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Externals
All have parapodia, which are unjointed segmental extensions
All bilaterally symmetrical
Have coelom
Internal
Have a brain or cerebral ganglion that originates and usually resides in the head
No true respiratory organs
Has sense organs
Behavioral
Continuous digestive tract also runs down the entire body to remove liquid waste from the body
Sucks in the food
Head is developed first

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Common Name: Leech
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Clitellata
Order: Arhynchobdellida
Family: Hirudinidae
Genus: Hirudo
Species: Hirudo Medicinalis

Can be found in Europe and Asia

Fully mature adults can be up to 20 cm in length
Are green, brown, or greenish-brown with a darker tone on the dorsal side and a lighter ventral side. Dorsal side also has a thin red stripe

Three jaws (tripartite) that look like little saws, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. After piercing the skin, they suck out blood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirudo_medicinalis

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Common Name: Ragworm
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Nereidae
Genus: Nereis
Species: N. onychophora

Can be found in Indonesia and some live in freshwater and the ocean

Can be identified by its body having more than 100 segments and 2 retractable sharp jaws

Eat small animals at the lowest point in the ocean or lake

http://www.ecomare.nl/en/encyclopedia/organisms/animals/invertebrates/worms/ragworms/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereididae

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Common Name: Earthworm
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Oligochaeta
Order: Megadrilacea
Family: Lumbricidae
Genus: Lumbricus
Species: L. terrestris

Can be found in North America and Western Asia and needs damp soil to live

Can be identified by its red slime

Feed at night and feed by extracting nutrients from decomposing organic matter like leaves and roots

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/c/common-earthworm/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricus

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All organisms are grouped in the Kingdom Animalia, based on the fact that they have eukaryotic cells, heterotrophic, multicelluar, and have complete cell structures.

They all have similar reproductive organs. With Earthworms, Leeches, and Ragworms are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which is when the organism with both male and female reproductive organs which produce both male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (ova). Together, they both produce male and female gametes.

All the organisms are also segmented, which means their bodies are separated by segments. These organism have a lot of rings along their body, each connecting the body into many segments. These miniature connections are a part of a type of biological organization known as segmentation.

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Taxonomic groups help show relationships between organisms because they categorize them based on similar characteristics of form and structure. More categories in common between organisms means they have more similar characteristics and hints to the fact that they are likely more closely evolutionary related. So since the ragworm, the earthworm, and the leech are all in the Kingdom Animalia, and the Class Annelida, we can could conclude that they are all multi-cellular, eukaryotic organisms, that have segmented bodies with elements of body systems as circulatory, nervous, and excretory tracts.
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Annelida/

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This fossil is called Coprinoscolex ellongimus. It was found around the Pennsylvanian time period.  This fossil is thought that the segmentation observed in some fossils is the result of contraction of the skin due to the shock of burial, which is the start of the evolution to modern-day echiura, which are derived annelid worms that have lost their segmentation.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossils/Worms/Coprinoscolex-ellongimus/Coprinoscolex.htm

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This fossil is called Fossundecima Konecniorum. It was found around the Pennsylvanian time period.  This fossil's segmented bodies have paired lobes called parapodia, which have a function in respiration.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossils/Worms/Fossundecima-konecniorum/Fossundecima.htm

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This fossil is called Utah Cambrian Explosion Fossil. It was found around the middle of the Cambrian time period.  This fossil is believed to have been carnivorous and to have both swam or crawled for respiration. This fossil is also observed with a head with a pair of tentacles and body covered with bristles. These observations shows the evolution of Annelids beginning to swim and become large.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Cambrian-Explosion/Annelid/Annelid.htm

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This fossil is called Esconites Zelus. It was found around the Pennsylvanian time period.  This fossil is known to been a predatory species and shows the development to many modern-day bristleworms, due to the fact that it possesses a strong pair of jaws.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Mazon-Creek/Esconites-zelus/Esconites.htm

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This fossil is called Dickinsonia Costata. It was found around the Carboniferous time period. Dickinsonia is considered to be an annelid worm because of its apparent similarity to modern-day Spinther.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/whitesea/dickinsonia-costata/Dickinsonia.htm

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Chromosomal Analysis of My Exemplary Organisms

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Chromosomal Analysis of My Exemplary Organisms

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All Annelid organisms are polyploidy. Polyploid cells and organisms have more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Some Earthworm are known to have parthenogenesis, which is the production of young without fertilization. Along with being polyploidy, it is also accompanied by degeneration of male gonads that causes Parthenogenesis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid

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This fossil is called Astreptoscolex Anasillosus. It was found around the Pennsylvanian time period. This example preserve a pair of conical teeth, and show the evolution to modern members of the Nephtyidae, or catworm.
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/Mazon-Creek/Astreptoscolex-anasillosus/Astreptoscolex.htm

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Annelida during reproduction, has a clitellum, which is a reproductive structure, that gives rise to a cocoon where the embryo is born. Identical teloblast cells in the embryonic stage develop into identical mesodermal structures, which creates metamerism. Metamerism is segmentation of worms, that allows the organisms to become bigger with divided body parts (compartments).
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/invertebrates-28/superphylum-lophotrochozoa-168/phylum-annelida-654-11875/
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Earthworm

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Type of Speciation: Gradual
Type of Evolution: Divergent
Evolutionary Mechanism: Random or Non-random Mating and Geographic Isolation

Throughout time, annelids has gone through very little change, making it gradual speciation.  The type of evolution they undergone was divergent evolution. A variety of marine worms during the Cambrian period had many similar features and were alike in many different ways. With divergent evolution, they developed structural differences in the appendages and later developed into different organisms, with many features. For my three organisms, all of them undergo neither random nor nonrandom mating since they just reproduce with themselves. The mating process habits depend on the species. With also the three organisms, they develop different traits, due to geographic isolation. For example, with earthworms, giant earthworms are very abundant in the rain-forest where competition among the species is heavy. The size of earthworms deals with the environment they live in. The same goes with freshwater leeches, and the size and number of teeth. This is due to the type of prey in that particular environment.
https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/course/ent425/text02/arthropods.html

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All of these organisms have the typical anatomy of most Annelidas, including being made up of segments that are formed by subdivisions that transect the body cavity.They all also have coeloms, which is a body cavity that is the space between the gut tube and the body wall.

The sensory organs in leeches allows them to swim better, due to the fact they don't have eyes, by detecting changes in light intensity, temperature, and vibration. Earthworms have the same senses, but they use it above water to find food.
http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_2/3i3m-coelom.html
http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Annelida/

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This shows 39 different groups of annelids and 47,953 amino acid position.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/full/nature09864.html

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Descent With Modification
Although segmented worms have hardly evolved throughout time, traits have been passed down through descent with modification. These traits can include the ability for earthworms to regenerate, or the ability for leeches to have teeth. Even though it isn't true for all species of leeches, it has proven to be a useful adaptation for the leeches that suck the blood of other organisms.

Natural Selection
Annelids have gone through directional selection. Take for a example, blood sucking leeches with suckers for teeth have out-lived those without. The leeches gain nutrition and items needed to live. This type of selection occurs in all types of segmented worms, which is why all members of individual species are so similar to one another.