# data[].attributes.body
~Initiated at the end of World War II
~Ended in the midst of youth rebellion and the rise of representation of society

# data[].attributes.body
- During 1945, the beginning of the post-modern era, World War II was coming to an end.
- After the war Great Britain's economy was left exhausted and devastated.
- The war was extremely costly for Great Britain and left them with very little goods.
- Ideologically, World War II left Great Britain at a very nationalism state and created very racist ideas.
- Many people were extremely effected by some of the defeats they faced during the war. This affected them psychologically.
- Due to the costs of the war Great Britain had to decolonize in India because keeping colonization there was extremely costly.
- The rest of the 1940s and further in Great Britain worked on rebuilding themselves in order become the country they once were.
- In the 1960s there was a cultural change in music. The Beatles became popular and gave Great Britain a different feel, a more powerful feel.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Andy Warhol - Marilyn Diptych (theartstory.org)

# data[].attributes.body
https://create.kahoot.it/details/c4580c03-5ee5-4f23-9ac4-342468fc5cfc

# data[].attributes.body
Parody and Pastiche
> In modernist literature, there was a search for meaning in a meaningless and chaotic world
> To contrast, post-modernist authors often parodies this through self awareness and the use of pastiche, the combination of multiple cultural elements

Common Characteristics
> Embranceness of randomness
> Purposely left vague and left up to interpretation
> Characters are usually dehumanized and are meant to represent an age or civilization
> Fragmentation - built on the idea of pastiche, post modernism often took more collage style forms
> Questions truth and reality

TLDR
> A massive contrast to modernism in the sense that it was more playful and more carefree, taking bits and pieces from other bits of literature to create statements about the world around them

# data[].attributes.body
1945: World War II

As this era initiates, the infamous World War II comes to an end.

1947: India vs. Britain

After World War II, Britain recognized that they could not obtain global conquering; therefore, they agreed that India could officially self-govern.

1950: Korean War

Britain troops reach the U.S. to advocate them in the Korean War

1953: Queen Elizabeth

News that Elizabeth's father passed; crowned queen

1955: Media

TV's first broadcast aired; rise in media

1960: Youth Movement

Rise of young adults in desperation to change the traditional lifestyle of the British society

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Roy Lichtenstein - Whaam! (thecollector.com)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Andy Warhol - Campbell's Soup Cans (moma.org)

# data[].attributes.body
Samuel Barclay Beckett: Irish novelist, playwright, poet, commonly thought of as one of the most influential authors of the 20th century

Bret Easton Ellis: American author and short story writer, known for extreme acts expressed in his works

E. L. Doctorow: American novelist, editor, professor best known for his novel Ragtime

William Gaddis: American novelist, best known for his postmodern novel The Recognitions

Angela Carter: Was an English novelist, poet, short story writer, and journalist

# data[].attributes.body
Black, Professor Jeremy. “History - British History in DEPTH: OVERVIEW: Britain from 1945 Onwards.” BBC, BBC, 3 Mar. 2011, www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/overview_1945_present_01.shtml.

Gallino, Carina. “Introduction.” That Crazy, Crazy World, www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hatlas/1960s/world.html.

“Impact of World War Two on Britain's Empire - How Britain Lost an Empire - War and Government - GCSE History Revision - Aqa - BBC BITESIZE.” BBC News, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zyh9ycw/revision/4.

Mambrol, Nasrullah. “Postmodern Novels and Novelists.” Literary Theory and Criticism, 21 Mar. 2019, literariness.org/2019/03/21/postmodern-novels-and-novelists/.

Mambrol, Nasrullah. “Postmodernism.” Literary Theory and Criticism, 15 July 2020, literariness.org/2016/03/31/postmodernism/.

MasterClass. “Postmodern Literature Guide: 10 Notable POSTMODERN Authors - 2021.” MasterClass, MasterClass, 7 Apr. 2021, www.masterclass.com/articles/postmodern-literature-guide#5-characteristics-of-postmodern-literature.

Sheldon, Garrett Ward. “Post-Modernism.” History Research Center, 2001, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17320&itemid=WEHRC&articleId=245700.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The 1960s were the age of youth. Because of the post-war baby boom after World War II, there was an unprecedented number of teenagers and young adults in the 1960s. Their parents were economically prosperous middle aged men and women with plenty of resources to satisfy their children's wishes. However, a large movement of the 1960s was the conservative backlash, which was generated primarily by young adults against their parents' generation. No longer content to portray the image that a generation ahead of them represented, the youth of the 1960s wanted change. Ambitious and original, they were the new heroes and heroines who helped propagate a new market of pop music, clothing, house furnishings, make-up, and even state-of-the-art toys. They rebelled and attacked not only traditional entertainment and lifestyles, but also the values and traditions their parents had embraced: authority, good work ethic, religion, marital fidelity, patriotism and, whatever "the establishment" represented.

Women's liberation, the sexual revolution, and the counterculture, were the major movements of this tumultuous decade.

Clothes & Fashion: In the 1950s, the fashion house of Dior in Paris lifted the spirit and hopes of women that had been recovering for more than half a decade from the devastating effects of World War II. Its ultra feminine haute couture designs soon filtered through shops to the delight of both European and American women. Formal day and evening wear was represented by tight skirts and stiletto heels, often showcased by film stars. The death of Christian Dior in 1957, however, somewhat signaled the beginning of the end of the glamorous haute couture era.

In the early 1960s, a big market of ready-to-wear clothing appeared. There were no longer fashion "rules" and designers began to create scandalous new styles, which targeted young women. The slogan of the time was "out with the old and in with the new". Fashion designers drew ideas from trends within the art world. Geometric shapes and contrasting lines and colors were printed on themed dresses, boots, coats, and PVC hats. Skirts' ever rising hemlines illustrated the contemporary visions within the fashion world. Mini skirts caught everyone's attention, from young girls to grandmothers. Clothing also became less gender stereotyped and women began to wear blue jeans and men let their hair grow long.

By the end of the decade, hippie and ethnic influences inspired a peasant look that killed the mini skirt. A return to earth lifestyle brought psychedelic patterns, faded denim jackets, beaded accessories and flowered patterns.

New Standards: Voluptuousness was out by the early 1960s. Women everywhere began to believe the saying "you can never be too rich or too thin." Twiggy, a popular model, propagated the waif look through her tight mini-dresses. Her stick-like physique was a radical reversal from the older generation's ideals of the feminine body. She had the perfect 1960s figure: narrow body, square shoulders, long legs, small bust, youthful, and boyish features. Suddenly everyone was on a diet to be like Twiggy.

Women's bodies began to be exposed and the film industry helped to encourage the sexual liberation. Sex symbols, such as Brigitte Bardot, drew sighs even from the most respectable gentlemen.

Riots, Protests, and Movements: In the mid-1960s youth around the world became increasingly aware of social issues such as war and starvation. They found many causes such as anti-poverty, anti-war, and anti-censorship to rally behind. Many students protested against the Vietnam War, which dragged on until 1975. They sought attention through picket lines, petitions, protest marches, and media coverage.

The emergence of hippies and the counterculture in the mid-1960s was a major threat to the conservatives of the decade. Hippies advocated a profound, revolutionary stance against the establishment. The counterculture movement evolved from the disillusioned beats of the 1950s, critics of the stifling conformity in the Eisenhower era, and heirs of a long tradition of rebellion. However, members of the counterculture, unlike their predecessors, were apolitical and embraced no ideology. They believed that society had placed too much emphasis on conformity and were convinced that America had become too materialistic and competitive. Rather than try to improve a system that they saw as irreparable, they rejected it. Freedom was the paramount virtue for them.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The 1960s were the age of youth. Because of the post-war baby boom after World War II, there was an unprecedented number of teenagers and young adults in the 1960s. Their parents were economically prosperous middle aged men and women with plenty of resources to satisfy their children's wishes.