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Things I have learnt I can use in the classroom

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Things I have learnt I can use in the classroom

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A more communicative and/or interactive approach.
In general, here in the UK schools are more interactive and less academic than in Spain. They are more pragmatic and that offers lightness to the system. They encourage more autonomy of the students, but they offer more resources than in Spain.
It seems to me, they use more neuroscience principles.
Another interesting point is the fact that the schools have more space and that allows them to have areas devoted to the different Subjects, things I consider really relevant.

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I am going so to be honest when I finally understood what was going to be the assignment I had to do, my first thought was:
What have I learnt along day 1?
The first task we were assigned was to work with a compass in order to establish our expectations throughout the course at NILE:
N forThings I Have Noticed
E for Expectations
S  for Suggestions or Stances
W  for Worries

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http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/davidfarmer

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We were sent to this Academy, a model of privatisation of previous State Schools.
We were told that this school had experienced times of decline. Now it was, thanks (apparently to this Academy model) to the new managers overcoming its problems. Strict discipline, rules and norms that we had to suffer. We were accompanied by an identifying red lanyard all the time with the local teachers...Even though, the Social studies teacher treated us correctly, leading and inviting us to their classes.
Our experience was fantastic, but the did not allow us to give a lesson plan. Whatever, we learnt about the system and focus of my subject (History and Geography) at an English school.
The first, and the most outstanding thing was the number of chapters and density in History...They did only study British History, and there entertained much more time than we would expect on menial events in History. Covering such a short period, they were able to develop extensively aspects key to the History of this country such as the Reformation with episodes like the Spanish "Armada".
We managed to take some of the materials they used, and in addition, we exchanged emails to further action on behalf of future interexchanges with our schools in Madrid.

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A Utopian School, lots of resources, and well managed.
Although it is located in the countryside it is the centre of reference in the area.
Since we did only have the chance of witnessing a couple of lessons, we decided to do something productive, the school being in the last days.
We went to visit the town of Reepham, a market town as the panel at the limit of the town showed.
We discovered Sir William de Kerdestone and his astonishing tomb over a bed of stones, a veteran crossed legs veteran knight at the Battle of Crécy in France during the 100 years war.
The curiosity is that he is lying on a bed of stones and that he has crossed legs (probably a crusader, or templar knight...?).

Battle of Crécy 1346 (1337-1453)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War

"Cross-legged Knights indicate that the person so represented
died in the Christian faith. As crusaders were supposed so to do,
they were generally represented on their tombs with crossed legs.

"'Sometimes the figure on the tomb of a knight has his legs crossed
at the ankles, this meant that the knight went one crusade. If the
legs are crossed at the knees, he went twice; if at the thighs he
went three times.' —Ditchfield: Our Villages, 1889.

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A lively and cheerful market in the heart of the city. To the right the Norwhich Guildhall, a remain of the powerful second city in England during many centuries.

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We could spot the effects of the Reformation in the destroyed cloister of the Anglican Cathedral and at the Catholic Cathedral in a panel explaining the suffering of Catholics during the times of the Wars of Religion. Opposing to this point of view is the contra argument of the Spanish Armada and the strong belief that the Catholics supported by the Empire of the Habsburgs in Europe was trying to repress the freedom and aspiration of the English nation...

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Before the union with Scotland in 1707, from the English Civil War until the 18th century, Norwich was the second-largest city of England, being a major trading centre, Britain's richest provincial city and county town of Norfolk, at that time the most populous county of England.[15] Bristol was the second-wealthiest city in England in the 16th century;[16] and by the 18th century, Bristol was often described as the second city of England.[17] During the 19th century, claims were made for Manchester,[18] Liverpool[19] and York.[20] York had also been named as the second city in earlier centuries.
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom
As explained above the British Empire did not benefit Norfolk if we refer to its status during the British Empire, but there were improvements nobody can deny.

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There is the memorial for the fallen of both World Wars in which the UK was involved along the 20th Century

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Norfolk was one of the havens during WW2, It had an important role in the Dunkirk draw back form the English Channel when the Germans did not want or could not end with hte British army

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The Le Paradis massacre was a war crime committed by members of the 14th Company, SS Division Totenkopf, under the command of Hauptsturmführer Fritz Knöchlein. It took place on 27 May 1940, during the Battle of France, at a time when the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) was attempting to retreat through the Pas-de-Calais region during the Battle of Dunkirk.

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Spledid radio programme at BBC about History and many other cultural issues.

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Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the history of ideas

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The Norfolk and Suffolk coast is the coast of the region called East Anglia where we are located, an area closed to mainland Europe, and the continent. We can feel the influence of the Low Countries.

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BBC - Legacies - Immigration and Emigration - England - Norfolk - The Elizabethan Strangers - Article Page 1

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Flemish weavers come to Norwich from the Low Countries and revive the textile industry with their New Draperies

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This is the city´s town hall, a building that started to be built before WW2 and because of that was incomplete until the end. Hitler wanted to address a speech, once he had conquered Britain...Supposedly he admired the building and the stern lines of what was kind of  Albert Speer´s style: Hitler´s architect,

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Visit 1: Cambridge
The King´s College in Cambridge:
We visited the Fitz-Williams Museum, really interesting because of the quality of the pieces that holds in it. After that we went on guided tour around the University, there we learnt funny and interesting facts about living and applying to one of the best five Universities in the entire World.

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http://serbal.pntic.mec.es/ealg0027/espauto3e.html
First, we ask the students what do they know about Spain and its regions. We encourage the students to learn more about the 19 Autonomies in Spain. Since we were unable to teach the lesson, we did not make a puzzle with the different regions, so the students could have built a political map of Spain, posting inside the map some curious and exotic photos of different places in Spain: pictures from famous films recorded in Spain, photos over stereotypes and breaking them... Then our idea was to explain the facts and characteristics of the different regions, to end the lesson and in order to review what had been learnt we were to create a Kahoot or Quizlet about the lesson, with music and videos of the "Comunidades autónomas".
We think that such dense subjects could have taken us for long...but we were not proposed to teach due to the fact that these days were the lasts of the academic year....

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About this lesson, as we were not allowed to do the lesson plan, I just did a collection of different and interesting resources over this chapter in the History of the Isles.
This book by Terry Deary is a funny approach to the Normans and its footprint in the History of the British Isles: "Stormin´Normans".

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I will post materials I collected once I have the occasion of scanning all the documents and once I have merged them in a pdf file.

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The English Education System:
The English Educational system is quite different from the one we have in Spain; however, although it is endowed with more freedom and different management models it is characterised by its coherence. Besides, it is fashioned with a way of working that shapes uniformity. In addition, there is a unified set of tests during the Secondary (GCSE) and the A levels for two years: similar to our "Selectividad", but structured differently when it comes to curriculum and choices in the different subjects. It makes the Educational system in the UK more standardised.
David Farmer (DRAMA 1)
ICT and Setting up Portfolios

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Preparing for schools placements
Intercultural awareness in the Classroom
Guest speaker:
I don´t teach Answers by Jeremy Harmer:
Interesting lecture about the role of teacher and student in a changing society. Important reflexions that were ging to be the leit motiv and idiosincracy of this profesor at the University of Cambridge. Anyhow, we discussed so much about the different approaches we may use in our classrooms and what should be the role of students and teachers in a future and globalised World.

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Feedback on school visits:
Reflexion on the model and teaching in Hewett Academy.
Classroom language:
Expressions and utterances used by students and teachers in the classroom.
Cultural Exchange at Fire Station:
An interesting session in which we compared the educational systems of Austria, France and Spain...

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We used Insert-Learning to edit the video and post questions: https://insertlearning.com/

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Robert Hutchinson, author of The Spanish Armada, reveals how poorly Tudor England was prepared for foreign invaders in 1588...
This article was first published in the April 2013 issue of BBC History Magazine
Submitted by: Ellie Cawthorne

The failure of the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588 changed the course of European history. If the Duke of Parma's 27,000-strong invasion force had safely crossed the narrow seas from Flanders, the survival of Elizabeth I's government and Protestant England would have looked doubtful indeed.

If those battle-hardened Spanish troops had landed, as planned, near Margate on the Kent coast, it is likely that they would have been in the poorly defended streets of London within a week, and that the queen and her ministers would have been captured or killed. England would have reverted to the Catholic faith and there may have been no British empire.

It was bad luck, bad tactics and bad weather that defeated the Spanish Armada - not the derring-do displayed on the high seas by Elizabeth's intrepid sea dogs. But it was a near-run thing.

Because of Elizabeth's parsimony, driven by an embarrassingly empty exchequer, the English ships were starved of gunpowder and ammunition and so failed to land a killer blow on the 'Great and Most Fortunate Navy' during nine days of skirmishing up the English Channel in July and August 1588.

Only six Spanish ships out of the 129 that sailed against England were destroyed as a direct result of naval combat. However, a minimum of 50 Armada ships (probably as many as 64) were lost through accident or during the Atlantic storms that scattered the fleet en route to England and as it limped, badly battered, back to northern Spain.

More than 13,500 sailors and soldiers did not come home - the vast majority victims not of English cannon fire, but of lack of food and water, virulent disease and incompetent organisation.

Thirty years before, when Philip II of Spain had been such an unenthusiastic husband to Mary I, he had observed: "The kingdom of England is and must always remain strong at sea, since upon this the safety of the realm depends."

Elizabeth knew this full well and gambled that her navy, reinforced by hired armed merchantmen and volunteer ships, could destroy the invasion force at sea. Her warships, she maintained, were the walls of her realm, and they became the first and arguably her last line of defence.

Decades of neglect had rendered most of England's land defences almost useless against an experienced and determined enemy. In March 1587, the counties along the English Channel had just six cannon each. A breach in the coastal fortifications at Bletchington Hill, Sussex, caused 43 years before in a French raid, was still unrepaired.

England had no standing army of fully armed and trained soldiers, other than small garrisons in Berwick on the Scottish borders, and in Dover Castle on the Channel coast. Moreover, Elizabeth's nation was divided by religious dissent - almost half were still Catholic and fears of them rebelling in support of the Spanish haunted her government.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was appointed to command Elizabeth's armies "in the south parts" to fight not only the invaders but any "rebels and traitors and other offenders and their adherents attempting anything against us, our crown and dignity..." and to "repress and subdue, slay or kill and put to death by all ways and means" any such insurgents "for the conservation of our person and peace".

Some among Elizabeth's subjects placed profit ahead of patriotism. In 1587, 12 English merchants - mostly from Bristol - were discovered supplying the Armada "to the hurt of her majesty and undoing of the realm, if not redressed". Nine cargoes of contraband, valued between £300 and £2,000, contained not just provisions but also ammunition, gunpowder, muskets and ordnance. What happened to these traders (were they Catholics?) is unknown, but in those edgy times, it's unlikely they enjoyed the queen's mercy.

Elsewhere, Sir John Gilbert, half-brother to Sir Walter Ralegh, refused permission for his ships to join Sir Francis Drake's western squadron and allowed them to sail on their planned voyage in March 1588 in defiance of naval orders.

If that wasn't bad enough, Elizabeth's military advisers - unaware that Parma planned to land on the Kent coast - decided on Essex as the most likely spot where the Spanish would storm ashore.

A contemporary painting of English ships and the Spanish Armada, which, so one Tudor verse had it, bore sailors "that were full of the pox". (Bridgeman)

Breaking barriers

The Thames estuary had a wide channel leading straight to the heart of the capital, bordered by mud flats that posed a major obstacle to a vessel of any draught. Therefore, defensive plans included the installation of an iron chain across the river's fairway at Gravesend in Kent, designed by the Italian engineer Fedrigo Giambelli. This boom, supported by 120 ship's masts (costing £6 each) driven into the riverbed and attached to anchored lighters, was intended to stop enemy vessels penetrating upriver to London. Yet it would do no such thing - for it was broken by the first flood tide.

A detailed survey of potential invasion beaches along the English Channel produced an alarming catalogue of vulnerability. In Dorset alone, 11 bays were listed, with comments such as: "Chideock and Charmouth are two beaches to land boats but it must be very fair weather and the wind northerly." Swanage Bay could "hold 100 ships and [the anchorage is able] to land men with 200 boats and to retire again without danger of low water at any time."

Lacking time, money and resources, Elizabeth's government could only defend the most dangerous beaches by ramming wooden stakes into the sand and shingle as boat obstacles, or by digging deep trenches above the high water mark. Mud ramparts were thrown up to protect the few cannon available, or troops armed with arquebuses (an early type of musket) or bows and arrows.

Fortifications on the strategically vital Isle of Wight were to be at least four feet (1.22m) high and eight feet (2.44m) thick, with sharpened poles driven into their face and a wide ditch dug in front. But its governor, Sir George Carey, had just four guns and gunpowder enough for only one day's use.

Portsmouth's freshly built ramparts protecting its land approaches had been severely criticised by Ralegh and were demolished, much to Elizabeth's chagrin. New earth walls were built in just four months, bolstered by five stone arrow-head-shaped bastions behind a flooded ditch. Yet, more than half Portsmouth's garrison were rated "by age and impotency by no way serviceable", and the Earl of Sussex escaped unhurt when an old iron gun (supposedly one of his best cannon), blew into smithereens. In November 1587, Sussex complained that the town's seaward tower was "so old and rotten" that he dared not fire one gun to mark the anniversary of the queen's accession.

The network of warning beacons located throughout southern England since at least the early 14th century was overhauled. The iron fire baskets mounted atop a tall wooden structure on earth mounds were set around 15 miles (24km) apart. Kent and Devon had 43 beacon sites, and there were 24 each in Sussex and Hampshire.

These were normally manned during the kinder weather of March to October by two "wise, vigilant and discreet" men in 12-hour shifts. Surprise inspections ensured their diligence, and they were prohibited from having dogs with them, for fear of distraction.

It was a tedious and uncomfortable patriotic duty. A new shelter was built near one Kent beacon when a old wooden hut fell down. This was intended to protect the sentinels only from bad weather and had no "seats or place of ease lest they should fall asleep. [They] should stand upright in... a hole [looking] towards the beacons." Not everyone spent their time scanning the horizon for enemy ships: two watchers at Stanway beacon in Essex preferred catching partridges in a cornfield and were hauled up in court.

An English chart shows the Spanish fleet off the coast of Cornwall. Much of the local militia slunk away when the Armada cleared the county. (National Maritime Museum)

Malicious firing

In July 1586, five men were accused of plotting to maliciously fire the Hampshire beacons "upon a [false] report of the appearance of the Spanish fleet" and in the ensuing tumult, to steal food "to redress the current dearth of corn"; engage in a little light burglary of gentlemen's houses and liberate imprisoned recusants at Winchester. Most were gaoled but some were sent to London for further interrogation, for fear of a wider conspiracy.

Elizabeth's militia makes the enthusiastic Local Defence Volunteers of 'Dad's Army' during the Nazi invasion scare of 1940 look like a finely honed war machine. A census in 1588 revealed only 100 experienced "martial men" were available for military service and, as some had fought in Henry VIII's French and Scottish wars of 40 years before, these old sweats were considered hors d'combat.

Infantry and cavalry were drawn from the trained bands and county militia. A thousand unpaid veterans from the English army in the Netherlands were recalled but they soon deserted to hide in the tenements of Kent's Cinque Ports.

Militia officers were noblemen and gentry whose motivation was not only defence of their country, but protection of their own property too. Many living near the coast believed it more prudent to move their households inland than stay and fight on the beaches but were ordered to return "on pain of her majesty's indignation, besides forfeiture of [their] lands and goods..."

The main army was divided into two groups. The first, under Leicester, with 27,000 infantry and 2,418 cavalry, would engage the enemy once he had landed in force. The second and larger formation, commanded by the queen's cousin Lord Hunsdon, totalled 28,900 infantry and 4,400 cavalry. They were recruited solely to defend the sacred person of Elizabeth herself, who probably planned to remain in London, with Windsor Castle as a handy bolt hole if the capital fell.

An anonymous correspondent suggested to Elizabeth's ministers that the best means to resist invasion was "our natural weapon" - the bow and arrow. It had defeated the French at Agincourt in 1415; why not the Spanish in 1588? One can imagine an old buffer, bristling at this threat to hearth and home, insisting that the bow and crossbow were "terrible weapons" which Parma's mercenaries had not faced before. After further reflection, he concluded that "the most powerful weapon of all against this enemy was the fear of God".

In the event, despite strenuous efforts to buy weapons in Germany, and arquebuses from Holland at 23s 4d (£1.17p) each, many militiamen were armed only with bows and arrows. A large proportion was unarmed and untrained. To avoid the dangers of fifth-columnist recusants in the militia ranks, every man had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth in front of their muster-masters.

Captain Nicholas Dawtrey, sent to train the Hampshire militia, warned that if 3,000 infantry crossed the Solent to defend the Isle of Wight, the Marquis of Winchester would be left "utterly without force of footmen other than a few billmen (with pole arms) to guard and answer all dangerous places".

However, local people complained about being posted away from home, they and their servants being compelled "to go either to Portsmouth or Wight upon every sudden alarm, whereby their houses, wives and children shall be left without guard and left open by their universal absence to all manner of spoil".

Hampshire eventually raised 9,088 men but Dawtrey pointed out that "many... [were] very poorly furnished; some lack a head-piece [helmet], some a sword, some one thing or other that is evil, unfit or unseemly about him". Discipline was also problematic: the commander of the 3,159-strong Dorset militia (1,800 totally untrained) firmly believed they would "sooner kill one another than annoy the enemy".

When the Armada eventually cleared Cornwall, some of the Cornish militia, ordered to reinforce neighbouring counties, thought they had done more than enough to serve queen and country. Their minds were on the harvest and these reluctant soldiers decided to slink away from their commanders and their colours.

The Spanish were now someone else's problem.

Map Illustration by Martin Sanders.

Armada propaganda
Why it paid to vilify the perfidious Spanish
The Tudor propaganda machine became strident as the Spanish fleet appeared, delivering terrifying warnings of genocide to stiffen a fearful population's resistance.

Spanish spies reported that Elizabeth's ministers, "being in great alarm, made the people believe that the Spaniards [are] bringing a shipload of halters in the Armada to hang all Englishmen and another shipload of scourges to whip women".

As the skirmishes continued in the Channel, foreigners were placed under curfew and had their shops closed up. An Italian, harassed in the streets, maintained it was easier "to find flocks of white crows than one Englishman who loves a foreigner".

A pamphlet entitled A Skeltonical Salutation reassured its readers that fish that consumed the flesh of drowned Spaniards would not be infected by their venereal diseases. The doggerel verse asked whether:

"this year it were not best to forebear

Which our coast doth breed

Here and there in the rocks

That were full of the pox...

Which to them were as sweet

Thomas Deloney's A Joyful New Ballad described Spanish perfidy:

"Our wealth and riches, which we enjoyed long;

They do appoint their prey and spoil by cruelty and wrong

To set our houses afire on our heads

And cursedly to cut our throats

Our children's brains to dash against the ground"

Another tract was said to have been found "in the chamber of Richard Leigh, a seminary priest lately executed for high treason". In reality, his identity was stolen for propaganda purposes. The 'tract' claimed that English naval supremacy and the omnipotence of England's Protestant God were undeniable. "The Spaniards did never take or sink any English ship or boat or break any mast or took any one man prisoner." As a result, Spanish prisoners believed that "in all these fights, Christ showed himself a Lutheran".

Armada commander Medina Sidonia attracted special vilification. He spent much of his time "lodged in the bottom of his ship for his safety".

What if the Armada had got through?

England's poorly armed militia and uncompleted defences could have been overwhelmed by Spanish invaders, after landing in Kent with the heavy siege artillery carried by the Armada.

Based on the progress of his 22,000 troops - when they covered 65 miles in just six days after invading Normandy in 1592 - the Duke of Parma could have been in London within a week of coming ashore.

As the Spanish anchored off Calais, 4,000 militia based in Dover deserted, possibly because they were unpaid, but more probably through abject fear. The port's defences were hastily stiffened by importing 800 Dutch musketeers, who promptly mutinied.

The loyalty of the inhabitants of Kent was uncertain. Informers reported that some rejoiced "when any report was [made] of [the Spaniards'] good success and sorrowed for the contrary" while others declared the Spanish "were better than the people of this land".

As is the case in any invasion planning, the Spanish identified potential collaborators, and enemy leaders to be captured. (Elizabeth was to be detained unharmed and sent to Rome).

Those "heretics and schismatics" who faced a sticky end if Spain was victorious included the Earl of Leicester, his brother the Earl of Warwick and brother-in-law the Earl of Huntingdon Lord Burghley, "Secretary Walsingham", Sir Christopher Hatton, and Lord Hunsdon. These were "the principal devils that rule the court and are the leaders of the [Privy] Council".

The list of "Catholics and friends of his majesty in England" was headed by "the Earl of Surrey, son and heir of the Duke of Norfolk, (actually the Earl of Arundel) now a prisoner in the Tower" and "Lord Vaux of Harrowden, a good Catholic, a prisoner in the Fleet (prison)".

The four potential collaborators in Norfolk included Sir Henry Bedingfield, "formerly the guardian of Queen Elizabeth the pretended queen of England, during the whole time that his majesty was in England".

The document reported that "the greater part of Lancashire is Catholic, the common people particularly, with the exception of the Earl of Derby and the town of Liverpool". Westmorland and Northumberland remained "really faithful to his majesty".

Amphibious landings, however, are the most risky of all military operations, with everything dependent on weather and tides. And the English fleet would have to be destroyed first.
Robert Hutchinson is a historian specialising in the Tudor period. He has previously written biographies of Henry VIII and Francis Walsingham.

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The Spanish Armada: England's lucky escape

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The failure of the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588 changed the course of European history. If the Duke of Parma's 27,000-strong invasion force had safely crossed the narrow seas from Flanders, the survival of Elizabeth I's government and Protestant England would have looked doubtful indeed.

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The activity we propose is to edit the videos and make a questionnaire.

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The Normans 1 - Men from the North (2010)

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The Normans 3 - Normans of the South (2010)

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Kings and Queens of England: Episode 1: Normans

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This programme studies the Normans, covering historical landmarks such as the Battle of Hastings,the creation of the exchequer,Thomas Becket's murder,the Crusades and the signing of the Magna Carta.

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A Wonder of Norman  Groin Vaults https://www.tracingthepast.org.uk/2021/04/08/norwich_history/

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Thanks to a worker at the Cathedral we managed to spot the Green Man (pagan symbol of fertility). Since there are a lot of bosses at the cloister, this would have taken us for ages to tell which one it was...But they are nice and elegant, some broken because of the iconoclast movement during the  reformation in the 16th Century.

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"Honi Soit Qui Mal y Pense"
Norman knighthood: from Viking bastard raiders to Nobility...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honi_soit_qui_mal_y_pense

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Possible integrated project between Sciences and History...

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Possible integrated project between Sciences and History...

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Home Culture

Norwegian researchers have finally got to open the tomb of the Viking leader Rollo's descendants. They will find out whether Rollo was the same Rollo as Rollo from Møre. In that case the British royal family originaed from Norway.

A Norwegian-led delegation was in Normandy on Monday and opened the sarcophagus of two of Rollo's descendants. The aim is to put an end to a centuries-long debate: Was Rollo Danish or Norwegian?
- We have been working to get this investigated in about seven years, so to finally get collected material to test DNA was huge historian and project initiator Sturla Ellingvåg of the foundation Explico said.
Rollo was the founder of Normandy, Count of Rouen and great great great grandfather of William the Conqueror, who is the ancestor of the English royal house. While Norwegian-Icelandic historical documents and historians have argued since the Snorre Sagas that Rollo and Rollo are one and the same person, the Danish historians believed that he came from Denmark. Rollo, the son of Rognvald was exiled from Norway and was said to have settled in France.
Plucked out teeth
In January the French authorities and the French church granted the Norwegian application to open the tomb of Rollo's grandson and great-grandson, Duke Richard the fearless and son Duke Richard the good. The tomb is a sarcophagus in the floor of a monastery in Fécamp. When they opened the grave Monday, researchers found, among other things, a lower jaw with eight teeth in the tomb of Richard the good:
- The key is to find teeth, for the DNA of the teeth may, even all these years, be sufficent for a DNA analysis. Two forensic experts from Norway and Denmark snatched five of his teeth and those teeth are now being sent to the Institutes of Forensic Medicine in both of the countries for analysis, Chairman of Samlerhuset and The Norwegian Mint, Ole Bjørn Fausa says.
A result of the analysis will probably be available in the autumn and will be presented in cooperation with the French authorities. So it remains to be seen whether the results indicates Denmark or Norway.
The small sarcophagi at first glance looks like they only accommodate toddlers, but Fausa explains:
- When they were buried in a floor, it was a matter of space. The most important thing was to preserve the skeleton. We do not know how this was done here, but it was common to either cut the bodies into pieces or boil them so the meat loosened from the bones. This meant that the the sarcophagus didn't have to be longer than a femur, which is the longest bone in the body, Fausa says.
Rare event
Fausa describes the atmosphere at the tomb as an amazing experience:
- As far as we know this is only the second time since the war that a king's tomb has been opened in France. Just being a part of it, and find the skeletons in there, it was exciting, solemn and unreal at the same time.
In the work process, he also found that he is a 35th generation descendant of Rollo.
- Of course it enhances this experience, to know that this was my ancestors, Fausa says.
If Rollo and Rollo proves to be the same person, it will be of historical significance:
- If the British royal family originates from the northwest coast it will, among other things, change the notion that the Norwegian royal family is young, with origins from the British and Danish, says Fausa.

Source: NTB scanpix / Norway Today

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DNA hunters has opened Viking grave in Normandie - Norway Today

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Home Culture Norwegian researchers have finally got to open the tomb of the Viking leader Rollo's descendants. They will find out whether Rollo was the same Rollo as Rollo from Møre. In that case the British royal family originaed from Norway. A Norwegian-led delegation was in Normandy on Monday and opened the sarcophagus of two of Rollo's descendants.

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It's been nearly a year since I wrote about William the Conqueror's DNA. Based on a study of men with surnames historically associated with William and their corresponding Y-DNA, I concluded that I identified the genetic signature of the first Norman King of England. Now it's time to get back to William and more specifically his 3 rd great grandfather, Rollo. To be honest, the 37 marker Y-DNA haplotype that I published is really connected to Richard the Fearless, William's great grandfather. Genealogically, the surnames in the study trace back to Richard. As long as there was no hanky-panky, William the Conqueror has the same Y-DNA as Richard. What that also means is that Richard has the same Y-DNA as his grandfather, Rollo.

Based on the work done in my previous paper, the following haplotype is that of William the Conqueror (and Richard the Fearless)-

There is an assumption, inherent in genetic genealogy, that there weren't any non-paternal events between the generations that separate Rollo and William and that this haplotype is that of Rollo as well. One of the goals for this Rollo study is to get more accurate with his haplotype by narrowing the dataset to only those records with 67 markers. The second goal is to determine Rollo's haplogroup R SNP. The best I was able to determine for William was R-P312, which is a fairly high level SNP. My third goal is to determine Rollo's origin using my TribeMapper analysis. Whether Rollo is Danish or Norwegian has been disputed for hundreds of years.

I picked up where I left off with William. There were 152 Y-DNA records that made it into the William the Conqueror Modal Haplotype (WCMH). For each of these records a 67 marker test result and SNP testing result were added to the analysis, where the data was available. I threw out any record that didn't have enough data and retained the ones that grouped into a single SNP of R-DF13 (just downstream of R-L21). Based on these final 25 records, I have identified the 67 marker Rollo Norman Modal Haplotype (RNMH) as follows:

This map shows the geographic distribution of Rollo's cousins. The large number of points along the coast of Normandy is a good sign. If the majority of points were in Eastern Europe, I would have to revisit my whole hypothesis about William the Conqueror. It is best not to try to interpret any relationships until we look at them through the lens of a phylogenetic tree.

The TribeMapper analysis takes into consideration the mapped location, the tree node connections and the time between common ancestors. The time is converted to distance based on the demic diffusion migration rate. The distance is plotted to 'triangulate' the geographic location of each common ancestor. This is a process called multilateration.

The earliest documented origins for Rollo come from Dudo of Saint-Quentin in 1015 and William of Jumièges in 1060. Both 'histories' were commissioned by the House of Normandy and attribute a Danish origin to Rollo. Commissioned biographies can border on mythology. The Norwegian Orkneyinga Saga, from the 13th century, gives Rollo a Norwegian origin.

I've run the analysis with Rollo's record as an unknown location. TribeMapper allows us to back into the location for any unknown point. What we get is a highly constrained location for Rollo's ancestor, in the middle of Denmark. The data then shows that Rollo may have lived within 226 km of that paternal ancestor. The red circle illustrates the range for Rollo. This covers the majority of Denmark. The data also shows that Rollo's ancestors, going back at least 12 generations were also in Denmark.

We can give the Norwegians some credit also. The ancestors of Rollo's ancestors were Nowegian, with an origin on the west coast of Norway. Rollo's ancestors were responsible for multiple branches of migration into Europe. This includes a back migration into Norway that then went on to invade Scotland.

This was accomplished with small sample of 65 records for simplification. Much larger data sets could determine the genetic flow in a greater geographic and chronologic view. Additional records within the same SNP grouping could result in a more accurate origin for Rollo. Records that are genetically upstream from the SNP and STR group used, may identify the nomadic migrations prior to the Western Norway settlement.

I've run this simulation multiple times, getting the same results. I'm comfortable calling Rollo - "The Dane".

Reference:

Maglio, MR (2014) Biogeographical Origins and Y-chromosome Signature for the House of Normandy ( Link)

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Exploring Rollo's Roots: DNA Leads the Way

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It's been nearly a year since I wrote about William the Conqueror's DNA. Based on a study of men with surnames historically associated with William and their corresponding Y-DNA, I concluded that I identified the genetic signature of the first Norman King of England.

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Apple tree descendant of the one Newton used to lay under, when a brilliant apple fell over and eureka!!! Gravity discovered!!!

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O the 2nd visit we when to the coast of Norfolk, just a typical English day. No sand or proper beach indeed, the North Sea instead. An interesting seaside town.
Curiosity: Nearby, the town next to Cromer towards the North, is the town where Horatio Nelson was born.

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Burnham Thorpe - Nelson's Birthplace | NorfolkCoast.Net

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Burnham Thorpe is the birthplace of Horatio Nelson, yet there are few signs to the site of his birth and the pub where he drank and dined.

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The lion king  Richard I, second Platagenet king, used first leopards , they the same model of Normandy; therefore, same origin because of the Normans.

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The Royal Arms of England are the armorials (or coat of arms) first adopted in a fixed form at the start of the age of heraldry (circa 1200) as personal arms by the Plantagenet kings who ruled England from 1154.

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The English flag is the one of Saint George, aparently Richard I adopted it when coming back from the Crusades using the banner of Genoa. Later, by crossin flags it was created the "Union Jack" (England, Scotland and Northern Ireland).

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Use

National flag

Proportion

3:5[1]

Design

A white field with centred red cross
( Argent, a cross gules)

The flag of England flying alongside the flag of the United Kingdom in Southsea, Portsmouth, in July 2008

The flag of England is the national flag of England, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. It is derived from Saint George's Cross (heraldic blazon: Argent, a cross gules). The association of the red cross as an emblem of England can be traced back to the Late Middle Ages when it was gradually, increasingly, used alongside the Royal Banner. It became the only saint's flag permitted to be flown in public as part of the English Reformation and at a similar time became the pre-eminent maritime flag referred to as a white ensign. It was used as a component in the design of the Union Jack in 1606.

It has been widely used since the 1990s, specifically at national sporting events, especially during the campaigns of England's national football teams.

Angels wearing the heraldic badge of King Richard II holding the flag of Saint George surmounted by an orb displaying a miniature map of England. Wilton Diptych (c. 1395-1399)

Saint George seen in the act of slaying the dragon. He is depicted wearing a jupon displaying St George's Cross. Paolo Uccello (c. 1460)

Illustration of Saint George's Cross, used alongside the Royal Standard by Wat Tyler's rebels. Froissart's Chronicles BL Royal 18 E.I, fol. 165v, c. 1470

The Tudor navy carrack Henry Grace à Dieu (launched 1514) as depicted in the 1546 Anthony Roll, with St George's Cross displayed on the streamers.[4]

In 1188 Henry II of England and Philip II of France agreed to go on a crusade, and that Henry would use a white cross and Philip a red cross.[citation needed ] Thirteenth-century authorities[who? ] are unanimous on this reversal to the intuitive.

There then follows a historiographical tradition claiming that Richard the Lionheart himself adopted the full red cross flag and the patron saint from the Republic of Genoa at some point during his crusade. This idea can be traced to the Victorian era, Perrin (1922) refers to it as a "common belief", and it is still popularly repeated today even though it cannot be substantiated. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent made a variation to this in a bilingual preface to a brochure made for the British Pavilion at Genoa Expo '92. The relevant passage read:

The St. George's flag, a red cross on a white field, was adopted by England and the City of London in 1190 for their ships entering the Mediterranean to benefit from the protection of the Genoese fleet. The English Monarch paid an annual tribute to the Doge of Genoa for this privilege

Red crosses seem to have been used as a distinguishing mark worn by English soldiers from the reign of Edward I (1270s), or perhaps slightly earlier, in the Battle of Evesham of 1265, using a red cross on their uniforms to distinguish themselves from the white crosses used by the rebel barons at the Battle of Lewes a year earlier. Perrin notes a roll of accounts from 1277 where the purchase of cloth for the king's tailor is identified as destined for the manufacture of a large number of pennoncels (pennons attached to lances) and bracers (worn by archers on their left forearms) "of the arms of Saint George" for the use by the king's foot soldiers ( pro peditibus regis). Perrin concludes from this that the introduction of the Cross of St George as a "national emblem" is originally due to Edward I. By 1300, there was also a greater "banner of Saint George", but not yet in a prominent function; the king used it among especially banners of king-saints Saint Edward the Confessor and Saint Edmund the Martyr alongside the royal banner. George had become popular as a "warrior saint" during the Crusades, but the saint most closely associated with England was Edward the Confessor. This was so until the time of Edward III, who in thanks for Saint George's supposed intervention in his favour at the Battle of Crécy gave him a special position as a patron saint of the inceptive Order of the Garter in 1348. From that time, his banner was used with increasing prominence alongside the Royal Banner and became a fixed element in the hoist of the Royal Standard. Yet the flag shown for England in the Book of All Kingdoms of 1367 is solid red (while Saint George's Cross is shown for Nice and, in a five-cross version, for Tbilisi). The Wilton Diptych from the late 1390s shows a swallow-tailed Saint George cross pennant held by an angel in between (the then reigning) King Richard II (accompanied by Edward the Confessor and Edmund the Martyr) and a scene of the Virgin and Child flanked by angels wearing Richard's own heraldic devices.

Saint George's Day was considered a "double major feast" from 1415, but George was still eclipsed by his "rivals" Saints Edward and Edmund.

John Cabot, commissioned by Henry VII to sail "under our banners, flags and ensigns", may have taken a Saint George's banner to Newfoundland in 1497.[citation needed ]

That Saint George is the primary patron saint of England is among several lasting changes of height of the English Protestant Reformation, via the content which the teenage king and his Protestant advisors issued to all churches and clerics. These rules were the revised prayer book of 1552. Just as with the Marian persecutions (four years of counter-revolution after his natural death) all defecting clerics faced likely deprivation which was the loss of their office and if more broadly heretical, burning at the stake. The book made clear all religious flags, including saints' banners except for Saint George were abolished.

Further use of this cross as a maritime flag alongside royal banners, is found in 1545.

, the history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written near 1599 includes the fictitious scene of the battle of Agincourt where the king's final rally is:

Cry 'God for Harry! England, and Saint George!"
[Exeunt. Alarum, and chambers go off.]

thus promoting the notion that the cult or festivities specifically to the saint, or focus on the Order of the Garter put him significantly ahead of two other national saints - instead of depicting that they were approximately equal. The quote became rapidly well known in London, across social classes, and thus imagery entrenched that Saint George was "historically" the primary saint.

In 1606, after the Union of the Crowns in 1603, it was combined with the Scottish St Andrew's Cross to form the Union Jack, which James VI & I ordered be flown from the main tops of ships from both England and Scotland. The "Red Crosse" continued to be flown from the fore-top by James' subjects in "South Britaine"-i.e., the Saint George cross was used with the new union flag on English vessels.

In the 19th century, it became desirable for all nations of Europe (and later worldwide) to identify a national flag.[citation needed ] During that time, the terms Britain and England were used largely interchangeably, the Union Flag was used as national flag de facto, even though never officially adopted. The observation that the Cross of St George is the "national flag of England" (as opposed to the Union Flag being the flag of all of the United Kingdom) was made in the context of Irish irredentism, as noted by G. K. Chesterton in 1933,

The Union flag

As a very sensible Irishman said in a letter to a Dublin paper: "The Union Jack is not the national flag of England." The national flag of England is the Cross of St. George; and that, oddly enough, was splashed from one end of Dublin to the other; it was mostly displayed on shield-shaped banners, and may have been regarded by many as merely religious.

In 2018 the mayor of Genoa reminded that England should pay for the last 247 years for using the flag of Genoa.

Derived flags

The flag of England is one of the key components of the Union Flag. The Union Flag has been used in a variety of forms since the proclamation by Orders in Council 1606, when the flags of Scotland and England were first merged to symbolise the Union of the Crowns. (The Union of the Crowns having occurred in 1603). In Scotland, and in particular on Scottish vessels at sea, historical evidence suggests that a separate design of Union Flag was flown to that used in England. In the Acts of Union of 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England to become the Kingdom of Great Britain, it was declared that "the Crosses of St. George and St. Andrew be conjoined, in such Manner as her Majesty shall think fit, and used in all Flags, Banners, Standards and Ensigns, both at Sea and Land."

From 1801, to symbolise the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland, a new design which included St Patrick's Cross was adopted for the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Flag of the United Kingdom, having remained unchanged following the partition of Ireland in 1921 and creation of the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, continues to be used as the flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

City of London

Flag of the City of London

The flag of the City of London is based on the English flag, having a centred St George's Cross on a white background, with a red sword in the upper hoist canton (the top left quarter). The sword is believed to represent the sword that beheaded Saint Paul who is the patron saint of the city.

The White Ensign of the United Kingdom, consisting of the flag of Saint George, defaced with the Union Flag in the first quarter

The flag used by the British Royal Navy (the White Ensign) is also based on the flag of England, consisting of St George's Cross and a Union Flag in the canton. In addition to the United Kingdom, several countries in the Commonwealth of Nations also have variants of the White Ensign with their own national flags in the canton, with St George's Cross sometimes being replaced by a naval badge.

Universities of England

Contemporary use

Flag flying on Leeds Town Hall (2009)

Church of England

Churches belonging to the Church of England which have a pole may fly St George's Cross. A desirable variant (per an order from the Earl Marshal in 1938) is for the church to fly the flag with the arms of the diocese in the left-hand upper corner.

Sporting events

English Rugby team supporter waving the English flag in the streets of Nantes, France in 2007

The flag heavily dominates for that of England at sports events in which England competes, for example during England Cricket matches (the Cricket World Cup and The Ashes), during Rugby Union matches and in football. It is also used in icons on the internet and on the TV screen to represent teams and players from England.

For at least some decades before about 1996, most of the flags waved by supporters were Union Flags. In a sporting context, the flag is often seen being waved by supporters with the addition of 'ENGLAND' across its horizontal bar.

Queen's 90th Birthday Celebration

In May 2016, the flag was flown by a mounted rider during The Queen's 90th birthday celebration at Windsor, alongside the flags of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

English nationalism

Flag of the Campaign for an English Parliament

As the flag of England, it is used in English nationalism. This is largely in parallel to the use of the flag of Scotland in Scottish nationalism. However Scotland has been recognised as a nation within a nation. The flag of Scotland has been officially defined by the Scottish Parliament in 2003 and is flown there and almost universally by Scottish authorities. There is no English legislature; the entire British legislature sits in England and is only subject to very weak conventions on voting on English matters. The flag of England does not figure in legislation, and its use by English nationalists is complex as these divide among those who are far-right as heavily opposed to further immigration and seeking to distinguish between residents in the jobs market and welfare state system such as the British National Party (founded 1982) and the English Defence League (founded 2009) and those who merely seek the level of devolution of Scotland, or Wales. Underscoring this complexity, in January 2012 Simon Hughes, the deputy leader of the Liberal Democrats, supported calls for a devolved English parliament and which continues under such lobbies as the Campaign for an English Parliament, and is occasionally a minor debate subject at all of the major parties' annual conferences.

Since the flag's widespread use in sporting events since the mid-1990s, the association with far-right nationalism has waned, and the flag is now frequently flown throughout the country both privately and by local authorities.

Outside England

Due to the spread of the British Empire, the flag of England is currently, and was formerly used on various flags and coats of arms of different countries, states and provinces throughout the territories of the British Empire. St George's Cross is also used as the city flag of some northern Italian cities, such as Milan and Bologna and other countries such as Georgia.

Channel Islands

Historically

References

External links

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Use National flag Proportion 3:5[1] Design A white field with centred red cross( Argent, a cross gules) The flag of England is the national flag of England, a constituent country of the United Kingdom. It is derived from Saint George's Cross (heraldic blazon: Argent, a cross gules).

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1066: The Battle of Hastings (4/6) | History - The Norman Conquest

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An animated version of the Bayeux Tapestry

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An animated version of the Bayeux Tapestry

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We proposed a reconstruction of the events, then after that the alumnae watch the video and order the events at the battle of Hastings 1066, cornerstone of the English History...

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Wonderful class and teacher mates, I learnt a lot from them all. A word of appreciation!!!

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Wonderful class and teacher mates, I learnt a lot from them all. A word of appreciation!!!

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Stories and Pubs in Norwich, the gift of gab...

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Stories and Pubs in Norwich, the gift of gab...

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We experienced James Copeland story telling abilities , an amusing and entertaining way of listening English around the city and the pubs in Norwich: quite a culture here!!!

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Norwich - Coat of arms (crest) of Norwich

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In past centuries the arms were shown surmounted by a fur cap and supported by angels. These additions were of no authority and are no longer used.

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Another brick  in the wall
Thinking outside the box!!!
I think British education value enormously this hability, highly appreciated to study in Cambridge or Oxford. No wonder this has produced geniouses like Darwin, Newton or Hawkins

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Brilliant exhibition about Pink Floyd at the Victoria and Albert Museum

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Shattering "Another Brick in the Wall" Thinking

By Think Jar Collective member Peter Cook

Introducing Tony Wall, who facilitates innovative learning strategies at the University of Chester in the UK. I will leave him to take up the story, inspired by Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall":

"Hey! Teacher! Leave them kids alone!" is one of those lyrics that many of us recognise instantly. That's not surprising as "Another Brick in the Wall" reached No 1 around the globe. For some, it was simply a unique and catchy melody, but for others, it was a lot more. For these, it was a powerful protest against rigid schooling, which created 'another brick' in a 'wall of limited thinking and acting' - a wall stopping the learner thinking differently or learning differently. For Pink Floyd, it was a wall of "thought control", a message calling for our education systems to facilitate more innovative thinking. Listening and watching the song and its performances in 2012, it's striking to realise how current Pink Floyd's message is in today's schools and universities...

Think about typical university education for a moment. What are the bricks in the 'wall of limiting innovation'? The university says which courses are offered. It says what specifically will be learnt. It says where it will be learnt. It says how it will be learnt. It says how this learning will be assessed. It says when the student can start and stop learning. It might even say what date and specific time they have to learn. All in all, these are just more 'bricks' in the wall of standard thinking and acting (as Pink Floyd would probably not say). These 'bricks' exist within the model (or paradigm) of mass university education. If we took this paradigm, and turned it upside down, the wall would fall to pieces, but opens up new avenues for facilitating innovative thinking and acting. We might call the opposite model, a personalised university education, whereby the individual learner makes choices, and choices way beyond that already conceived by flexible universities around the globe.

What would such a radically innovative system be like? Within the UK, we can look to the University of Chester's Centre for Work Related Studies (CWRS) who has been operating this system for over a decade. Here, the learner negotiates a qualification that meets their specific needs and aspirations, and negotiates their qualification's title (say Masters in Business Innovation and Creativity or Masters in Leading Innovation). The learner chooses when to learn. They choose what specifically they need/want to learn. They choose how they will learn it. And they choose how they are assessed. In this model, this means learning normally (rather than abnormally) happens outside of the classroom, in the workplace, or in life. All in all, this enables innovative and diverse ways for the learner to make changes to their life, and engage in an educational approach, which is authentic and meaningful to them personally. They have to think for themselves, though supported and guided, and not constrained by the 'walls' of subjects, disciplines or Teacher preferences (or dark sarcasm!). It is a model that has led to CWRS being one of Europe's largest centres of its kind, with commendations from the UK university quality body and showcases by the UK university funding body.

Shouting "Hey! Teacher! Leave them kids alone!" in this new paradigm doesn't apply, as the "Teacher" is replaced by tutors facilitating personalised learning with individuals. Turning existing paradigms upside down is one way of creating innovative solutions to challenges or seizing opportunities. So, that leaves us with two questions:

What 'bricks' are you taking down to release innovative thinking?

What model can you turn on its head for something radically new and valuable?

We finish by jumping from Pink Floyd to Pink and her marvelous song "Just Like a Pill", which tells a story of a dysfunctional relationship. For me, this message is also embedded in Tony's review. Innovation in teaching and learning is about getting the relationship right between teachers and learners. This is exactly what they are doing at the University of Chester.

Tony Wall facilitates innovative learning at CWRS and accredits commercial training with university credits. You can connect with Tony at LinkedIn

Peter Cook runs Human Dynamics, a creative management consultancy. With 20+ years' business, academic and consultancy experience in leading innovation teams, international trouble-shooting, internal business and OD consultancy and leadership and management development. Peter Cook, MBA, MRSC C.Chem, FCIPD, FRSA www.humdyn.co.uk and www.academy-of-rock.co.uk

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Shattering "Another Brick in the Wall" Thinking

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By Think Jar Collective member Peter Cook Introducing Tony Wall, who facilitates innovative learning strategies at the University of Chester in the UK. I will leave him to take up the story, inspired by Pink Floyd's "Another Brick in the Wall": "Hey! Teacher! Leave them kids alone!"

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Certainly this is not a new method (lol), but education has progressed opposing these all fashioned methods...(Crime and punishment)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYs2StpRlB0

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Basically the idea is about giving students QR codes to direct them to the links in which we want to address the students for independent learning, formulating the right questions, so they quest and enquire on the information.
QR code

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In my opinion, English or British education is biased:
- Firstly, because the Brits only focus on British History.
- Secondly, because their point of view is quite jingoistic.
In a nutshell, History taught likewise is used to create a certain feeling of nationality or Britishness.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingoism

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Poster about feeling proud  of being British

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Poster about feeling proud  of being British

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Lesson about daily press in England, a powerful tool indeed!!!
Political bias and different styles: broadsheets, tabloids...

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I think it is a cliché, but even though the English food has improved; I consider it flat, not really tasty, bland and overall expensive.

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London is a great city, we all know about it. During my stay in Norwich, I got the opportunity to escape from Norfolk and enjoy the wonderful and cultural life in UK´s famous capital.
The Victorian and Albert Museum proved to be an incredible collection of beautiful things from around the World: a cabinet of curiosities. Besides, I got the opportunity to visit the exhibition about Symphonic Rock  Music: Pink Floyd, which resulted, despite my scepticism, a magnificent exhibition that led me to many reflections about the changes that happened at the end of the 20th Century.
The Natural History Museum, awesome as always, and finally the magnificent views from the Shard (tallest building in London). To top it up with the Midnight Oil concert; an Aussie group whose lead singer is a committed activist for the rights of the Aborigines.

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Jingoism in British History?

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Robert Hutchinson, author of The Spanish Armada, reveals how poorly Tudor England was prepared for foreign invaders in 1588...
This article was first published in the April 2013 issue of BBC History Magazine
Submitted by: Ellie Cawthorne

The failure of the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588 changed the course of European history. If the Duke of Parma's 27,000-strong invasion force had safely crossed the narrow seas from Flanders, the survival of Elizabeth I's government and Protestant England would have looked doubtful indeed.

If those battle-hardened Spanish troops had landed, as planned, near Margate on the Kent coast, it is likely that they would have been in the poorly defended streets of London within a week, and that the queen and her ministers would have been captured or killed. England would have reverted to the Catholic faith and there may have been no British empire.

It was bad luck, bad tactics and bad weather that defeated the Spanish Armada - not the derring-do displayed on the high seas by Elizabeth's intrepid sea dogs. But it was a near-run thing.

Because of Elizabeth's parsimony, driven by an embarrassingly empty exchequer, the English ships were starved of gunpowder and ammunition and so failed to land a killer blow on the 'Great and Most Fortunate Navy' during nine days of skirmishing up the English Channel in July and August 1588.

Only six Spanish ships out of the 129 that sailed against England were destroyed as a direct result of naval combat. However, a minimum of 50 Armada ships (probably as many as 64) were lost through accident or during the Atlantic storms that scattered the fleet en route to England and as it limped, badly battered, back to northern Spain.

More than 13,500 sailors and soldiers did not come home - the vast majority victims not of English cannon fire, but of lack of food and water, virulent disease and incompetent organisation.

Thirty years before, when Philip II of Spain had been such an unenthusiastic husband to Mary I, he had observed: "The kingdom of England is and must always remain strong at sea, since upon this the safety of the realm depends."

Elizabeth knew this full well and gambled that her navy, reinforced by hired armed merchantmen and volunteer ships, could destroy the invasion force at sea. Her warships, she maintained, were the walls of her realm, and they became the first and arguably her last line of defence.

Decades of neglect had rendered most of England's land defences almost useless against an experienced and determined enemy. In March 1587, the counties along the English Channel had just six cannon each. A breach in the coastal fortifications at Bletchington Hill, Sussex, caused 43 years before in a French raid, was still unrepaired.

England had no standing army of fully armed and trained soldiers, other than small garrisons in Berwick on the Scottish borders, and in Dover Castle on the Channel coast. Moreover, Elizabeth's nation was divided by religious dissent - almost half were still Catholic and fears of them rebelling in support of the Spanish haunted her government.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, was appointed to command Elizabeth's armies "in the south parts" to fight not only the invaders but any "rebels and traitors and other offenders and their adherents attempting anything against us, our crown and dignity..." and to "repress and subdue, slay or kill and put to death by all ways and means" any such insurgents "for the conservation of our person and peace".

Some among Elizabeth's subjects placed profit ahead of patriotism. In 1587, 12 English merchants - mostly from Bristol - were discovered supplying the Armada "to the hurt of her majesty and undoing of the realm, if not redressed". Nine cargoes of contraband, valued between £300 and £2,000, contained not just provisions but also ammunition, gunpowder, muskets and ordnance. What happened to these traders (were they Catholics?) is unknown, but in those edgy times, it's unlikely they enjoyed the queen's mercy.

Elsewhere, Sir John Gilbert, half-brother to Sir Walter Ralegh, refused permission for his ships to join Sir Francis Drake's western squadron and allowed them to sail on their planned voyage in March 1588 in defiance of naval orders.

If that wasn't bad enough, Elizabeth's military advisers - unaware that Parma planned to land on the Kent coast - decided on Essex as the most likely spot where the Spanish would storm ashore.

A contemporary painting of English ships and the Spanish Armada, which, so one Tudor verse had it, bore sailors "that were full of the pox". (Bridgeman)

Breaking barriers

The Thames estuary had a wide channel leading straight to the heart of the capital, bordered by mud flats that posed a major obstacle to a vessel of any draught. Therefore, defensive plans included the installation of an iron chain across the river's fairway at Gravesend in Kent, designed by the Italian engineer Fedrigo Giambelli. This boom, supported by 120 ship's masts (costing £6 each) driven into the riverbed and attached to anchored lighters, was intended to stop enemy vessels penetrating upriver to London. Yet it would do no such thing - for it was broken by the first flood tide.

A detailed survey of potential invasion beaches along the English Channel produced an alarming catalogue of vulnerability. In Dorset alone, 11 bays were listed, with comments such as: "Chideock and Charmouth are two beaches to land boats but it must be very fair weather and the wind northerly." Swanage Bay could "hold 100 ships and [the anchorage is able] to land men with 200 boats and to retire again without danger of low water at any time."

Lacking time, money and resources, Elizabeth's government could only defend the most dangerous beaches by ramming wooden stakes into the sand and shingle as boat obstacles, or by digging deep trenches above the high water mark. Mud ramparts were thrown up to protect the few cannon available, or troops armed with arquebuses (an early type of musket) or bows and arrows.

Fortifications on the strategically vital Isle of Wight were to be at least four feet (1.22m) high and eight feet (2.44m) thick, with sharpened poles driven into their face and a wide ditch dug in front. But its governor, Sir George Carey, had just four guns and gunpowder enough for only one day's use.

Portsmouth's freshly built ramparts protecting its land approaches had been severely criticised by Ralegh and were demolished, much to Elizabeth's chagrin. New earth walls were built in just four months, bolstered by five stone arrow-head-shaped bastions behind a flooded ditch. Yet, more than half Portsmouth's garrison were rated "by age and impotency by no way serviceable", and the Earl of Sussex escaped unhurt when an old iron gun (supposedly one of his best cannon), blew into smithereens. In November 1587, Sussex complained that the town's seaward tower was "so old and rotten" that he dared not fire one gun to mark the anniversary of the queen's accession.

The network of warning beacons located throughout southern England since at least the early 14th century was overhauled. The iron fire baskets mounted atop a tall wooden structure on earth mounds were set around 15 miles (24km) apart. Kent and Devon had 43 beacon sites, and there were 24 each in Sussex and Hampshire.

These were normally manned during the kinder weather of March to October by two "wise, vigilant and discreet" men in 12-hour shifts. Surprise inspections ensured their diligence, and they were prohibited from having dogs with them, for fear of distraction.

It was a tedious and uncomfortable patriotic duty. A new shelter was built near one Kent beacon when a old wooden hut fell down. This was intended to protect the sentinels only from bad weather and had no "seats or place of ease lest they should fall asleep. [They] should stand upright in... a hole [looking] towards the beacons." Not everyone spent their time scanning the horizon for enemy ships: two watchers at Stanway beacon in Essex preferred catching partridges in a cornfield and were hauled up in court.

An English chart shows the Spanish fleet off the coast of Cornwall. Much of the local militia slunk away when the Armada cleared the county. (National Maritime Museum)

Malicious firing

In July 1586, five men were accused of plotting to maliciously fire the Hampshire beacons "upon a [false] report of the appearance of the Spanish fleet" and in the ensuing tumult, to steal food "to redress the current dearth of corn"; engage in a little light burglary of gentlemen's houses and liberate imprisoned recusants at Winchester. Most were gaoled but some were sent to London for further interrogation, for fear of a wider conspiracy.

Elizabeth's militia makes the enthusiastic Local Defence Volunteers of 'Dad's Army' during the Nazi invasion scare of 1940 look like a finely honed war machine. A census in 1588 revealed only 100 experienced "martial men" were available for military service and, as some had fought in Henry VIII's French and Scottish wars of 40 years before, these old sweats were considered hors d'combat.

Infantry and cavalry were drawn from the trained bands and county militia. A thousand unpaid veterans from the English army in the Netherlands were recalled but they soon deserted to hide in the tenements of Kent's Cinque Ports.

Militia officers were noblemen and gentry whose motivation was not only defence of their country, but protection of their own property too. Many living near the coast believed it more prudent to move their households inland than stay and fight on the beaches but were ordered to return "on pain of her majesty's indignation, besides forfeiture of [their] lands and goods..."

The main army was divided into two groups. The first, under Leicester, with 27,000 infantry and 2,418 cavalry, would engage the enemy once he had landed in force. The second and larger formation, commanded by the queen's cousin Lord Hunsdon, totalled 28,900 infantry and 4,400 cavalry. They were recruited solely to defend the sacred person of Elizabeth herself, who probably planned to remain in London, with Windsor Castle as a handy bolt hole if the capital fell.

An anonymous correspondent suggested to Elizabeth's ministers that the best means to resist invasion was "our natural weapon" - the bow and arrow. It had defeated the French at Agincourt in 1415; why not the Spanish in 1588? One can imagine an old buffer, bristling at this threat to hearth and home, insisting that the bow and crossbow were "terrible weapons" which Parma's mercenaries had not faced before. After further reflection, he concluded that "the most powerful weapon of all against this enemy was the fear of God".

In the event, despite strenuous efforts to buy weapons in Germany, and arquebuses from Holland at 23s 4d (£1.17p) each, many militiamen were armed only with bows and arrows. A large proportion was unarmed and untrained. To avoid the dangers of fifth-columnist recusants in the militia ranks, every man had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth in front of their muster-masters.

Captain Nicholas Dawtrey, sent to train the Hampshire militia, warned that if 3,000 infantry crossed the Solent to defend the Isle of Wight, the Marquis of Winchester would be left "utterly without force of footmen other than a few billmen (with pole arms) to guard and answer all dangerous places".

However, local people complained about being posted away from home, they and their servants being compelled "to go either to Portsmouth or Wight upon every sudden alarm, whereby their houses, wives and children shall be left without guard and left open by their universal absence to all manner of spoil".

Hampshire eventually raised 9,088 men but Dawtrey pointed out that "many... [were] very poorly furnished; some lack a head-piece [helmet], some a sword, some one thing or other that is evil, unfit or unseemly about him". Discipline was also problematic: the commander of the 3,159-strong Dorset militia (1,800 totally untrained) firmly believed they would "sooner kill one another than annoy the enemy".

When the Armada eventually cleared Cornwall, some of the Cornish militia, ordered to reinforce neighbouring counties, thought they had done more than enough to serve queen and country. Their minds were on the harvest and these reluctant soldiers decided to slink away from their commanders and their colours.

The Spanish were now someone else's problem.

Map Illustration by Martin Sanders.

Armada propaganda
Why it paid to vilify the perfidious Spanish
The Tudor propaganda machine became strident as the Spanish fleet appeared, delivering terrifying warnings of genocide to stiffen a fearful population's resistance.

Spanish spies reported that Elizabeth's ministers, "being in great alarm, made the people believe that the Spaniards [are] bringing a shipload of halters in the Armada to hang all Englishmen and another shipload of scourges to whip women".

As the skirmishes continued in the Channel, foreigners were placed under curfew and had their shops closed up. An Italian, harassed in the streets, maintained it was easier "to find flocks of white crows than one Englishman who loves a foreigner".

A pamphlet entitled A Skeltonical Salutation reassured its readers that fish that consumed the flesh of drowned Spaniards would not be infected by their venereal diseases. The doggerel verse asked whether:

"this year it were not best to forebear

Which our coast doth breed

Here and there in the rocks

That were full of the pox...

Which to them were as sweet

Thomas Deloney's A Joyful New Ballad described Spanish perfidy:

"Our wealth and riches, which we enjoyed long;

They do appoint their prey and spoil by cruelty and wrong

To set our houses afire on our heads

And cursedly to cut our throats

Our children's brains to dash against the ground"

Another tract was said to have been found "in the chamber of Richard Leigh, a seminary priest lately executed for high treason". In reality, his identity was stolen for propaganda purposes. The 'tract' claimed that English naval supremacy and the omnipotence of England's Protestant God were undeniable. "The Spaniards did never take or sink any English ship or boat or break any mast or took any one man prisoner." As a result, Spanish prisoners believed that "in all these fights, Christ showed himself a Lutheran".

Armada commander Medina Sidonia attracted special vilification. He spent much of his time "lodged in the bottom of his ship for his safety".

What if the Armada had got through?

England's poorly armed militia and uncompleted defences could have been overwhelmed by Spanish invaders, after landing in Kent with the heavy siege artillery carried by the Armada.

Based on the progress of his 22,000 troops - when they covered 65 miles in just six days after invading Normandy in 1592 - the Duke of Parma could have been in London within a week of coming ashore.

As the Spanish anchored off Calais, 4,000 militia based in Dover deserted, possibly because they were unpaid, but more probably through abject fear. The port's defences were hastily stiffened by importing 800 Dutch musketeers, who promptly mutinied.

The loyalty of the inhabitants of Kent was uncertain. Informers reported that some rejoiced "when any report was [made] of [the Spaniards'] good success and sorrowed for the contrary" while others declared the Spanish "were better than the people of this land".

As is the case in any invasion planning, the Spanish identified potential collaborators, and enemy leaders to be captured. (Elizabeth was to be detained unharmed and sent to Rome).

Those "heretics and schismatics" who faced a sticky end if Spain was victorious included the Earl of Leicester, his brother the Earl of Warwick and brother-in-law the Earl of Huntingdon Lord Burghley, "Secretary Walsingham", Sir Christopher Hatton, and Lord Hunsdon. These were "the principal devils that rule the court and are the leaders of the [Privy] Council".

The list of "Catholics and friends of his majesty in England" was headed by "the Earl of Surrey, son and heir of the Duke of Norfolk, (actually the Earl of Arundel) now a prisoner in the Tower" and "Lord Vaux of Harrowden, a good Catholic, a prisoner in the Fleet (prison)".

The four potential collaborators in Norfolk included Sir Henry Bedingfield, "formerly the guardian of Queen Elizabeth the pretended queen of England, during the whole time that his majesty was in England".

The document reported that "the greater part of Lancashire is Catholic, the common people particularly, with the exception of the Earl of Derby and the town of Liverpool". Westmorland and Northumberland remained "really faithful to his majesty".

Amphibious landings, however, are the most risky of all military operations, with everything dependent on weather and tides. And the English fleet would have to be destroyed first.
Robert Hutchinson is a historian specialising in the Tudor period. He has previously written biographies of Henry VIII and Francis Walsingham.

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The Spanish Armada: England's lucky escape

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The failure of the Spanish Armada campaign of 1588 changed the course of European history. If the Duke of Parma's 27,000-strong invasion force had safely crossed the narrow seas from Flanders, the survival of Elizabeth I's government and Protestant England would have looked doubtful indeed.

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Norwich has a lot of Pubs, it is said that one per every day of the year. So, British food is what you may find in there.
Other than that, the Indian food is not bad, you can find Thai food and Japanese food too. Italian food like pizza it is ubiquitous, then you have the Nando´s: a modern mediterranean Portuguese cuisine, some Spanish tapas too and tones of fast food or fat food, whatever you like :)!
Do not forget about the Fish and Chips (Grosvenor´s fish bar the best), the Stalls at the Market place, by Gentleman´s walk, with all sorts of food and some other for fish and seafruit (cackles, mussles, lobsters, crayfish, crab...).
Gammon:

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And of course lots of ales and beers....

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And of course lots of ales and beers....

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And finally the Summer blockbuster!!! DUNKIRK

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And finally the Summer blockbuster!!! DUNKIRK

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Another English lesson: Finnegans wake!!!

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The End by The Doors song meaning, lyric interpretation, video and chart position

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We shall fight on the kitchens...(mimic of the British humour).

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We shall fight on the kitchens...(mimic of the British humour).

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The fun, I make, comes from the famous speech adressed by Winston Churchill after the Dunkirk defeat, during WW2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5IHadByMvXk
http://www.jamieoliver.com/recipes/rice-recipes/chicken-chorizo-paella/
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/04/jamie-olivers-paella-chorizo-brings-fractured-spain-together-against-him
A really funny video about the reactions to Jimmy´s Chorizo Paella:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mp-kKJ4rqkA

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Fears that Spain had become irreparably divided following two inconclusive general elections and almost 10 months of ceaseless political bickering were allayed on Tuesday morning after Jamie Oliver united the nation by tweeting his own twist on paella.

Unfortunately for the Naked Chef, philanthropist, and scourge of pushers of Turkey Twizzlers, it was against him that Spaniards united. Offering a slightly different take on the classic rice dish may seem a reasonable thing for a well-travelled chef to do, but the perceived transgression - particularly the use of a highly-spiced paprika sausage - was grave.

Barely had he posted "Good Spanish food doesn't get much better than paella. My version combines chicken thighs & chorizo" before the backlash began.

Some were perplexed ("WTF, Jamie Oliver?"); some satirically offered their own interpretations of fish and chips using aubergines, duck, beef and ravioli, and some were sinister: "Remove the chorizo. We don't negotiate with terrorists. First warning"; "Let's hope the knife slips when he's chopping coriander", and "Why don't you make some chicken nuggets out of your own fingers?"

With a certain inevitability, Oliver's stab at paella was also juxtaposed with a traditional one and then set next to before-and-after snaps of the hideously botched restoration of a fresco of Christ carried out four years ago.

churreznos (@churreznos)
@jamieoliver pic.twitter.com/0rNsJkrS0x

Kinder commenters pointed out that while the inclusion of chorizo meant the recipe absolutely could not be described as a paella in keeping with the dish's true, Valencian origins, it might just sneak into the distinct category of "rice and stuff".

Paella, which spread around Spain from the eastern region, is a seasonal, local dish whose ingredients can include meat, fish, shellfish, vegetables and beans.

Oliver is not the first UK-based chef to visit questionable variations on Spanish classics. Earlier this year, an article in El País criticised Gordon Ramsay for a sloppy paella spiked with chilli - "because it's never too late to confuse Spain with Mexico" - and lamented Marco Pierre White's tendency to add too much wine to the rice as well as "enough paprika to stop a moving train".

Nor is it the first time that Oliver has stirred up international tensions with a rice dish. Two years ago, he decided to improvise on jollof rice, a dish beloved of many west African countries. Once again, he was careful to describe it as his "twist", but innovations such as vine-ripened tomatoes, parsley and a lemon wedge were a step too far. One woman said the dish "hurts my soul" while another tweeted: "Our plates will not be colonised!"

Oliver's representatives have been contacted for comment.

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Jamie Oliver's paella brings fractured Spain together ... against him

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Fears that Spain had become irreparably divided following two inconclusive general elections and almost 10 months of ceaseless political bickering were allayed on Tuesday morning after Jamie Oliver united the nation by tweeting his own twist on paella. Unfortunately for the Naked Chef, philanthropist, and scourge of pushers of Turkey Twizzlers, it was against him that Spaniards united.

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Winston Churchill, after the Dunkirk draw back

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Winston Churchill, after the Dunkirk draw back

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Winston Churchill - We Shall Fight them on the beaches

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Observations, tasks in the lessons  and lectures delivered by great professionals.

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Observations, tasks in the lessons  and lectures delivered by great professionals.

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Monday 17th:
Language Development:
World Englishes by Claudia Ferradas.
Interesting lesson about cultural awareness and stereotypes related to culture. Why should we aware about other cultures and when to negociate in order to have a position towards norms and values we may not share.
Activity about poems by Benjamin Zephaniah.
Work progress: motivation and the teenage brain by Jeremy Hamer.
Interesting video about the basis of the neurologic development of a teen´s brain.
Making thinking visible by Claudia Rey.
Lesson about the different levels of intellectual/cognitive learning:
Metaphors, analogies and thinking routines...
Tuesday 18th:
21st Century skills by Claudia Ferradas
What competences do students need in globalised World.
Portfolio work/Feedback on Teaching Videos by Johanna Stirling
Clarifications about how to do a portfolio, what this task was aimed at.
Language Development:
Where are you a local? by Claudia Ferradas.
Reflexions about identity and feeling of belonging in the 21st Century.
Wednesday 19th:
Focus on competences
Questioning Stereotypes by Claudia Ferradas
Thinking about stereotypes and different points of view according to the different cultures.
The "SOLE" experience. Putting Sugata Mitra into action:
https://www.ted.com/talks/sugata_mitra_build_a_school_in_the_cloud?language=es
Guest Speaker: Adrian Underhill
Getting Pronunciation Out of the Head and Into the Body by Adrian Underhill. Some activities and practical exercises to improve the pronunciatios of certain sons. Principles over articuation and improvement of hte pronunciation. Here is an interesting link I use often:
http://soundsofspeech.uiowa.edu/english/english.html
Thursday 20th:
QR Codes for Content Teaching:
Lesson over the use of QR in the classroom, interesting tool to guide students when they do research so they can not be lost.
Focus on competences "Kill to Eat":
Working on a text in which we analised the cultural nuances of the Aborigine culture in Australia.
What to do with a text?
Friday 21st:
Language development:
Songs as texts by Claudia Ferradas.
Piano man or how to extract all the information and subtleties in a song by Billy Joe.
What makes a good teacher? by Jeremy Harmer.
Talk and discussion about what makes a good teacher, what a goos teacher should do in order to improve and prepare the competences and habilities of their students. We talked about different accents too.
Learning outside the Classroom by Johanna Stirling:
https://www.cte.cornell.edu/teaching-ideas/designing-your-course/flipping-the-classroom.html

Reversing the order in which we teach, about homework and the use of videos for semipresential lessons, fieldtrips...

Monday 24th:
Design your own Free School by Johanna Stirling.
The activity consisted of the design of a Free School after the model we may find in the UK.
A Model CLIL Lesson by John Mac Mahon
Lesson about a CLIL lesson focusing and integrating on language and content: minerals and nutrition.
Contemporary English by Chris Rose
A lesson and reflexion about the changes and characteristics of the English language.
Tuesday 25th

Speaking Well by Jeremy Farmer
About how important is to speak well and make ourselves intelligible in a changing world. Poems and intonations in English matter.
Drama 2 by David Farmer
Interesting lesson on some drama activities to make the lesson plans ore dynamic. An inspiration.
Aspects of Connected Speech
Wednesday 26th:
Assesment by Claudia Rey
When it come to assess what we have to have into account? Rubrics to clarify the final mark we are required to deliver. How can we evaluate what our students know? Is that a metric of the quality of our job?
Language from the British Press by Maria Heron.
An review about British press today. Political bias and mass media, different types of press in the UK, what language do they use.
Wednesday Workshops: Chunks and collocations.
Chunks and collocations, expressions or words, concepts that are always together and encourage fluency and nuances in the English language.

Thursday 27th:
Language Support for CLIL
We did an activy using the principles of the CLIL approach.
TBC
Portfolio-Padlet Presentations and Feedback
Friday 28th:
Language Support for CLIL
Another activity to asses CLIL principleas in a bilingual lesson plan.
Language Development
Lesson plan over prison and a case  of dilemma, prison and murder of a 13  year old child.
Course Evaluation and Action Planning
Reflexion and evaluation of the course, poetry and pronunciation, an inspiring case of a stammer kid and the king´s speech.
DIVERSION STARTS HOLIDAYS AT LAST

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The mysterious workings of the adolescent brain

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Why do teenagers seem so much more impulsive, so much less self-aware than grown-ups? Cognitive neuroscientist Sarah-Jayne Blakemore compares the prefrontal cortex in adolescents to that of adults, to show us how typically “teenage” behavior is caused by the growing and developing brain.

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Inspiring concert of the iconic 80's Aussie band led by Peter Garrett. His activism may inspire some eco-friendly activities!!
https://www.songfacts.com/facts/midnight-oil/beds-are-burning

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The majority of caucus felt he had been badly treated. For Rudd and his office to position Garrett as the fall guy was disgraceful, weak, sneaky, unprincipled and just plain wrong. All along, Peter properly put his objections to the administration of the program on the record.

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Farewell, song idea for lesson plan (emigration in Scotland)

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Farewell, song idea for lesson plan (emigration in Scotland)

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Tannahill Weavers - Farewell to Fiunary Heather Island

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LYRICS: The air is clear the day is fine, and swiftly swiftly flows the time The boat is floating on the tide that wafts me off from Fiunary Chorus: We must up and haste away, we must up and haste away We must up and haste away, farewell, farewell tae

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Funny facts about Norwich, interesting places, History, talking to Norwichers, the Cathedral...
The very first day we were told to find information about the city of Norwich, so we did have the opportunity of having interaction with the Norwichers.
Among the facts we knew about this wonderful city, we can find that it is made of 52 churches and 365 pubs, so you can make your idea over sins and repentances...
As I said, this city is full of history, placed in the county of Norfolk, even though relatively small, it is the centre of the county.