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The identity of a group or of an individual: considering how one is influenced by their own belonging to and influenced by a group or culture. Cultural identifiers can be place, gender, history, nationality, ethnicity, language, religious faith, and aesthetics.

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A type of cultural diffusion- being the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another.

There are three categories of cultural diffusion:

Direct diffusion: when two cultures are very close to each other, resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare.

Forced diffusion (also known as Ethnocentrism): when one culture subjugates

(conquers or enslaves) another and forces its own customs on the conquered people.

Colonisation is an example. This is also known as Cultural imperialism.

Indirect diffusion: cultural ideas are spread through a middleman or even another culture. For example the culture of fast food can be sent to other cultures via media and TV, movies. Culture can be transmitted to people far away without any direct contact.

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The concept of cultural relativism was first postulated by the German/American anthropologist Franz Boas (1858- 1942) in 1887 and later the term was coined by Alain LeRoy Locke (1885-1954), an American philosopher in 1924. Cultural relativism maintains the view that all cultures are equal in value and therefore should not be judged on the basis of another cultural perspective. It supports the belief that mental health should be understood through the context of normative behaviour within a specific culture.

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Acculturation is the adoption of cultural traits/social patterns of another cultural group. Acculturative stress is the psychological/somatic/social difficulties that arise as a result of acculturation and the conflicting cultural norms which are a necessary part of this process

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The recognition and response to cultural diversity in psychiatric practice.

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A community with its own “ways of knowing” or system of knowledge – with its own expectations for what constitutes and important question and a meaningful, evidence-based answer.

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An attempt to base clinical decision making on the ‘best available evidence’, as demonstrated by scientific research methods - including randomized controlled trials, rigorous methods of systematic literature review, statistical meta-analysis, and formal clinical decision making – rather than clinical impression / intuition / convention.

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attention to the historical and political contexts of health care, insisting that clinicians and health care institutions have a responsibility to work to make the clinical encounter safe by acknowledging and addressing structural violence and inequality

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clinician's limited access to insider culture knowledge and the need to respect and be open to clients' own culturally-based understandings of their illness and treatment interventions

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Clinical level:

that aims to promote culturally competent mental health care for patients of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, viz., culturally relevant assessment and culturally appropriate care.

Research level:

is the exploration of how ethnic or cultural factors influence behaviour and psychopathology as well as the process of healing (ethnopharmacology) and at

Theoretical level:

aims to expand our knowledge of human behaviour and mental problems transculturally to facilitate the development of more universally applicable and cross-culturally valid theories of psychopathlogy.

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set of academic and personal skills that allow us to increase our understanding and appreciation of cultural differences between groups