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The Fairtestarticle discusses the ways that the ACT is biased. The article demonstrates how minorities are left at a disadvantage when it comes to standardized testing. ESOL students are left with a large gap in scores from native English speakers. These students are not granted extra time, and there is not an option to take it in another language. The complex wording and difficulty of the grammar make this test an inaccurate measure of ESOL student’s intelligence. I included this artifact because it demonstrates the bias in dialects, and how English American is considered the norm for all students. The test takes into consideration students of other dialects.

The ACT: Biased, Inaccurate, and Misused |FairTest. (2007). Retrieved 19 November 2019, from https://fairtest.org/act-biased-inaccurate-and-misused

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Black Linguistic chapter 8, written by John Baugh, discusses the issue with linguistic profiling in court cases. He compared linguistic profiling in court to racial profiling. He demonstrates how they go hand when it comes to trial. Often, during trials, linguistic profiling leads to devastating effects. Linguistic profiling has the ability to not give the person on trial, a fair trial. I included this artifact; because it demonstrates the problems linguistic profiling bring in society, on a drastic level. Linguistic profiling can potentially ruin an innocent person’s life.

Black Linguistics |Taylor & Francis Group. (2003). Retrieved 3 December 2019, from https://www.taylorfrancis.com

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Charm or Harm: Effect of Passage Content on Listener Attitudes Toward American English Accents, an article that researched attitudes toward two varieties of American English—an American Southern accent, one of the many regional varieties of speech in the United States, and Standard American English. It demonstrated how listeners use word choices and dialect of a speaker to make judgments on their social class and education. The research demonstrated that when the speakers read the non-southern passages they were viewed as being more educated. I included this artifact because it demonstrates how people relate dialects to education status. Although, having a southern accent, makes one no less educated; many tend to stereotype the accent. It shows how dialects are many times stereotyped to a level of education and status.

Charm or Harm: Effect of Passage Content on Listener Attitudes Toward American English Accents |SAGE Journals. (2011). Retrieved 3 December 2019, from https://journals.sagepub.com

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In this article, Erika Hoff discusses how children pick up languages. Environmental factors are the main way a child learns their dialect and the use of language. Her article suggests that all environments teach children languages, because of the fact that every environment has opportunity for communicating. The differences of children’s acquisition of language comes from how often language is used, and the dialect being taught. Therefore, language development is individual, because all environments allow for differing complexities. I find this article important because it discussed how language is developed. Before a dialect comes about language is formed. After, environmental factors form ones exact dialect, and their social and cognitive development.

How social contexts support and shape language development |Science Direct. (2006).Retrieved 3 December 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com

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Many articles I have read discuss the issues with biases. This article, by Tom M. Mitchell, discusses why biases are necessary in learning. I find the article increasingly interesting because it discusses the ways biases advance our learning. Biases are formed from pre-learned knowledge we have. Therefore, Mitchell expresses how if we don’t use pre-learned biases in learning, we can only learn from what we observe, instead of making leaps from what we previously know. Mitchell discusses language generalization in a learning context, not in society. I included this artifact because it demonstrated the benefits of biases in a learning environment, and how past knowledge, can help us make conclusions from more than what we observe.

The Need for Biases in Learning Generations | Semantic Scholar. (2007). Retrieved 3 December 2019, from https://www.semanticscholar.org

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Throughout class we discuss how most people use code switching in everyday life. The Daily Show talks about code switching in the movie “The Hate U Give”. The main character, actress Amandla Stenberg, is a black woman who is sent to a private school. Amandla Stenberg illustrates that in the movie she had to talk and act one way at her private school, and then when she returned to where she lived she talked another way. She describes the way she conducted herself around her “black” versus “white” friends in the movie. She not only changed the way she spoke, but the way she dressed, and her beliefs. I included this artifact because it shows a clear depiction of code switching, and how and why people so often use it. The actress described how her character would not fit in each of her separate communities without code switching.

Amandla Stenberg- Portraying Code-Switching in “The Hate U Give” | The Daily Show. (2018). Retrieved 23 November  2019, from https://www.youtube.com

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Amandla Stenberg - Portraying Code-Switching in “The Hate U Give” | The Daily Show

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BuzzFeedVideo released a video called “Which American Accent Is The Sexiest?”  I included this artifact because I found it entertaining and informative. This artifact relates back to out class discussions on accents. There were two women blind-folded (from different ethnic and geographic backgrounds), who listened to multiple men from different places read a poem. I found this interesting because the women determined who they thought would be attractive based on the men’s accents. Both women picked different accents to be the most attractive. This demonstrates what we learned in class, people of different backgrounds, view other accents in different ways.

Which American Accent Is The Sexiest  | BuzzFeedVideo. (2019). Retrieved 24 November 2019, from https://www.youtube.com

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Randi Weingarten, President of AFT (American Federation of Teachers), discusses the vulnerability and the challenges for students who are English language learners. I chose this artifact because it discusses the barriers that ELL students face. ELL students face the issue of social barriers with other student’s and possibly parents who can’t communicate with their school. School’s need to make it a priority to be able to communicate with the families of ELL students, and make them feel secure in school. ELL students already have to overcome many challenges in school, and teachers and facility have to make it a priority to help these students. In class we discussed the challenges ELL students face on standardized testing, and this video adds onto that, adding other challenged that some don’t even think of.

Challenges for ELL Children | Colorincolorado. (2016). Retrieved 26 November 2019, from https://www.youtube.com

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For assignment two we analyzed various standardized tests. The YouTube channel Teachings in Education, discusses the good, the bad, and the ugly of standardized testing. The good is that it holds teachers accountable and that the test itself is made equal across school boards, allowing large sample groups of comparison. A bad mentioned is that the test cause teachers to teach for the test. The ugly is that the test is that students are all given the same test; therefore it is only collecting data for their intelligence on a certain type of testing situation. I chose this artifact because standardized testing is a commonly debated thing. Many people disagree with it, yet it is what schools are based around, and changed haven’t been made. Students are being taught to “beat” the system, instead of focusing on gaining knowledge.

Standardized Testing: The Good, The Bad, & The Ugly | Teachings in Education. (2017). Retrieved 2 December 2019, from https://www.youtube.com

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Standardized Testing: The Good, The Bad, & The Ugly

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A video made my Harvard University illuminates the education gap between races, gender, and socioeconomic status. Educational equity gaps are a huge issue throughout districts. The video states that needs that inner city children have, those students in upper income suburban schools could never imagine. These gaps between socioeconomic groups, race, and gender begin at age 2. Boston started a project with 5 steps that parents can follow to help insure their infants don’t fall behind. I included this artifact because it demonstrates how early the education gap begins. This gap affects students testing and their future. The goal is to one day close this gap to allow everyone a fair chance to reach there potential.

Education gap: The root of inequality  | Harvard University. (2016). Retrieved 3 December 2019, from https://www.youtube.com

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This artifact demonstrates how different areas in America use different words in order to talk about the same object. In the cartoon they are arguing about what a soft drink is called. The different ways include “soda”, “pop”, or “coke”. I chose this artifact because it represents how even when people speak the same language, dialects can bring about an issue. Since their dialects are different their are not aware of the other names for soft drinks. This represents the speaking aspect in the domains of language.

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The image illustrates a teacher showing many ways to say the same thing. This again is showing dialects in the American language. The cat says “ a foreign language is hard enough to learn without having to learn dialects…”.  I chose this artifact because it relates to the struggles ESOL students face. These students face an issue of not only having to learn a new language, but all the different ways it could be used. This becomes an issue on standardized tests as well.

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- A window for me was the disadvantages ESOL student's are put at with standardized testing. I never realized how some states lack accommodations.

-A mirror for me is people getting linguistically profiled based on their accent. When I speak people assume they know my background.