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https://www.historynet.com/underground-railroad

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http://www.harriet-tubman.org/letter-from-frederick-douglass/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEQC-f7KrDg

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https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-american-civil-war

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https://www.democratandchronicle.com/in-depth/news/2019/10/29/harriet-tubman-movie-auburn-home-national-park-underground-railroad/2429207001/

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Harriet Tubman was born in Dorchester County on the Eastern Shore of Maryland as a slave. It is presumed Harriet was born in 1822, but like most slaves, she was never sure of the exact day or year of her birth. Tubman's parents were Harriet Rit Green and Benjamin Ross. As stated on Page 5, Harriet's original name was different, "Her parents named her Araminta and called her 'Minty'. In her early twenties, when she married John Tubman, she became Minty Tubman. Soon after that she took her mother's first name and was known as Harriet Tubman."  Minty's parents had about 11 children and were slaves of Edward and Eliza Brodess, who were poor farmers under Edwards stepfather, Anthony Thompson. Minty's father worked in the woods cutting down trees, and her mother was a house slave, meaning both of them didn't have much knowledge of where there children were during the day. Since the Brodesses had little luck farming, they sent their slaves to work for others.

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At the age of five, Minty was given her first job. She was left to take care of her younger brother Ben. Because of her playful nature, she made a game out of babysitting... At age six, she was sent to work for two poor white farmers who lived a few miles away, James Cook and his wife. James came for her, and they traveled back by horseback. Mrs. Cook attempted to teach her to weave cloth, but Minty was far too stubborn. Her next task was to walk barefoot into the swamp and check on the cooks muskrat traps. As a result, Minty got sick and had to return home where her mother cared for her. When Minty recovered, she was sent back, but not for long. After two frustrating years, Minty was sent back to Brodess. Soon after, she was hired out to someone known as "Miss Susan". Minty's job with Miss Susan wasn't easy, as shown in the following quote "It was Minty's job to take care of Miss Susan's baby, to keep it quiet. If the child cried, Minty was beaten. When the baby slept, Minty was to do household chores, such as sweep and dust, and if she didn't do a proper job of it, she was severely punished." (page 10) After several beatings and a runaway attempt, Mrs Susan didn't want her anymore and sent her back to Brodess.

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Again, Minty wasn't home for long, and was soon hired by someone she described as "close to the worst man in the neighborhood." Minty's job was to go out and harvest flax, which were used to make rope as well as rough fabric for slaves' clothes. Because Minty ate her meals out in the field and didn't have napkins or plates, she would wipe and left over grease onto her unbrushed hair to keep it down. One day the cook asked Minty to come with her to the village store. Once there, Minty stood by the door way, as a slave and his overseer were arguing. The slave ran toward the door and Minty refused to stop him. The overseer then took a two pound lead weight and threw it, hoping to hit his slave, but hit Minty instead. As stated by Harriet herself on page 12 "That weight struck me in the head and broke my skull and cut a piece of that shawl clean off and drive it into my head. They carried me into the house all bleeding and fainting. I had no bed, no place to lie down at all, and they lay me on the seat of the loom, and stayed there all that day...". After two days, Minty returned to work, as her hair mixed with grease cushioned the blow. The incident left her with a permanent dent in her forehead and episodes of narcolepsy which plagued her the rest of her life.

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Minty soon met a free African American who went by John Tubman. There is no record of their courtship, but in 1844 they married. Minty Ross was now Minty Tubman. In 1847 Minty attempts a chance to freedom by arranging to pay Brodess a yearly fee of fifty to sixty dollars. Then hired herself to others, and whatever she earned over the yearly fee was hers to keep. This did not work out how she planned. after Edward Brodess passed away, his wife Eliza was left with several young children and lots of debt. As a result, a few months late Eliza tried to auction off Harriet's sister and her niece, but that didn't work out, so Eliza hired a lawyer to appeal the court's ruling. Harriet decided it was time for her family to run, so her and her brothers ran off. Harriet wasn't sure where they were going exactly as stated in the following quote "They probably went alongside one of the many creeks on the Eastern on the Eastern Shore of Maryland.They didn't know where they were going , just that they were headed north toward the free states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey." (page 23). After being frightened by the night, they all returned. But soon enough Harriet overheard she was going to be sold, so she ran off alone. "There was two things I had a right to, liberty or death; if I could not have one, I would have the other, for no man should take me alive; I should fight for my liberty as long as my strength lasted, and when the time came for me to go, the Lord would let them take me." (page 25)

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On September 17, 1849, Harriet ran to the house of a white Quaker woman, where her first encounter with the underground Railroad started. Once Harriet gave the woman her gift of a bed quilt, the woman sent her off to her next destination, another "station" of the underground xx. Harriet arrived at the second house, and when the woman's husband came home, he drove hidden Harriet in the back of his wagon to the edge of town with directions to another stop. Harriet did well finding her way in the outside world as shown following quote "On cloudy nights when the star was not visible she looked for moss which grows on the north sides of trees where there was less sunlight. After many days she had gone through Maryland and Delaware and into the free states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania." (page 28). Harriet was free, but alone. Soon enough Eliza Brodess made notice of Harriet's disappearance and posted a reward for her capture. Harriet made her way to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a haven for free African Americans.Over the next year, Harriet worked discretely as a servant to save as much money as she could and made plans to rescue her family.

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Slaves escaped in many different ways and forms as shown in the quote "Slaves escaped from bondage in cities and on plantations, from kitchens and cotton fields. They came mostly from border states, but also from states, but also from states in the deep south...They usually ran off with almost nothing, not even food or money." (page 33). Runaways faced many obstacles such as slave hunters and bloodhounds. This is where Harriet's role as a conductor came in. Harriet Tubman and the many others who helped runaways were called "stationmasters," "conductors," "agents," and "brakemen." People they helped were called "parcels." Harriet Tubman and many other conductors used disguises to help runaways escape and reach safe houses. Harriet began her journeys in Maryland, traveled through either Wilmington, Delaware, or Philadelphia, and connected only with known stationmasters as a matter of trust. She made many brave expeditions and freed many of her friends and family.

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In September of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Law was passed, which meant trouble for Harriet Tubman. This law made it a requirement for every U.S citizen to turn in runaways. Many runaways were captured and beaten. Whites who were a part of the underground railroad were in danger as well. After two months of the laws passage, John Bowley, Harriet's niece's Husband, contacted Harriet as two of his children and his wife, were about to be sold. It was a dangerous time for Harriet to travel, but nonetheless, she snuck back to Maryland. She stayed in Baltimore with her husbands brother where she made plans with Bowley to help Kessiah and her children escape. Harriet would wait for them in Baltimore and lead them to Pennsylvania. On the day of the sale, Bowley was in the crowd on the steps of the courthouse and eventually gave the highest bid for Kessiah and his children. There was many people who wanted her as Kessiah was young and healthy, "Her two children were proof she was fertile, and that whoever bought her could expect her to give birth to many more slaves." (page 48). Before the sale completed, it was lunch, and the auctioneer took a break. When he returned he was expecting the bidder to pay for his slaves, but Kessiah and the children were gone.  Bowley and his family were hiding in a house near the courthouse, from there they took a boat to Baltimore. There they were greeted with Kessiah's aunt, Harriet, where a few night later she leaded them to Philadelphia.

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In the spring of 1851, Harriet returned to Maryland yet again. This time she helped her brother Moses and two other runaways make their way north. By the fall, after two years in Philadelphia, Tubman had a furnished room and some money saved. She made a plan to bring her husband north. She made a lot of effort to see him again, "She bought him a suit of clothes and again risked her freedom by slipping back to Dorchester County, Maryland." (page 49). She sent a message to where they could meet, but got a shocking reply of his refusal to join her. She had found out that during her absence, her husband had remarried to woman named Caroline.Harriet was furious as she had traveled more than 100 miles and risked everything. She decided that if he could live without her, she could do the same. She remained in her christian values and didn't remarry for the sixteen more years John remained alive.

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In December of 1851, Harriet led eleven slaves, members of her family and strangers to Rochester, New York near Lake Ontario. Across the lake was slave-free Canada. The slaves had a precise way of traveling, "The runaways traveled only at night and hid at the Underground Railroad stops during the day." (page 52). Frederick Douglass was one of the several Railroad agents, and wrote that he had eleven fugitives under his roof until he collected enough money to get them to Canada. It is believed that Tubman made a total of thirteen trips and brought out seventy slaves, although the numbers aren't 100 percent accurate. Harriet most often traveled in the winter when nights were longest. After each trip she returned to the Northeast and usually worked until the next winter and the money she earned helped finance her trips south.

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In 1854 Harriet was ready to help some of her enslaved brothers, so she had someone write a letter and send it to a free black man who lived in Dorchester County. The letter was directed to communicate to her brothers of the place they should meet Harriet. She arrived in late December, a day before they were scheduled to be sold. Henry, Ben, Ben's fiancee, and two other slaves met Harriet as planned, but Robert didn't come. He was with his wife as she was giving birth to their third child, but soon had left his wife to join Harriet and the other runaways.The four Ross children left that night and four days later had arrived in Wilmington, Delaware , at the house of Thomas Garrett. He helped them get onto a carriage ans sent them north to an agent's house in Pennsylvania. Harriet's brother changed their names, "They took the last name Stewart, the surname of one of the leading white families in Dorchester County." (page 55). Harriet lastly led them to Saint Catharines, Ontario where they were finally free.

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In April 1858 after her visit with Frederick Douglass, Harriet was back in St, Catharines. John Brown had come to meet with Harriet at her house, and because of Harriet's visions, she was not surprised. "Brown entered her house, and she was struck by how much he resembled her vision." (page 64). Brown asked Harriet to raise funds for his mission and encourage former slaves living in Canada to join him, and she agreed. They met a few months later, but Brown scheduled raid was delayed. Harriet and John soon lost touch with one another due to the uneasy communication at the time. Meanwhile, Tubman busied herself with her parents, and in the spring of 1859 they moved back to the U.S to Auburn,New York. Early in 1859, Tubman bought a seven-acre farm in Auburn with a house, a barn, and a few smaller sheds.

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With Tubman's parents settled, she left auburn and went to Boston in search of personal support for the refugee community. There she met Franklin Benjamin who introduced her to many of the abolitionist leaders in that area including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. They came to meet her at her boardinghouse, but since Harriet was still a fugitive, she had to make sure they weren't there to trap her. "...she showed them daguerreotypes- an early form of photographs- of her abolitionist friends. If hey could identify the people in the daguerreotypes she let them in." (page 65). Harriet entertained her visitors and told her stories of enslavement and freedom. She sang songs she used as code communication when she was traveling north, and the story of her husbands betrayal. These meetings were said to have raised a lot of money toward the payment of her debt to Mr. Seward.

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In April of 1860 Harriet was on her way to Boston to attend an anti-slavery meeting. She stopped in Troy, New York, but ended up overhearing that a fugitive slave  by the name Charles Nalle, had been arrested and was going to be sent back to Virginia. Charles was a significant figure in the anti-slavery community, "Nalle was in the U.S commissioner's office at the corner of First and State streets. The city's African Americans and anti-slavery activists were enraged, and gathered there." (page 71). Harriet saw Charles on the second story with his wrists locked in chains, so she wrapped a shawl around herself and covered her face with her sunbonnet. With her hunched shoulders and fake limp, she was let inside by her harmless appearance. People who saw her outside the window had recognized her. As two police officers were heading down the stairs with Charles, Harriet had yelled "Here they come!", and charged the officers. They then engaged in a violent fight where it is said Harriet and Charles were pushed to the ground twenty times, and each time Harriet would pull Charles back up. With the help of the crowd, Harriet and Charles went to the waterfront and boarded a boat and sailed across the Hudson  River. The officers boarded a boat behind them and continued the chase. When they reached land the officers captured Nalle once again, but with the help of a large man named Martin, Harriet and a group of other women had led the injured Nalle to a wagon which would take him north to Canada, where he would be free again.

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In the spring of 1861, while the nation was preparing for the civil war, Harriet Tubman had made her way to New York City and stayed with a minister and a dedicated abolitionist. After startling and prophetic vision, Harriet was sure emancipation would come in her life time. She then returned to her home in Auburn with a young girl named Margaret Stewart who she claimed to be her niece. Harriet arranged for her to live with her at her sisters house, and the experience was quite the luxury for an African American girl in the mid-1800's. "Margaret Stewart was treated as a guest in the Seward house, an elegant home with fashionable furniture, fancy rugs, works of art, and books." (page 83). It was rumored that Harriet had kidnapped the girl because of her reputation as a slave, as none of er siblings or parents were slaves, but nothing was ever confirmed. In the household the girl was taught to read, write, and speak properly. Soon enough Harriet had left Auburn to raise money in Massachusetts to help her parents. She then was arranged to join a group for the Union cause by Governer John Andrews. She found many ways to serve the Union army.

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Adler, David A. Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad.

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The once-beautiful city of Beaufort, South Carolina, was now in shambles after being looted and destroyed by Union soldiers. As the whites in that area were gone, everything else was left behind, including slaves. Harriet put former slaves to work at the Christian Commission House giving out clothes, food, and books to the Union soldiers. With some of the money from the government, Harriet set up a washhouse where her workers worked for soldiers. For many this was the first time they were getting paid for their work. A lot of former slaves had went a long way to reach safety, arriving hungry with no acceptable clothing. Harriet had been there first hand to witness this "Most of them are very destitute, almost naked. I am trying to find places for those able to work, and provide for them the best I can..." (page 90). She spent a lot of time during the day in the army hospital treating patients from sicknesses. After Abraham Lincoln signed the proclamation on January 1st of 1863, Harriet was soon asked by General Hunter to join troops taking several gunboats on a raid up the Combahee River. The raid was successful and Harriet was a significant contributor.

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Harriet Tubman was involved at the bloody battle of Charleston Harbor in 1863. During the battle, Harriet would travel to the hospital every morning, bathe, and care for the injured soldiers wounds. It wasn't easy "Then I'd begin to bathe their wounds, and by the time I'd bathed off three or four, the fire would have melted the ice and made the water warm, and it would be as red as clear blood. Then I'd go and get more ice, I would, and by the time I got to the next ones, the flies would be round the first ones black and thick as ever." (page 98).  The violent war continued, and after almost serving two years at the front, Harriet was tired. In the fall of 1863, she returned to Auburn, New York. Soon enough she was back in South Carolina accompanying Colonel James Montgomery's regiment to Fernandina, Florida. There she worked as a cook, laundress, and nurse. Her earlier head injury continued to bother her as she worked.

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Soon after slavery was outlawed, In 1865 Harriet experienced mistreatment when boarding a train to Auburn. Harriet had showed the conductor her ticket, but because she was African-American, she was told to sit in the smoking car. After refusing and insulting the conductor, she was beaten by a group of white men. She got off the train in New York and stayed with a friend who took care of her while her injuries healed. Tubman then returned to auburn but because of her injuries, she couldn't work. Two years later she had learned that her husband was killed, "On Monday morning September 30, 1867, he and his neighbor Vincent had an argument...Vincent took out a pistol and shot Tubman, who fell to the ground." (page 112). On March 18, 1869, Harriet was remarried to Nelson Davis, a former slave and army veteran. They then adopted a daughter known as Gertie.

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In 1873, Harriet had raised five hundred dollars by being involved in selling others bags, dolls, towels etc, and fundraising for people in South Carolina. She was later involved in a swindle between two African american men. They had both come to Auburn and claimed they knew of a hidden trunk filled with confederate gold coins worth of about five thousand dollars. They had gained Harriet's trust through speech, "...they gained her trust by mentioning the name of a black minister who had moved from the area. They also spoke of Alfred Bowley, Tubman's nephew." (page 113). She loaned two thousand dollars from a local business men and followed the two men across fields and fences. When they arrived in the dark forest, the men began to look for the keys to box. They didn't have it so they went to get it, and as they were gone, Harriet inspected the box only to realize there wasn't even a keyhole. It was dark so Harriet was struggling to find her way out of the forest. All of the sudden, she was attacked by the two men and woke up tied and gagged, with the two thousand dollars gone. She was tricked, and now had lost the business man's two thousand dollars.

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The 1870's and 80's were not easy decades for Harriet. Her father had died of rheumatism in 1871, and a year later Harriet's good friend William Seward had passed away as well. In 1880, Harriet "Rit" Green, Harriet Tubman's mother died at the age of ninety-five. Tubman's home was soon destroyed, "Sometime in the early 1880's Tubman's house, along with almost all her personal possessions, was destroyed by a fire." (page 117). Harriet's husband, Davis rebuilt their house and they started raising hogs, but that didn't turn out too well as they were poisoned. In 1888, Davis's tuberculosis worsened and he died at the age of forty-five. In the late 1880's, Harriet's brother had moved in with her and his wife. As his wife was giving birth, Harriet had promised to take care of her child right before she died. In 1889, twelve dollars a month was added to Harriet's pension for her work as a nurse for the Union army.

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In the early 1900's Harriet had surgery for her head as her passed incident had effected her well being and health. After the surgery she insisted she walked home, and ended up passing out, She was then sent home in an ambulance. Harriet continued to be active in anti-segregation activities into her eighties. As time went on, her house-keeping suffered, "'...Quantities of old dry goods boxes for kindling, old cooking utensils sitting on the ground, old wagons and old buggy & tatters & dozens of other things...'" (page 123). By 1910 Harriet's had caught up to her, as she could no longer walk and needed a wheel chair. On March 10, 1913, she lead a final religious service. All her friends were there including reverends Charles A. Smith. Harriet later died that same day of pneumonia at the age of ninety-one. A day after her funeral, hundreds paid their last respects at her casket draped with an american flag. She was much appreciated and had tributes dedicated to her all from all over the world.