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The Hamburger institution for Bildungsmonitoring und Qualitätsentwicklung found out that the percentage of students who are raised multilingual increased

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multilinguals have a heightened sense of metalinguistic awareness, which can decrease their language learning anxiety (Thompson 2013)

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Greek families invest a lot of time, effort and money into providing their children with the opportunities to obtain numerous foreign language certificates, which are of primary importance in any field of professional or academic life in Greece

Home languages and home cultures are inseparable, yet the multicultural practices applied in Greek schools rarely contain reference to the home language of the multilingual learners and restrain themselves to the folklore elements of multicultural/intercultural education.

importance of speaking foreign languages, mostly as a means of ensuring professional success

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Multilingual classroom practices can be linked to local school policy (Wedin & Wessman 2017: 885).

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- different Sound production for older students, language awareness through different Sounds
( Coelho 2004 )

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Promoting multilingualism in class helps the teacher to answer immediately to unexpected situations

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Promoting multilingualism in class helps the teacher to answer immediately to unexpected situations

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(Semec 2019)

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Teachers in areas of social or political conflict or unrest are often afraid to make these issues a topic of class, wanting to avoid controversy and outrage (Meganathan 2018: 13).

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Niesen, H. (2018). Förderung mehrsprachigkeitssensibler professioneller Handlungskompetenz angehender Englischlehrkräfte. Zeitschrift für Interkulturellen Fremdsprachenunterricht, 2018 (23).

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when one has more language learning experience the tolerance for ambiguity in the EFL is higher (Thompson 2013)

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- appreciation of all languages
- educate yourself on the topic and the languages
- encourage your students to use other linguistic resources
- really make it an aim --> not just as a part of lesson
- appreciation of multilinguistic skills
- inclusion of all languages in the classroom
- do not focus on mistakes --> create a constructive athmosphere
- let room for creative language use

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„Mehrsprachigkeit im Alltag von Schule und Unterricht in Deutschland: eine empirische Studie

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„Mehrsprachigkeit im Alltag von Schule und Unterricht in Deutschland: eine empirische Studie

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Pro multilingualism: Motivation of the students is increased; Using the mother tongue feels more confident/ supportive function; feeling of safety; multilingualism riches the overall community

Con multilingualism: Its impossible to take every language to account; it lacks in personal competences; Its using needs ethnic separation; studying the German language is reduced
Ekinci, Yüksel & Günesli (2016)

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Multilingual writing can give students the opportunity to develop their writing skills based on the other linguistic resources the students have (Wedin &Wessman 2017: 885).

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Ma Jiménez Catalán, R. &Fernández Fontecha, A. (2019)

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Ma Jiménez Catalán, R. &Fernández Fontecha, A. (2019)

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·      bilingual students achieved better scores in vocabulary tests in English than monolingual students.
Monolingual learners produced a higher number of words than did bilingual learners.

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Teachers tend to ascribe a higher importance to the heritage language of their students than to languages learnt in school (Méron-Minuth, 2018, p. 283).

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Intrinsic Motivation of students increase (Semec 2019)

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Intrinsic Motivation of students increase (Semec 2019)

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by constructing meaning in the students' mother tongue, students get more confident and also more open to speak English

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One method to include multilingual resources is to use the different languages to compare the grammatical features between the languages (Wedin & Wessman 2017: 879).

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- Teachers do not feel prepared enough to work with the language resources of their students
- Teachers think that their is no ideal material for multilingual teaching
- Teachers mostly observe languages which are taught in school like Spanish or French as more valueable than other languages

Bredthauer et. al.(2018)

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Translation of greetings in various language

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Translation of greetings in various language

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Primary EFL: Year 3

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	Courses of action are often based on experience but should also be based on reliable sources

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	Courses of action are often based on experience but should also be based on reliable sources

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be extra aware of students who do not speak mulitple languages and encourage them to then make use of their native language

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- comparing different languages grammar, different language names for specific things Like countries during a lesson

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Investigating the Benefits of Scaffolding in Assessments of Young English Learners: A Case for Scaffolded Retell Tasks (2019)

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Be aware of  the peergroup's languages and culture

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Be aware of  the peergroup's languages and culture

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The fields in which teachers use multilingualism the most are translations, showing the relationship of languages and derivation of words (Méron-Minuth, 2018, p. 285)

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The EVLANG project states that at least 40h are supposed to be taught about language awareness. It should be taught complementary to FLL.

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trilinguals and quadrilinguals were found to be less anxious in their L2s (Thompson 2013)

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A specific example of fostering literacy through the first language in the EFL classroom is creating an in-class library of books from each of the students􏰀 native backgrounds. For more advanced students (B1-C2), books in English can be provided. Magazines from native countries are also a great resource.

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A specific example of fostering literacy through the first language in the EFL classroom is creating an in-class library of books from each of the students􏰀 native backgrounds. For more advanced students (B1-C2), books in English can be provided. Magazines from native countries are also a great resource.

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Abney, Susan and Anna Krulatz. "Fostering multilingual competence in the EFL classroom ." Nordic Journal of Modern Language Methodolgy (2015): 1-9.

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Geography with the learner’s native countries and languages, comparing what their country is called in their language, English and German

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- animal noises --> as an example for different languages
- integration of languages into rituals --> birthday song

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Performing a reader􏰀s theatre is also an excellent option to promote student engagement and multiliteracy development. By allowing students to utilize the other languages that are available to them, EFL teachers can “[validate] linguistic repertoires and plurilingual identities􏰁 (Stille & Cummins, 2013, p 634) and thus promote the development of literacy in English.

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Performing a reader􏰀s theatre is also an excellent option to promote student engagement and multiliteracy development. By allowing students to utilize the other languages that are available to them, EFL teachers can “[validate] linguistic repertoires and plurilingual identities􏰁 (Stille & Cummins, 2013, p 634) and thus promote the development of literacy in English.

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Abney, Susan and Anna Krulatz. "Fostering multilingual competence in the EFL classroom ." Nordic Journal of Modern Language Methodolgy (2015): 1-9.

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Awareness of multilingual sensitivity fosters its usage in a classroom context (Niesen 2018: 126) 

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Awareness of multilingual sensitivity fosters its usage in a classroom context (Niesen 2018: 126) 

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​Teachers, who learnt English in School or in any other formally way, have a deeper understanding of pupils learning difficulties as they once were in the same position. And if they had another first language than German, it can give teachers a better understanding in how they might respond in video analyzation. This is a study in university and still has to be proven in school (Niesen 2018).

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-most material used in schools is either not suitable for multilingual teaching or mostly used no other languages than German and English
-material that uses other languages in a productive way is often hard to find for thee teachers (Bredthauer & Engfer, 2018)

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How to research appropriate literature that fosters multilingualism/ transculturality in primary school

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How to research appropriate literature that fosters multilingualism/ transculturality in primary school

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code switching (switching between languages in the EFLC) is allowed and welcomed as it fosters multilingualism and helps with understanding topics/grammar etc. that is/are hard to grasp

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if you want to choose to integrate certain languages in an exercise, don't leave languages out that a student can speak. That student could feel excluded.

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do not degrade certain languages your students use(mother tongue) and superiority others

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do not degrade certain languages your students use(mother tongue) and superiority others

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Don't superiorize a language over another language

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Don't superiorize a language over another language

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- foucs on the European languages taught in school only (French, Spanish, Italian)

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- don't pressure the students --> maybe they are insecure about their mother tongue(s)
- do not give the impression that their mother tongue(s) are worthless

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Let the students find English words in their native language or the other way around. 

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Let the students find English words in their native language or the other way around. 

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Coelho (2004) suggests several strategies, such as class photographs, questionnaires and language surveys, inclusive displays, and peer tutors and partners that can be implemented to welcome and integrate minority language students into the classroom community

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Coelho (2004) suggests several strategies, such as class photographs, questionnaires and language surveys, inclusive displays, and peer tutors and partners that can be implemented to welcome and integrate minority language students into the classroom community

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In addition to these practices, EFL teachers can also hold school gatherings for students and families, celebrating student success in academic or citizenship achievement. This gives families a way to become more familiar with the school and the educators in a more relaxed setting.

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In addition to these practices, EFL teachers can also hold school gatherings for students and families, celebrating student success in academic or citizenship achievement. This gives families a way to become more familiar with the school and the educators in a more relaxed setting.

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Class awards for various achievements in class, such as, “Most Improved on Verb Tenses􏰁 written in a student􏰀s L1 is another excellent way to celebrate diverse linguistic backgrounds. The parents of the student can read the award and feel a deeper investment in the success of their child. Awards can be very simple, printed on cardstock, and using any word-processing program.

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Class awards for various achievements in class, such as, “Most Improved on Verb Tenses􏰁 written in a student􏰀s L1 is another excellent way to celebrate diverse linguistic backgrounds. The parents of the student can read the award and feel a deeper investment in the success of their child. Awards can be very simple, printed on cardstock, and using any word-processing program.

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include cultural practises e.g. meditation, tea ceremony, native dances....

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include cultural practises e.g. meditation, tea ceremony, native dances....

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Not to this topic, but can we also collect a padlet for corrective feedback?

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Let students know that is awesome that they are capable of speaking multiple languages!

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Mention that there are different groups of languages for instance Romance languages. The students then understand why languages have someting in common or to which degree languages have something in common. 

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Mention that there are different groups of languages for instance Romance languages. The students then understand why languages have someting in common or to which degree languages have something in common. 

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Include music to find an access into another culture

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Include music to find an access into another culture