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When men, women, and children, most on foot, began a 116-day forced march westward in groups of about 1,000

In 1838 the United States Army rounded up more than 15,000 Cherokees into camps, while settlers burned their homes and farms.

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The act authorized the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the east.

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A heavy tax on imports designed to discourage foreign imports and encourage American manufacturing.

The tariff greatly benefited the industrial North, but forced southerners to pay higher prices for manufactured goods.

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The state threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union if it's nullification were not respected.

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The spoils or loot taken from a conquered enemy, were jobs for party supporters.

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This practice became official when Andrew jackson took office.

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The speech, was influenced by Adams, established a policy that has been followed to some degree by every president.

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In the 1824 case the Chief Justice Marshall declared that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways.

Ogden purchased a license that gave him exclusive rights to a steamboat line. When Gibbons, started a business on the same route Ogden sued him.

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The Court ruled that states cannot interfere in such contracts.

In 1819, the Court prohibited New Hampshire from changing the charter of Dartmouth College.

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When the Chief Justice Marshall ruled that congress did have the authority to charter a bank.

The constitution did not grant the federal government with a national bank.