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Emigration or immigration is leaving a country to go to another and live there permanently.

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A nativist is a person who protects the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

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~ Location
~ Movement
~ Region
~ Place
~ Human/Environment Interaction

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~ Globes and Maps [cartographers]
~ GIS [Geographic Information System]
~ GPS [Global Positioning System]
~ Remote Sensing
~ Ariel Photography
~ Maps [topographical, physical, political, climate, resource, thematic]

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A place is an area with distinct characteristics either human or physical. A region is areas that have something in common.

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Absolute location is found using latitude and longitude. Relative location is relating it to nearby features.

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Latitude lines run across; they measure the distance from the equator to North or South. Longitude lines lines up and down; they measure the distance from the Prime Meridian to east or west.

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A set of measurements a designer can use to align and size objects within the given format.

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~ Atmosphere [sky]
~ Biosphere [life: animals, plants, people]
~ Hydrosphere [water]
~Lithosphere [ground]

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Rotation is the movement on its axis (spinning). Revolution is the movement of an object around another object.

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Weather is during a day or a week. Climate is the weather in a long period of time: the average temperatures

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El Niño is when it rains more than it usually does. La Niña is when it does not rain and creates droughts.

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Direct rays are when the Sun's rays hit into an area directly (the equator). Indirect rays are when the Sun's rays hit at an angle.

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Elevation is the height above a given level (mostly sea level).

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A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics.

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Convergent boundaries are when the plates push against each other. Divergent boundaries are when the plates moved away from each other. Transform boundaries is when the plates slide against each other.

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Erosion is the removal of a piece of rock or soil through wind, water, or glaciers. Weathering the breaking down of rocks. Deposition is the depositing of rock particles.

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The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruption occur.

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Tectonic plates are large pieces of irregularly shaped rock in the lithosphere.

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A fault is a fracture in the Earth's crust typically formed by a transform boundary.

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A subduction (zone) is when one plate goes under another in convergent boundaries

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Renewable is when you can use something again or that it can be replaced. Non-renewable is when you cannot use something again and it cannot be replaced [easily].

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Adaptation is when an animal changes itself and the way it does things to adapt to their environment. Modification is when an animal changes its environment to fit their needs.

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Sustainability is the process of maintaining change in a balanced fashion.

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A natural hazard is an extreme event that occurs naturally and that is harmful for living things.

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Seismograph is a tool to measure and record details of earthquakes like force and duration. The Richter Scale is a numerical scale that determines an earthquake's magnitude.

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Cultural diffusion is when ideas or inventions are spread.

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~ Monarchy [autocracy]
~ Dictatorship [autocracy]
~ Representative Democracy [democracy]
~ Direct Democracy [democracy]
~ Oligarchy
~ Theocracy
~ Anarchy

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Cultural Hearth is the focal point of of an idea, belief, or innovation.

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~ Gestures
~ Language
~ Values
~ Norms
~ Sanctions
~ Folkways
~ Mores

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Developed vs. Developing Nations vs. Newly Industrialized 

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Developed vs. Developing Nations vs. Newly Industrialized 

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Developed nations are nations with a low birth rate, stable population growth, a high GDP, and a high literacy rate. A developing nation has a high birthrate and infant mortality rate, increasing population size, a low GDP per capita, and a low literacy rate. Newly industrialized nations have emerging economies moving from less developed to more

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A push factor is something that lures people into a place. A pull factor is something that drives away people from a place.

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Demographics is the study of a population based on age, race, and sex.

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Population is a measurement of population per unit area.

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A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that displays the age and sex of the population that is living in that area.

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Standard of living is the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to the people.

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Cottage Industry vs. Commercial Industry

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Cottage Industry vs. Commercial Industry

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Cottage industry refers to a business or activity at home. Commercial industry is a large scale scale business that makes the goods in factories.

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~ Primary [less developed] [agriculture and mining]
~ Secondary [newly industrialized] [manufacturing]
~ Tertiary [developed] [services]
~ Quaternary [developed] [management and information processing]

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Urban areas can include towns and cities. Rural areas include villages and hamlets. Suburb areas are on located on the edge of an urban city.

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A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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A census is an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals.

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A dust bowl is an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded.

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On August 29, 2005, there were 50 failures of levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans.

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The Homestead Act was a law that would give 160 acres of land to a person if they promised to cultivate the land. It encouraged westward expansion.

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The transcontinental railroad connected other railroads and made transportation easier.

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Ellis Island is known as the "Gateway to America." Many Europeans immigrated to America through Ellis Island. Angel Island was where many Asians came into America.

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The Potato Famine occurred in Ireland from 1845-1849. The potatoes and crops were diseased causing many people to suffer of disease and hunger. This is a push factor

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The rust belt is where old factories and towns were back in the Industrial era. They have since then been abandoned and discontinued. The sun belt is an area that receives a great amount of sunshine

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Amnesty is an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses.

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A megalopolis is a heavily populated city or urban complex.

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A Cajun is a member of any of the largely self-contained communities in the bayou areas of southern Louisiana formed by descendants of French Canadians, speaking an archaic form of French.

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A Creole is a person of mixed European and black descent.

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A cattle drive is the process of moving a herd of cattle from one place to another.

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A bread basket is a part of a region that produces cereals or breads for the rest of it.

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A blue collar is a worker that works in manual labor, particularly in an industry.

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Maritime is connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.

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Bilateral trade is trade exclusively for two parties that promote

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NAFTA is an abbreviation that stands for North American Fair Trade Agreement. It is an agreement between Canada, the United States

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The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.

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A land lock is country or region that is almost completely surrounded by land and having no coastlines.

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An elongated state is a state with a long, narrow, extended territory.

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Vertical Climate refers to the climate in a region in which growth rates depend on elevation. In vertical elevation zones, higher elevation means colder temperatures.

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Nahuatl is a member of a group of peoples native to southern Mexico and Central America, including the Aztecs. Quechua is a member of an American Indian people of Peru and parts of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador.

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Aztec, Incas, Mayan, and Arawaks are all ancient civilizations in Latin America.

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Mestizo is a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian. Mulatto is a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

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An hacienda is a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house. It mostly provides for locals. A plantation is an estate on which crops such as coffee, sugar, and tobacco are cultivated by resident labor. It is usually for more widespread use.

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Maquiladoras are factories in Mexico run by a foreign company and exporting its products to the country of that company.

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The land reform in Mexico in 1915 was when people took Indian villages to make into their own haciendas. The reform restored the villages.

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PRI and PAN are both political parties in Mexico. PRI is the Institutional Revolutionary Party or Partido Revolucionario Institucional. They were an undefeated political party for 71 years. PAN is the National Action Party or the Partido Acción Nacional.

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Tenochtitlan is an ancient city in Mexico.

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The Right Wing is the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system. The Left Wing is the liberal, socialist, or radical section of a political party or system.

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Machu Piccu is an Incan citadel set high in the Andes Mountains. It was built in the 15th century.

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A gaucho is a cowboy of the South American pampas.

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Tango is a dance style that originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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The Treaty of Tordesillas was between Portugal and Spain. It was when they were conflicts after the discovery of land by Christopher Columbus.

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Favelas are Brazilian shacks or shanty towns; a slum.

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Rio de Janeiro is a city in Brazil. The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro is a festival.

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A capoeira is a system of physical discipline and movement originating among Brazilian slaves, treated as a martial art and dance form.

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Samba is a Brazilian dance of African origin.

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The social classes of Latin America are (in order from highest to lowest): Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, Native American Indians, and African Slaves.

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A caudillo is a military or political leader. La junta is a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force, more specifically run by General Augusto Pinochet.

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PEMEX is a Mexican state-owned petroleum company created in 1938.

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The FARC is the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia OR Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia. It is a rebel-group known as a paramilitary. A paramilitary is an unofficial force that is similar to military force.

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Maduro, or Nicolas Maduro, is the current Venezuelan president.

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a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces.

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The then Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, established the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere. He was the leader from 1976 to 2008. Communism is a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

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Slash and burn is relating to or denoting a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing forest land for farming.

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A Sandista is a member of a left-wing Nicaraguan political organization, the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which came to power in 1979 after overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza. A Contra is a member of a guerrilla force in Nicaragua that opposed the left-wing Sandinista government 1979–1990.

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Colonialism is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

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Income gap is the difference between the rich and the poor.

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The North Atlantic Drift is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.

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A fjord, or fiord, is a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs.

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Dikes are a sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body. Polders are pieces of low-lying land reclaimed from the sea or a river and protected by dikes

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The 3 branches of Christianity are Protestantism, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodox. Protestantism is more common in the Northern Europe. Christianity is more common in Southwestern Europe. Eastern Orthodox is common in the Balkan Peninsula.

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The legacy Rome has left behind are aqueducts, mosaics, republics, and the Colosseum.

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The legacy Greece has left behind are the Parthenon, pottery, the Olympics, and democracy.

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The 3 major languages are Germanic, Romance, and Slavic.

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The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 18th century.

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The Agricultural Revolution was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1992. Winston Churchill was a British politician and made a speech regarding the Iron Curtain.