolation, letting Polar Bears thrive in the Arctic as they changed more and more over a much longer period of time

Another Brown bear to Polar Bear mircoevolution input is that the bears who had mutated to have white fur would only live if their coat was thick enough to provide them warmth in the freezing conditions of the Arctic. So many, many bears died off from freezing to death.

The ancient Hokkaido brown bears had a micro evolution in which the mitochondria mutated to have heteroplasmy ("Heteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual") creating a difference in older brown bears and more recent ones.

MATING HABITS:

As discussed earlier in the presentation under behavioral characteristics, Panda Bears mate in the Early Spring and do not have mates for life, Polar Bears mate in later Spring, and Sun Bears mate year round and will only have one partner in their lives.

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This tree is showing that bears come from a common ancestral carnivoran and that the main species of bears have the same family but branch off further when showing their Genus and Species

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In brown bears, the sequence of the APOB gene varies between the brown bears yet almost all polar bears have an identical version with the exact same genetic code with at most 9 variable spots on the gene, showing that polar bears split off from brown bears at one point in history

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The Karyotype of the Sun bear could have evolved from the ancestral carnivore karyotype by "an inversion and 16 centric fissions. Independent fusions of the acrocentric ancestral chromosomes have generated the unique karyotypes of the giant panda and the spectacled bear.

CITATION: Tian, Y, et al. “Chromosome Evolution in Bears: Reconstructing Phylogenetic Relationships by Cross-Species Chromosome Painting.” Advances in Pediatrics., U.S. National Library of Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14984102.

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During the Pleistocene Period (Ranging from 2.5 million years ago -- 11 thousand years ago) giant bears weighing over 2204.62 lbs roamed both North and South America. These giants belonged to an extinct subfamily of bears, Tremarctinae, which is today only represented by the small, herbivorous Andean spectacled bears

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This Grizzly bears chromosomes compared to the humans is different because humans have 23 chromosomes where these bears have 37 chromosomes. Both do, however, have the same number of sex chromosomes with XX as female and XY male.

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Chromosomal Comparisons and other information

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Chromosomal Comparisons and other information

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The Sun Bear, American Black Bear, Asiatic Black Bear, Brown Bear, Polar Bear, and Sloth Bear all have a nearly identical karyotype with 37 chromosomes, whereas the Giant Panda has 21 chromosomes

and the spectacled bear has 26 chromosomes.

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Phalanges are a homologous structure in the kingdom Animalia.  It’s use in bear species is to carry its weight, explaining why their paws are so large, They help bears climb trees and to fight off other bears or prey too. In other species, it can be used to grasp objects and carry them around and can be used for carrying weight, fighting, and climbing. Phalanges are very important in the Animalia kingdom because if we didn’t have fingers we wouldn’t be able to do a lot of things in our lives.

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These show evidence of evolution mostly because a lot of the fossils are from the ancient and extinct Cave Bear which dates back to 800,000 years ago while the polar bear fossils are from as much as 130,000 years ago. This shows that the species had to evolve to become the well-known polar bear. The skulls are smaller but the paws are still very large.

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1.) Name of fossil: Lower Left Polar Bear Jaw

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/100401_polarbears

Its 110,000 to 130,000 years old in the Wisconsin Glaciation.

2. Name of fossil: Brown Bear left jaw The ancestors of modern brown bears in North America are believed to have migrated from Asia to Alaska and Yukon  between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago in the Upper Paleolithic period.

3. Name of fossil: Cave Bear Claw Fossil

Age of fossil  800,000 years ago. It ranged from Alaska to Mississippi, and it became extinct about 11,600 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum.

4. Name of fossil: Cave Bear molar fossil

http://paleoenterprises.com/shop/bear-fossils/bears2-03-3/

800,000 years ago. It ranged from Alaska to Mississippi, and it became extinct about 11,600 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum just like the Bear Claw Fossil.

5. Name of fossil: Cave bear paw

https://www.buriedtreasurefossils.com/cave-bear-paw-1.html

28,000 - 130,000 years

6.) Name of fossil: Giant short-faced bear skull

http://www.fossil-treasures-of-florida.com/giant-short-faced-bear.html

800,000 Years ago and becoming extinct around 12,500 Years ago just like the cave bear molar and claw which is from the same time period of the Last Glacial Maximum.

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how many chromosomes does a sun bear have

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1. Provide the major (unifying) characteristics of organisms found in your kingdom.

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All of the bears have the same kingdom, phylum, class, order, and family while the Genus and Species differentiates them. Taxonomy shows the similarities between them. The bears are all animals due to being animalia and being able to maintain homeostasis. Their phylum chordata shows that the bears are vertebrates. Class shows that they are mammals and give live birth, have hair, are warm blooded, and that females produce milk. Order shows that the bears are carnivora meaning carnivorous, even though bears are adapted to eating meat, most bears have a herbivore diet. Lastly, their family shows a more narrow version of what animal it is, in this case, bears. Taxonomy shows how closely related they are and that the bears may look very different but are actually very similar. The bears physical features, Genus, and Species show the differences between them phylogenetically

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Exemplary Example 1 | Exemplary Example 2 | Exemplary Example 3
Common Name | Polar Bear | Giant Panda Bear | Sun Bear
Kingdom | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia
Phylum | Chordata | Chordata | Chordata
Class | Mammalia | Mammalia | Mammalia
Order | Carnivora | Carnivora | Carnivora
Family | Ursidae | Ursidae | Ursidae
Genus | Ursus | Ailuropoda | Helarctos
Species | maritimus | melanoleuca  | malayanus

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A-Z Animals: Sun Bear (Nov 2008) Available at: https://a-z-animals.com/animals/polar-bear/ [Accessed 29 May 2018]

Photograph Joel Sartore, N. (2018). Sun Bear | National Geographic. [online] Nationalgeographic.com. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/s/sun-bear/ [Accessed 30 May 2018].

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Sun bears are found in tropical forests, basic forests, and swamp habitats in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, India, and China

External characteristics of sun bears are that they are relatively stocky, are muscular, are the smallest species of bear, small ears, and a short muzzle. They are well known for their dark black/brown coat and a golden ring on their chest. Their fur coat is short to prevent overheating but is dense enough to provide protection from twigs, branches, and rain. Males at their biggest will be 5 feet and weigh up to 150 lbs. Females are smaller and will be around 4 1/2 feet and can weigh around 125-150 lbs
Internal characteristics include a short intestinal tract, four-chambered heart, gastrointestinal tract, two lungs fixed to bronchi and trachea, two kidneys, urinary bladder, gall bladder, liver spleen, and an extremely long tongue ranging from 20-25 cm

The behavioral characteristics include being nocturnal, monogamous, carrying their cubs and walking on their hind legs, a gestation period that lasts for around 95 days and cubs will be weaned around 18 months old. They will stay with their mother for 2 to 3 years. They do not hibernate. These bears are mostly solitary but will tolerate each other when they are eating around the same place. Like the panda, the sun bear does not hibernate.

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FR, J. (2018). ORGANISM (System-Organs-Cells). [online] Giant Panda. Available at: https://gianpanda.weebly.com/organism-system-organs-cells.html [Accessed 30 May 2018].
A-Z Animals: Giant Panda Bear (Nov 2008) Available at: https://a-z-animals.com/animals/polar-bear/ [Accessed 29 May 2018]

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Giant Panda Bears are found in mountainous regions with lots of access to plants, almost always bamboo forests

External characteristics include dense black and white fur, large ears, black patches around their eyes, white head, black and pink skin, around 5 feet long and can weigh around 250 lbs. Their heads are much more circular than elongated and they have a more stout muzzle. Pandas have poor eyesight but their sense of smell is very great as they can track objects and possibly prey from several miles away
Internal characteristics include a digestive tract made for being omnivorous although pandas barely eat anything but pounds of bamboo unless in captivity where they eat a balanced diet consisting of rice, meat, carrots, eggs, fruit, potatoes, milk, and even bread and chocolate. They too, have a four-chambered heart, gastrointestinal tract, two lungs fixed to bronchi and trachea, two kidneys, urinary bladder, gall bladder, and liver spleen.

The behavioral characteristics include breeding in late winter and early Spring but mostly around March and May, gestation period of about 5 months giving birth to an average of 1 cub who will stay with their mother for 18 months after being weaned at 12-15 months. Pandas are very solitary but are not very hostile if near other pandas. Pandas do not hibernate like a wide variety of bears.

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“Polar Bears.” Seaworld.org, seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/polar-bears/physical-characteristics.

“Polar Bear Organs.” Polarbearfacts.net, polarbearfacts.net/polar-bear-organs/.

A-Z Animals: Polar Bear (Nov 2008) Available at: https://a-z-animals.com/animals/polar-bear/ [Accessed 29 May 2018]

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Polar bears are found in the Arctic where ice patches can be walked across for miles Canada, Russia, the United States (in Alaska), Greenland and Norway.

External characteristics include large paws that helps spread weight across the ice and snow, non-retractable claws, partially webbed fore-paws, elongated hind paws, paw pads, oblong face with an arched snout, dark brown eyes, 42 teeth, small ears to conserve body heat, tail that is 7-12 in. long, 1-2 in. thick fur that is translucent in color and water-repellent, black skin to absorb heat, and they molt/shed their coat annually. Polar bears do not have keen eyesight or hearing but they have a great sense of smell of up to or around 20 miles away
Internal characteristics include a four-chambered heart, gastrointestinal tract, two lungs fixed to bronchi and trachea, two kidneys, urinary bladder, gall bladder, liver spleen and under the thick fur is 4 inches of blubber that keeps the bears very warm. In fact, the polar bears have to move slowly so they don’t overheat.

The behavioral characteristics include breeding in Spring around April or May, gestation period lasting for about 195 - 265 days, females give birth to 1-4 cubs and will breed about once every 3 years after their cubs go off to live on their own after being weaned on meat. Polar bears are mostly solitary and will rarely congregate on beaches. They do not like to hunt in groups either. Polar bears hibernate in the harsh winter and will return in the spring.

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1. Four-chambered heart,

2. Gastrointestinal tract

3. Two lungs fixed to bronchi and trachea

4. Two kidneys

5. Urinary bladder

6. Gall bladder

7. Liver spleen

8. Gestation period lasting from wide ranges of 95-220 days

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1. Broad heads

2. Extended jaws

3. Large frames

4. Heavy/big paws

5. Long claws

6. Shaggy coats

7. Males are larger than females

8. Great sense of smell

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There are eight main types of bears living in the world today. There is the Sun bear, Sloth bear, Andean/Spectacled bear, Black bear, Brown bear, Asian Black Bear, Polar bear, and the Giant panda bear. Some bear subspecies include the Kodiak bear coming from the Brown bear and the Spirit bear coming from the Black bear.