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In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).

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psychosurgery was popular even in neolithic times. Although used sparingly today, about 200 such operations do take place in the US alone.

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - ECT is used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a 100 volt shock that relieves them of depression.

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a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodws in bipolar disorders. It moderates the levels of norephinephrine and gulamate neurotransmitters.

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Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.

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Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.

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- possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors.
- Tremor like symptoms

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- Remove Negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.
- Clozapine (Clorazil) Blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative symptoms of schizo.

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Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

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- The study of drug effects on mind and behavior.

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normally consists of 6-9 people attending a 90-minute session that can help more people and cost less. Clients benefit from knowing others have similar problems.

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Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression.
Beck believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover.

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Teaches people adaptive ways of thinking and acting based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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In institutional settings therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.

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A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique, temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.

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Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Though repeated exposures. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared.

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Counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
It is based on classical conditioning and includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning.

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- Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
- To treat phobias or sexual disorders, behavior therapists do not delve deeply below the surface looking for inner causes.
- Behavior therapies do not solve the true problem. Not fixing the problem.

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Eventually the patient opens up and reveals his or her innermost private thoughts, developing

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During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her own feelings to express emotions. such resistance becomes important in the analysis of conflict driven anxiety.