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BY: JANET JIANG & RACHEL JOA

Food innovations are specific changes made to plant growth to produce needs that would eventually lead to sustainability.
Agricultural biotechnology is one of the main factors that lead to food innovation.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products.

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Risks
Used for personal reasons
Mistakes could lead to bigger problems

Benefits
Better tasting food
Create way to prevent disease

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Ethics’ is defined as the ideals, values or standards that people use to determine whether their actions are good or bad. What society uses to judge whether an issue or thing is acceptable and justifiable and determines responsibility and justice.   Two examples:
“Playing God”-
Religious parties believe that the process of GMO is disrupting god-given life. Therefore by modifying food we (scientist/farmers) are trying to play god. Biotechnology disrupts natural order and violates human rights. Alternatively

however, some within the religious groups believe that this is a good thing and is God-given.
General Welfare and Sustainability

An ethical issue that concerns the fact that this produced food is not made available to those in dire need of it. Hence, the use of technology that can be used to help but isn't is a moral issue. As an environmental issue there are questions regarding to environmental protection, sustainable use of biodiversity, economic growth and social equity.

Major Sources for funding
Include many federal institutions like:
USDA
Agricultural Research Service (ARS)
Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS)
Cooperative Extension Service (CES)

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A pharmaceutical company developing new ways to cure cancer .

A chemical company making plastic from corn instead of petroleum.
An environmental company finding new microorganisms to clean up oil spills.
An agricultural company developing drought-resistant crops. An energy company using fermentation to make ethanol for fuel.

Must have Masters or Doctorate degree.
Salaries are between $44,320 to $139,440 a year. The average is $82,840

There are six major GMO corporations called the "Big six":
BASF
Bayer
Dupont
Dow Chemical Company
Monsanto
Syngenta

The reason why they are called the "Big Six" because they dominant the agricultural input market, they own the world’s seed, pesticide and biotechnology industries.

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Agricultural biotechnology is an extension of traditional breeding techniques that increases precision (allowing for selection of individual traits) and versatility (permitting genes to be sourced from virtually any organism).
Controversies included eco- friendly and pro-green organisations like Greenpeace, who destroyed a  Philippine rice field  back in 2013, in a protest.Where scientist were experimenting with a new genetically modified golden rice. The activist claimed that the genetically modified rice raised health concerns. Their biased views lead to countless needless deaths. As scientist has confirmed that there was no evidence of risk.

The rice is genetically enhanced to produce the vitamin A precursor beta-carotene, giving it a golden color. This vital nutrient is missing from the diets of millions of rice-dependent people in poor countries, where vitamin A deficiency leads to preventable blindness and death on a massive scale.

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The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. Every person involved in the food system—growers, food processors, distributors, retailers, consumers, and waste managers—can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system

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Study fields include but are not limited to:
Epidemiology
Food Science
Functional Genomics
Genetics
Immunology
Marine Biology
Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Plant Pathology
Toxicology
Virology
Zoology

Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.

University of California in Los Angeles.

Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona.

These universities offer a wide variety of courses for students who are choosing to study genetic engineering.

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https://are.berkeley.edu/~zilber11/yark.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA70OlrlAIs

http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/08/26/golden_rice_attack_in_philippines_anti_gmo_activists_lie_about_protest_and.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217988/

*Funding and Institutions

National Research Council (US) Committee on a National Strategy for Biotechnology in Agriculture - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK217988/

* Mark Lynas - http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2013/08/26/golden_rice_attack_in_philippines_anti_gmo_activists_lie_about_protest_and.html
Feeding the World: Agricultural Biotechnology

ACSHonTV - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rA70OlrlAIs