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the earth in origin was the same as that of the solar system. At first there were only rotating clouds of gas, rocks, and dust.

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The material formed by the sun collided with each other and were grouped into pieces of increasingly larger rocks and became the beginnings of rocky planets including the earth

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Nebular theory is based on the formation of the planets. This theory postulates that the Sun and the planets were formed from a cloud of stardust.

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The formation of rocky planets and asteroids in the context of the planetesimal hypotesis is about small dust grains in protoplanetary disks readily stick together forming mm to cm sized aggregates and then to km

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Is made up of different layers: inner core, outer core, upper mantle, lower mantle and the crust

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·Is the thin outer layer of the earth were we all live.
·It is made up of solid rock and minerals.
·Varies from around 3 to 5 miles thick in the ocean floor to around 25 miles thick on land
.Is divided into two types or layers: the oceanic crust and the continental crust.

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·The UPPER MANTLE extends from crust to a deph of 410 kilometres. Mostly solid but some malleable regions
·Between the upper and lowe mantle exists the transition zone. This zone extends from 410 to 660 kilometres beneath the earths surface
·The LOWER MANTLE extends from 660 to 2,700 kilometres below the surface.Is much hotter and denser than the upper mantle and transition zone.Intense pressure keeps the lower mantle solid

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·Is made up of hot liquid iron and nickel.
·Is about 1,400 miles thick.
·Creates something called magnetic field and makes a protective barrier around the Earth that shields us from the sun`s destructive soler wind

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· Is made up of solid iron and nickel
· Is about 1,500 miles thick
· Unbelievably its as not hot as the sun surface around 9,000 to 13,000 fahrenheit.

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 DEFINITION                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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 DEFINITION                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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A mineral is a natural substance, with a defined chemical composition, normally solid and inorganic, and that has a certain crystalline structure.

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It is a soft and blue colored mineral, associated with malachite usually covers various minerals existing in the upper part of deposits. It is used as an ornamental stone and also as a colorant.

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It is extracted from a soft stone. It is commonly used in jewelry, although it is also attributed therapeutic properties.

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Colorless in its pure state, but capable of adopting different colors when combined. It has piezoelectric properties, which is used in device ignitions. It is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust, and the Brazilian deposits are the most exploited worldwide.

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Mineral consisting essentially of magnesium carbonate, red to pink in color, slightly transparent.

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Main constituent of marble and other such formations. It is used to extract siliceous impurities and is used in the optical industry. It can have different colors.

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A rock is a cohesive solid that is made up of one or more minerals.

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Heterogeneity is the characteristic of an object or fluid to have different quality or property from other fluids or objects in its vicinity. Heterogeneity mixtures are not uniform and have different properties.

Heterogeneity is completely opposite of homogeneity.

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A homogenicy rock has the same properties at every point; it is uniform without irregularities.

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There are three main groups of rocks: igneous, sedentary & matamorphic

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Rocks can be tranform by wind, ice and water.
1.In their travel on the water, they sorting and became into gravel and then sand, then silt and finally clay
2. The sedementary rocks form a conglomerate and sediments form rocks

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Is a distric which so far as possible represents a unit according to its climate, vegetation cover, modelling of the surface, geological structure and soil.

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Refers to the highest and the lowest elevation points in an area

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the age of the earth is measured in billions of years. Throughout that time, the changes in the relief, in the arrangement of continents and oceans, in the climate and in the vegetation, have been continuous and enormous.

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Are drive by the heat that is stored in the Earths interior.The main internal geological agent is the movement of the lithospheric plates.The most evident and catastrophic events caused by this movement are Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

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Affect the Earths surface.They are powered by solar energy.External processes shape the relief created by internal processes.External agents carry out this processes:water, ice, wind, atmosphere andhuman beings.They include all the changes that alter or wear down the rocks and deposit materials resulting from erosion.

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The balance of the Earth's internal heat is fundamental to the Earth's thermal history.  The heat flux from the Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47± 2
{\ displaystyle 47 \ pm 2} Terawatts (TW)
The Internal Earth has been losing heat since it formed.But its producing almost as much heat as its losing.The process by which Earth makes heat is called radioactive decay.It involves the disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the Earth like uranium

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Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

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Is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. The force of gravity keeps all of the planets in orbit around the sun

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It is a phenomenon of sudden and temporary shaking of the Earth's crust produced by the release of accumulated energy in the form of seismic waves. The most common are caused by the activity of geological faults.

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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The Mercalli scale is a twelve-degree scale developed to assess the intensity of earthquakes through the effects and damage caused to different structures.  Thus, the intensity of an earthquake is not totally determined by its magnitude, but is based on its consequences.

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In Spain around 2,500 earthquakes occur annually, but only two a month are felt by the population.  The highest danger index is in the south and southeast of the Peninsula, around Granada, the southern part of the province of Alicante and those of Almería and Murcia.

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A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface through which magma (molten rock) and related gases erupt, as well as the cone built by effusive and explosive eruptions

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The main parts of a volcano are : Magmatic chamber: it is the place where magma accumulates.  Chimney: communicates the magma chamber with the outside.

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There are 6 types of eruotions:
HAWAIIAN: the volcano emits a viscous lava, quite fluid, since it does not have many pyroclastic materials (hot mixture of gases, ash and rock fragments. The gases are released little by little, and therefore, the explosions are minimal.
STROMBOLIAN: the volcano releases pyroclastic material.  The explosions are sporadic and the volcano does not emit lava continuously.
VULCANIANA: the volcano emits very viscous, little fluid lava that solidifies quickly.  Large clouds of pyroclastic material form and a lot of ash is emitted.  They are characterized by producing a cloud-like eruption similar to a mushroom or fungus.  Activity usually begins with a phreatic eruption that discharges debris.  The main phase usually consists of a viscous magma eruption, rich in volcanic gases and forming a dark cloud.
PLINIANA or VESUVIANO: the volcano emits very viscous lava and the explosion is violent.  It is characterized by its exceptional strength, continuous gas eruption and the expulsion of large amounts of ash.  Sometimes the ejection of magma is such that the summit of the volcano collapses and produces a caldera.  During a Plinian eruption, fine ash can be dispersed over large areas.  Plinian eruptions are named after the famous Roman naturalist, Pliny the Elder, who died during an eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D.
PELEANO: The volcano is named after the eruption of Mount Pelee in 1902 in Martinique in which thousands of people died.  The lava quickly consolidates and a plug is produced in the crater.  As the gases do not have an outlet, great pressure is created inside the volcano, so the walls give way and the lava is expelled from the sides of the volcano.
HYDRO-VOLCANIC: they are eruptions that are generated by the interaction of magma with groundwater or surface water.  They are the "liquid" equivalent: of a Strombolian eruption, although they are more explosive. They are also known as.

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A volcanic hazard refers to any potentially dangerous volcanic process (e.g. lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash). A volcanic risk is any potential loss or damage as a result of the volcanic hazard that might be incurred by persons, property, etc. or which negatively impacts the productive capacity/sustainability of a population. Risk not only includes the potential monetary and human losses, but also includes a population's vulnerability

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LOCATION OF EARTHQUAKES&VOLCANOES AROUND THE EARTH

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LOCATION OF EARTHQUAKES&VOLCANOES AROUND THE EARTH

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Rifting is the process by which the continental lithosphere stretches. A Continental rift is the belt or zone of the continental lithosphere where the extensional deformation (rifting) is occurring.  These zones have important consequences and geological features, and if the rifting is successful, lead to the formation of new ocean basins

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Seafloor spreading is a geologic process in which tectonic plates—large slabs of Earth's lithosphere—split apart from each other.

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Convection is the process by which less dense material rises and more dense material sinks. The former are said to be more “buoyant” than the latter, and the vertical forces due to density difference are referred to as buoyancy forces. Rocks, water, and air—indeed, most materials—expand and thus become less dense as temperature increases, so convection is typically driven by temperature differences. In Earth’s mantle hot rock rises and slightly cooler rock sinks.
Convection drives our dynamic planet. The planet’s liquid outer core convects, creating the Earth’s magnetic field; the ocean convects, enabling exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere and transporting nutrients from depth that support important fisheries; and the atmosphere convects, acting in concert with the ocean to transport heat and moisture around the planet to create climate.