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- Oedipus complex: occurs during the phallic stage of Freud's Psychosexual Development. Refers to when boys have sexual feelings for their mothers.

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- Reaction formation: a defense mechanism that aims to reduce anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to what you actually believe in.

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- Lateral hypothalamus: distinct part of the hypothalamus that is responsible for the feeling of hunger. Plays a role in the metabolism.

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- Superego: one of the three components of personality that Freud believes people possess. The superego is known as the "moral compass" that is responsible for determining right vs. wrong. (angel)

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- Ventromedial hypothalamus: distinct part of the hypothalamus that is responsible for the feeling of fullness (satiation) after eating.

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- Introspection: examination or observation of ones mental & emotional process

example:  Looking inwards (pictures @ bottom)

- Structuralism: school of thought that sought to identify the components (structure) of the mind

Structuralists believed that the way to learn about the brain and its functions was to break the mind down into its most basic elements.

works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

example: Building blocks (pictures @ bottom)

-  Functionalism: Takes introspection but asks what the purpose is

example: Sam sees a puzzle piece and asks what it's purpose is (pictures @ bottom)

-  Cognitive perspective: How we encode, store, process & retrieve information

example: Sam has bad thoughts that she's not smart in class. (pictures @ bottom)

- Frequency distribution: descriptive data presented in a simple and assessable way

example: bar graphs, tables, charts (pictures @ bottom)

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Psychologists are interested in the way people think, make decisions, behave, and interact with others. Describe how each of the following are used by psychologists in order to test their subjects but also organize their information.
A. Introspection
B. Structuralism
C. Functionalism
D. Frequency Contribution
E. Cognitive Domain

Introspection is used by psychologists to observes one's mental and emotional processes. By doing this through a client based therapy, subjects are able to talk through feelings, struggles, and fears in order to give psychologists the ability to give their patient a diagnosis.

Structuralism works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. By examining how a patient thinks, perceives, and feels, this gives psychologists a way to see how the brains of their patients and work and hopefully give a diagnosis.

Functionalism takes introspection but asks what the purpose is. When psychologists examine their patients finding underlying purpose or motivation to their actions can give psychologists an easier route to diagnosis their patients.

Frequency distribution is used by psychologists to organize their findings and an easy way that allows other psychologists and patients to read information in a simplified fashion. Psychologists can organize their information in bar graphs, pie graphs, or line graphs.

The cognitive perspective explains the way that humans think, retrieve, encode, and store, and process information. By using this approach it can explain how humans react and process emotions in certain events.

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introspection/structuralism/functionalism

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo4pMVb0R6M

Perspectives in Psychology

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41f04JKT1DI

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- John B. Watson: Studied the behavioral approach of psychology, little Albert experiment

- B.F Skinner: Studied the behavioral approach of psychology, did many experiments with rats (Skinner box experiment) OPERANT CONDITIONING

- Sigmund Freud: Studied the psychoanalytic approach, personality is grown from birth and childhood experiences can shape you for the rest of your life (0-6). "unconscious is the primary focus"

- Abraham Maslow: Studied Humanistic approach. Believed that people can better themselves. "people are innately good" Maslow's hierarchy of needs: people are motivated by these 5 basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

- Carl Rogers: Studied Humanistic approach. Believed that people can better themselves. Focus on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity of choice (freewill). Client centered therapy
Personality theory:  Theory that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities.

- Charles Darwin: The evolutionary approach was inspired by him. How human behaviors required for survival have adapted in the face of environmental pressures and evolution.

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Johnny is is in the bad crowd at school. His friends steal food from the cafeteria, take pencils from the teacher, and push kids off of the swings at recess. When one of Johnny's friends gets detention, Johnny realizes that he doesn't want to be bad anymore, he wants to be friends with the kids in the good crowd. What psychology perspective does this best demonstrate?

A.) Evolutionary
B.) Cognitive
C.) Humanistic
D.) Psychoanalytic
E.) Sociocultural

Answer: C

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- Electroencephalogram (EEG): test that shows activity and function in the brain.

- fMRI: test that detects oxygen levels in the brain during activity.

- Brain lateralization: certain brain functions are more dominant on one side of the brain than the other.

- CAT scan: medical test performed that solely shows the structure of the brain.

- Brain plasticity: the ability of the brain to modify itself after sustaining injuries when young.

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- Vestibular Sense: the sense of body movement, position including the sense of balance

Example: running, jumping (pictures @ bottom)

- Absolute Threshold: The minimum stimulation needed to detect a certain stimulus 50% of the time.

example: you may not be able to hear someone whisper from 20 ft away but if they spoke in a normal voice it may reach your A.T (pictures @ bottom)

- Bottom-up Processing: system in which perceptions are built on sensory inputs

example: you see an individual letter on a screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain & your brain puts all of this information together (pictures @ bottom)

- Perceptual adaptation: ability for the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions

example: people near a train station can ignore the train whistle @ night (pictures @ bottom)

- Signal Detection Theory: change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

example: what we expect to hear, if you have an old car you may hear clunks even when the car is working fine (pictures @ bottom)

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While taking a walk in the park, Sam begins to notice different sounds and sights as she takes her daily walk. Sam is easily distracted and is confused on why she has never noticed any of new things that she's seen today at the park. Explain how Sam uses the following terms in order to explore the park.

A.) Vestibular Sense
B.) Absolute Threshold
C.) Bottom-up Processing
D.) Perceptual adaptation
E.) Signal Detection Theory

Vestibular sense is used while walking or running. Sam uses her vestibular sense as she walks around the park.

Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a certain stimulus 50% of the time. While sam is walking, all she heard was the sound of cars driving by, but all of a sudden she could hear a dog bark in the distance. The sound of the bark was able to break Sam's absolute threshold.

Bottom-up processing explains the process that humans use in order to process new information. While Sam is walking, she notices a small worm on the ground. Sam stops and examines the worm, she then thinks how cute the worm is, and then she remembers hearing the news talk about a new species of worms that was found in her area.

Perceptual adaptation explains the ability for the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions. While Sam is walking around the park, she notices how no one else is shocked by the sound of the train that goes by. Since this is a park that is not near Sam's town, where she doesn't see trains often, she assumes that the other park goers have become accustomed to the sound of the trains horn.

The signal detection theory is the change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental stateWhen Sam is leaving the park she gets in her old car. Sam is expecting to hear clunks when she starts her car up, due to the poor condition of her car, although she hears none.

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sensation vs. perception
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unWnZvXJH2o

Vision
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0DYP-u1rNM

balance/hearing
-  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ie2j7GpC4JU

Taste/smell
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mFm3yA1nslE

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- David Hubel: studied the structure and function of the visual cortex

- Torsten Wiesel: Along with David Hubel discovered feature detector groups of neurons in the visual cortex that respond to different types of visual images

- Ernst Weber: best known for "Weber's Law", the notion that the JND magnitude is proportional to the stimulus magnitude

- Gustav Fechner: 1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold

- Elanor Gibson: used the visual cliff experiment to determine when human infants can perceive depth.

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Whatever part of the membrane is activated is how pitch is perceived can be classified as this theory that also explains high frequency?

A.) Gate-control Theory
B.) Place Theory
C.) Frequency Theory
D.) Signal Detection Theory:
E.) Opponent-process Theory

Answer: B

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- higher order conditioning: a classical conditioning term that refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral (e.g., a light) is paired with a conditioned stimulus

example: bell + dog = salivate

bell --> light --> dog =
Light + dog = salivate
(pictures @ bottom)

- law of effect: rewards strengthen behavior
(pictures @ bottom)

Example: if you get $100 per A, you'll have good grades

- Instinctive Drift: the tendency for animals to go for rewards to pursue their typical patters of behavior (pictures @ bottom)

Example:  dogs trained not to bark, under stress, may bark @ guests

- latent learning: when you know how to do something, but don't have the motivation to display the behavior

Example: the rats in a maze w cheese vs. w/o cheese
(pictures @ bottom)

- Insight Learning: a type of learning the occurs when one suddenly realizes to solve a problem

Example: math class = light bulb (pictures @ bottom)

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In Ben's AP Psychology class, his teacher tells him that for his next project he is going to have to condition an animal. Explain how the following terms can be used in Ben's experiments.

A.) higher order conditioning
B.) Law of Effect
C.) Instinctive Drift
D.) Latent Learning
E.) Insight Learning

Higher order conditioning refers to a situation in which a stimulus that was previously neutral for example, a light, is paired with a conditioned stimulus. So when the rat in Ben's experiment is hears the bell (conditioned stimulus) the rat is also shown a flash of light. Overtime, the rat with show the same conditioned response that it showed to the bell, to the light.

Law of Effect explains that rewards strengthen behavior. So when Ben is trying to condition rat to do a spin, every time the rat does a spin, Ben gives the rat a piece of cheese in order to get the rat to show the desired behavior again.

Instinctive drift explains the an animal's tendency to go for rewards to pursue their typical patters of behavior. Ben had taught his dog to instead of bark at visitors in his home, to sit quietly. However, Ben's dog demonstrates instinctive drift when his dog thinks that the visitors are intruders, so the dog reverts to instinctive patterns and barks are the visitors as the dog ignores the conditioned response to sit quietly.

Latent learning explains the phenomenon when you know how to do something, but don't have the motivation to display the behavior. When Ben puts his rats in a maze in hopes that the rat will find its way out, he sees that the rat is confused and cannot find its way out. Ben then puts a piece of cheese at the end of the maze. The rat then finishes the maze very quickly to get to the cheese. The rat has just displayed latent learning, because the rat knew how to get through the maze, but needed motivation (cheese) to finish the maze.

Insight learning is a type of learning the occurs when one suddenly realizes to solve a problem. Ben was having a hard time trying to do the statistics portion of his experiment he was frustrated that he couldn't find the deviations of his data. However, all of sudden when Ben was looking at the graphs and his work, he displayed insight learning when he realized the answer, instead of using a trial and error approach.

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Conditioning
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE

Schedules of reinforcement:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NL8l2acLNI

classical vs. operant conditoning
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io

How to condition
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM

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1.) Ivan Pavlov: discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

2.) Edward Thorndike: behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

3.) Albert Bandura: pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

4.) Wolfgang Kohler: Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

5.) B.F. Skinner: Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

studied latent learning in rats

6.) John Garcia: Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

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Every time you lose 10 pounds you treat yourself to a slice of cake. What kind of reinforcement schedule is being described?
A.) Fixed Ratio
B.) Variable Interval
C.) Variable Ration
D.) Fixed Interval

Answer: A

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- phonemes: All human languages have several basic sounds in common

example: zoo-phonics
(pictures @ bottom)

- Morphemes: A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken down

example: un, able, non
(pictures @ bottom)

- availability heuristics: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

example:  When asked does the letter "k" appear more often as the first letter in a word or the third letter in a word? More than double of the participants asked said that the letter K appears more often as the first letter in a word
(pictures @ bottom)

- semantic network theory: Brains form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory

example: mnemonic device (kind of) what connects w this (pictures @ bottom)

- Proactive interference: Older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information recently learned

example: you accidentally give your old phone # out instead of your new one

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Imagine you are an elementary school teacher. Explain how the following terms could be demonstrated in the classroom.

A.) phonemes
B.) Morphemes
C.) Availability Heuristic
D.) Semantic Network Theory
E.) Proactive Interference

All human languages have several basic sounds in common, this is know as phonemes. An example of phonemes would be the sounds that a, b, and c make. In the classroom, phonemes are taught through zoo-phonics.

A morpheme a word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken down. An example of a morpheme would be un, de, and non. Morphemes are taught in the classroom by having kids circle the morphemes in words like untouchable and uninterested.

Availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind. Availability heuristic is demonstrated in the classroom when the teacher asks what students want for snack that day. When the teacher asks a student what he would like for snack, the student thinks of what he had for snack yesterday, the first snack that came to his mind, to pick his snack for today.

The semantic network theory explains how brains form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory. This is shown in the classroom when the teacher tells the kids to write a paper about happiness. In order to organize his thoughts, one of the students draws a the word happiness in the middle of the page and begins to connect other words and memories that relate to the word happiness.

Proactive interference explains the phenomenon when older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information recently learned. This is shown in the classroom when one of the students needs to call his mom during class. When Jimmy was feeling sick he decided to call his mom to pick him up. But when the teacher asked for his mom's phone number he gave her his mom's old phone number, forgetting that his mom got a new phone number.

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cognition
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-sVnmmw6WY

remembering & forgetting
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVWbrNls-Kw

Language
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9shPouRWCs

memories
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSycdIx-C48

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Noam Chomsky: Proposed a theory of language acquisition - Universal Grammar - We all possess an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of a language during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood. ability to learn language is innate.

George Miller: Founder of the informational processing model pointed out the small capacity of STM; noticed people could recall only about seven items in tasks that required use of STM

Wolfgang Kohler: Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective.

Hermann Ebbinghaus: the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well; studied forgetting curve and overlearning

Benjamin Whorf: 1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

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This type of memory is created when an action is consistently repeated and you could do a task such as tying your shoes subconsciously.

A.) Episodic memory
B.) Implicit memory
C.) Eidetic memory
D.) photographic memory
E.) Semantic memory

Answer: B

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- metacognition: the act of thinking about thinking; the ability to control your own thoughts.

- assimilation: taking new information and incorporating it into existing schemas.

- accommodation: creating new schemas in order to incorporate new information.

- theory of mind (ToM): refers to the ability of people to recognize that thoughts and feelings may differ between people. Emphasized in Jean Piaget's Pre-operational stage of development.

- transduction (illogical) reasoning: the tendency of children in Piaget's pre-operational stage to overgeneralize rules to certain schemas.

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Dylan, a three year old, has been showing abnormal activity in the last week. To see what is going on, his parents take him to the hospital. Doctors must decide how to diagnose and treat Dylan's unusual behavior. Explain how the following terms might play a role in Dylan's diagnosis and recovery.

A.) Electroencephalogram
B.) fMRI
C.) Brain Lateralization
D.) CAT scan
E.) Brain plasticity

Electroencephalograms are used to show function and activity in the brain. So, the doctors might use an EEG to try and figure out if Dylan had direct trauma to the head. If there is a lack of activity in a certain region of the brain, it could be an indicator that he was injured.

fMRIs are tests that are used to detect oxygen levels in the brain during activity. So, if the doctors need extra testing to understand what is happening in Dylan's brain, they might ask him to perform a task while they run an fMRI. This fMRI could help them determine what areas of his brain are functioning at a high level or indicate if he has had a stroke that is affecting oxygen levels.

One of Dylan's symptoms might be impaired speech. Because of brain lateralization, which refers to the way that the different hemispheres of the brain specialize in different functions, it is easier to know where to study. Language comes from the Broca's area and Wernicke's area which both are located in the left hemisphere. So, due to knowledge of brain lateralization, doctors will know where to look for damage in Dylan's brain.

CAT scans strictly show the structure of the brain. After watching Dylan and hearing his symptoms, they suspect he has a brain tumor. To determine whether or not Dylan really does have a tumor, doctors will issue a CAT scan to get an image of his brain that shows its structure. CAT scans help locate tumors.

Brain plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to modify itself after sustaining injuries. If it is revealed that there is damage to Dylan's hippocampus, which plays a large role in memory consolidation, since he is still young, his brain has the ability to adapt to the injury to overcome it. So, the amygdala might start to play a larger role in memory consolidation to help make up for the hippocampus damage.

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Brain structures and functions
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtkRGbTp1s8

Neural firing (graph explanation)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnksofQN8_s

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- Roger Sperry: American psychologist most known for founding split brain research.

- Michael Gazzaniga: worked with Roger Sperry in finding that the brain is comprised of two different halves that function in unique ways.

- Paul Broca: studied the Broca's area within the frontal lobe of the brain, found that it is responsible for speech.

- Carl Wernicke: best known for his work with patients who had aphasia (language disorder). Specifically focused on the Wernicke's area of the brain which is responsible for language comprehension.

- Thomas Bouchard: primarily studied twins, found that twins separated at birth have an equal chance of being as similar as those who are raised together (emphasized genes).

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Genevieve is sitting in her first lecture hall of the day after a long night out. Her teacher lectures the whole period in a loud, yet consistent voice. Despite the loud volume the teacher uses, Genevieve still falls asleep. What structure in the brain is responsible for her lack of alertness?

A.) Cerebellum
B.) Medulla
C.) Hypothalamus
D.) Reticular Formation System
E.) Amygdala

Answer: D

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Imagine you are working at a daycare with kids that range in age from 2 to 12. Explain how the following terms may be demonstrated at the daycare.

A.) Metacognition
B.) Assimilation
C.) Accommodation
D.) Theory of Mind
E.) Illogical (transduction) reasoning

Metacognition refers to the ability of people to recognize and think about their thinking. So, in the daycare I practice metacognition with the kids by having them write down how they best remember information. For example, they might write down that they retain information best when it is facts or dates. This demonstrates them thinking about thinking and learning, which is metacognition.

Assimilation refers to the way people incorporate new information into existing schemas. At the daycare, each day the 12 year olds learn basic math. As they progress and go from solving one step equations to solving two step equations, they build on what they have previously learned. They add the new information they have learned into what they already know about math, therefore assimilating it.

Accommodation refers to the way we create new schemas upon learning new information. When Tony from daycare sees a cat by the swings and it meows and he shouts "it's a dog", I tell him it is not so he has to accommodate for this change. His schema of dogs has to change to not include animals that meow. He thought all four legged furry animals were dogs, but now he has to change his schema of dogs and create a new schema for cats.

Theory of Mind refers to when young kids finally start to understand that others around them have thoughts and feelings outside their own. So, even though Kathleen is still egocentric and thinks the world is primarily seen from her point of view, when she sees Louis crying on the playground, she realizes that he has feelings that are not the same as hers. This recognition of others having differing thoughts and emotions is theory of mind at play.

While teaching the kids grammar, I notice Alexa struggling. She is continually using illogical reasoning as she creates new sentences. Illogical reasoning refers to when kids make overgeneralization of schema. So, when Alexa sees the word "walked" she thinks that the "ed" at the end must apply to all verbs being spoken in the past tense. This prompts her to write the word "runned", even though the past tense of the verb run is ran.

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Assimilation vs. accommodation
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iubMIvAThi4

Prenatal Development + Piaget's Stages
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bG58aTNHvoI

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1.) Lawrence Kohlberg: very influential psychologist that created the 3 stages of moral development: pre-conventional, conventional, & post-conventional.

2.) Carol Gilligan: important female psychologist that countered Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning and created her own 3. She argued that his research was too Americanized and only focused on males.

3.) Erik Erikson: best known for developing the 8 Psychosocial Stages of Development. Each stage has a conflict that must be overcome to achieve a positive response.

4.) Harry Harlow: tested imprinting on monkeys and found that love and nourishment ultimately trump nourishment (cloth monkey vs. bottle monkey).

5.) Jean Piaget: developed the four stages of development, arguing that cognitive development is continuous over the course of life. Coined important terms such as conservation, reversibility, and object permanence.

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Sarah is out walking on the street when she sees a homeless man pickpocket a $20 bill from someone. Although the money may have been going to feed the man, Sarah immediately abides by the law and calls the police. What stage of moral development is Sarah demonstrating?

A.) Preconventional stage
B.) Conventional stage
C.) Post-Conventional Stage
D.) None of the above

Answer: B.

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Nick is your four year old little brother who you are responsible for taking care of on the weekends. Explain how the following terms may be relevant currently in Nick's day to day life.

A.) Oedipus complex
B.) Superego
C.) Reaction Formation
D.) Ventromedial Hypothalamus
E.) Lateral Hypothalamus

Oedipus complex refers to the tendency of boys to have sexual feelings for their moms from ages 4 to 6. So, since Nick recently told me he wants to marry our mom, it is likely that he is experiencing the Oedipus complex currently.

Superego: While watching Nick, I see him staring at a jar of cookies, trying to decide if he should take one or not. This means his superego is working right now. While he wants to take a cookie, his superego, the moral compass of his personality, is telling him that he should not do it because it is not right.

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism that is used to reduce anxiety by pretending to believe the opposite of what you truly think. So, when Nick tells me he hates our neighbor, Kelsey, who is also 4, it is likely not true. He really likes her, but to hide his feelings he pretends to believe the exact opposite: that he hates her. He uses reaction formation as a defense mechanism to hide his true feelings.

The ventromedial hypothalamus is responsible for the feeling of satiation. After Nick eats a bowl of crackers, his ventromedial hypothalamus alerts him that he is no longer hungry, making him feel full and satisfied.

The lateral hypothalamus is responsible for the feeling of hunger. When Nick wakes up from his nap, he tells me that he is super hungry. His lateral hypothalamus altered blood sugar levels upon waking up that increase Nick's appetite, making him feel hungry.

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Theories on Motivation
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hdSLiHaJz8

Hunger (hormones + parts of the brain)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqxSnxCGJB0

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- Karen Horney: best known for developing a focus on Female Psychology. She argued against some of Freud's ideas, including "penis envy" (the idea that girls are angry at their moms for not giving them a penis), inventing the term "womb envy" that means boys get sad they can't have kids.

- Alfred Adler: recognized as the founder of individual psychology. He emphasized the important role that birth order has on personality. He is also known for the concept "inferiority complex" (feelings of doubt).

- Gordon Allport: a founder of Personality Psychology, best known for his Trait Theory of Personality. This theory broke personality down into three kinds of traits: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary.

- Stanley Schachter: social psychologist that helped develop the Two Factor Theory of Emotion, which mainly focused around how cognitive awareness of arousal dictates emotional responses.

- Hans Eysenck: theorized that personality is related to biological responses and inherited traits. Argued that temperament is based off of one's extroversion/introversion and their neuroticism(anxiety)/stability.

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When she turns 16 years old, Leah goes to take her road test to get her driver's license. After failing the test, Leah claims it is not her fault. She insists that it is only because the man evaluating her doesn't like her because of the kind of car she drives. What defense mechanism is Leah using?

A.) Projection
B.) Sublimation
C.) Regression
D.) Repression
E.) Rationalization

Answer: E.

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Introspection

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Structuralism

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Functionalism

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Cognitive Perspective

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frequency distribution

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vestibular sense

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absolute threshold

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bottom up processing

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perceptual adaptation

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signal detection theory

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higher order conditioning

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law of effect

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instinctive drift

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latent learning

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insight learning

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Metacognition

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Assimilation

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Accommodation

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Theory of Mind

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Illogical Reasoning

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phonemes

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morpheme

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availability heuristic

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semantic network theory

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proactive interference

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

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fMRI

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Brain lateralization

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CAT scan

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Brain plasticity