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It refers to the creation of images using various medium, such as oil paint, water color, acrylic, et cetera. These images are usually placed onto canvas, but in the cases of mural paintings, they are placed on walls.

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The two dead bodies being dragged into the darkness by two men are surely the main figures in this piece. Every other figure in the background, while looking in other directions, work with the main figures by depicting the anxious tone of the painting, expressing the sadness of the nation. This allowed Luna to depict the sadness of the Filipino under the mistreatment of the Spanish Crown.

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1. Fajardo, Ramirez, Leynes. (n.d.). Minding the Arts: Art Appreciation for College. Retrieved from: https://www.scribd.com/document/386978055/Minding-the-Arts-by-Leynes-Fajardo-pdf

2. Jay, F. (2016). Understanding Art: “Spoliarium” By Juan Luna. Retrieved from: https://www.populopost.ph/francisjay/2017/04/09/understanding-art-spoliarium-by-juan-luna/

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First and foremost, the proper use of form is necessary in order to have a substantial painting. This is one of the main aspects that shows the painter's mastery of his art, as it considers how one puts together and contrasts the different elements, how one uses these elements, and how these elements are related to its background. Additionally, the proper use of form considers how the artist uses lightness and darkness, space, and balance.

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While the appreciation of painting depends largely on one's personal taste, I believe that a substantial painting should still contain objective elements, namely the proper use of form, reasonable medium, significant/relevant subject matter, and distinct style.

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It is also important to assess how the medium assists in conveying the artist's message and enhancing the overall aesthetic of the painting. A good way to assess this would be to think if the artwork would feel the same, better, or worse, if the painter had chosen a different medium.

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Luna's pieces mostly depict his mastery of light to bring out his subject matter, and dynamic composition of various elements. He often uses oil, allowing for distinct texture, to depict dramatic scenarios, using his art to reveal the sadness of the nation under the Spanish rule. This dramatic style is common among his contemporaries, such as Goya and Turner.

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The first and most notable element of Spoliarium would be Luna's use of value, or lightness and darkness. The light shining from above allows viewers to have an understanding of what figures may be in the center stage, being the men dragging the bodies away. We can see that the dark side of the painting is divided to the left, where the men are dragging the bodies towards. This composition provided balance and focus in the piece.

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A winner of the gold medal at the Madrid Art Exposition, the eight-meter mural communicates the depression of the Filipinos during the era of Spanish Colonization. We can see in the piece that there are two dead gladiators in ropes being pulled by two men, two elderly men looking at the corpses as if trying to understand or recognize who they are, and seven figures (five men and two women) are looking towards the right side (out of frame) which leads the viewers to think that there may be more corpses being dragged in. In the far right side, we can see one small figure by a bonfire, and a woman mourning on the floor, and we can also see that are human corpses in the background.

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Luna's decision to use oil on canvas allowed for him to bring out the main figures, allowing the viewers to see which figures are more important than the others. Moreover, his choice of a large mural assisted in the coming across of his artistic message, drawing everyone's attention towards the piece, not allowing for his message to be neglected.

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I believe that this is one of the most important aspects of a substantial painting. The subject matter, being the main figure of the piece, must work well with the other figures of the painting in order to properly communicate the artist's message. Once the subject matter is understood, the viewer can then try to give the piece meaning by connecting it to social or historical issues.

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The style of the artist is the finishing touch that pulls the painting together. When an artist has consistent characteristics seen across his or her various paintings, it translates to their mastery of painting as an art form.