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CIE Psychology_Core Studies Summary Videos

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Music: Wind (Original Mix) by Thunderbolt https://soundcloud.com/thunderboltstr... Creative Commons - Attribution 3.0 Unported- CC BY 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/b... Music provided by Audio Library https://youtu.be/N8bHhmtsR7g

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1) What was the aim of the study by Blakemore and Cooper
(2 marks)

2) From the study by Blakemore and Cooper:
a. What is a laboratory experiment?
(2 marks)
b. Explain why the study is a lab experiment
(2marks)

3) Describe two controls used in the study by Blakemore and Cooper
(2 marks)

4) Outline one reason why the study by Blakemore and Cooper can be considered unethical
(2 marks)

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Pros:
- A lab experiment so high levels of control, increased the validity
- gathers qualitative and quantitative data which provides a variety
- standardised procedure so can replicate the results
- Practical applications (improves our understanding of the effects of visual deprivation)

Cons:
- Ethical issues with using animals (arguments on animal rights) as the animals faced harm
- Small sample in part 2 of the study meaning that individual differences was high

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1) Changes weren't caused by degeneration (cortical areas were not shown to be missing or inactive)
2) Neurons change their preferred orientation according to stimulation received, matching brain's ability to respond to visual input features

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Kittens moved by touch, failed to display visual placement and startle responses, and were frightened when they reached the edge of the surface on which they were standing.
However, all of these were overcome within 10 hours of normal visual experience, and learned to link vision with movement, enabling them to jump and walk as normal.
Some defects were permanent: they bumped into stationary objects, jerkily followed moving objects, had poor distance judgement. When tested for a startle response with a striped sheet, they only responded to the stripes they were reared with.

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-Laboratory-raised kittens housed in complete darkness until 2 weeks of age

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To investigate the effect on kitten's visual development of a restricted visual environment, consisting of either vertical stripes or horizontal stripes only

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Independent Variable --> either a horizontal or vertical environment
Dependent Variables --> whether the horizontally raised kitten could detect vertically aligned objects and/or the kitten raised in the vertical environment could detect a horizontally aligned object

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- A laboratory experiment using the independent measures design
- Kittens were kept in the dark unless they were in the visual display apparatus
- From 2 weeks to 5 months of age, each kitten spent an average of 5hours a day in a visual display apparatus (a vertical cylinder with a Perspex floor half way up, which a kitten could move at will)
- The kitten saw no corners or edges
- The inner wall of the cylinder was covered with high-contrast black and white stripes, either vertical or horizontal (independent variable)
- The findings were compared to the previously established standard of brain development in the normal cat
- After 5 months, the kittens spent several hours each week in a small well-lit room containing chairs and tables, where their visual reactions were observed
- At 7.5months, two of the kittens (1 from vertical reared condition, and 1 from horizontal reared condition) were anaesthetised so their neurophysiology could be examined