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Mathieu da Costa
| Arrived in the Bay of Fundy aboard The Jonas and became the first recorded Black person in Canada’s history. DaCosta was a free man, and a skilled worker – he had come to what would become Canada from Portugal as the ship’s translator. He translated between the French and the indigenous people on the east coast, the Miꞌkmaq.

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British North America’s first enslave people.
Arrived at Virginia- they were brought to work in the crop fields which represented the North America’s economic grow (Canada included) for more than 2 centuries. This is important for Canada because is a starting point of slavery in North America where Canada wasn’t called Canada yet and British colonizers were all ruled by the same Monarch.

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First slave in Canada
First slave in New France, now Quebec

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British and French
Built their buildings and roads using the slavery workforce in Canadian territory

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Marie Josephine Angelique
Was tortured and hanged supposedly for set fire in her master’s house in Montreal and 50 more houses. The trial was unfair, and her punishment considered an example for all slaves.

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British Army
British stormed Quebec and replaced the French ruler for a British one. This is important because British allowed increase the number of slaves before permitted.

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King George III
He declared a reserve of land for Indian Nations at west and northwest of British settlements meaning west of Appalachian Mountains.

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Black loyalists people
When American Revolution started, the British promised freedom to any slave that fought in the British side. This is important because once the British were defeated these black loyalists moved to Canada

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Loyalists settlements
After the American Revolution the Loyalists moved to Canada in today’s New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Among the Loyalists were black soldiers, white people and their slaves.

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Ship of slave descendants
On the perspective of poverty, lack of support to black community a ship of 1,200 slave descendants departed from Halifax to Sierra Leone.

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John Simcoe
As Governor he banned slave’s trade in Upper Canada with a legislation bill not without resistance but eventually this policy became the foundation for all anti-slavery laws.

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Alexander Cochrane
British Vice-Admiral Alexander Cochrane's offer of transportation for anyone wanting to leave the United States was widely circulated among the Black population. Four thousand former slaves deserted to the British side and were transported to the British colonies. About 2,000 refugees set sail for Nova Scotia in 1816.

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Black people
By the period of the 1800s things started to change and in 1834 slavery was ended by the British empire. Blacks rejoice the end of slavery as their old dreams were about to be fulfilled. Moreover, freedom was a very big achievement for the black community as it was the end of laboring for a pittance and the beginning of their communities, houses, and places. In the fertile lands of southwestern Ontario, historical monuments were built as a sign of freedom. Besides this, many people came in support of the black community like the Reverend William King in 1849, who was a white southerner who helped the blacks by freeing 15 slaves and brought them to Buxton where the King purchased nine thousand acres of land to start a business and to help the thousands of black families by making their houses. In addition to this, the southerner king also helped the black people by protecting their rights. This event is important in the history of blacks as it reflects that some people also came in support for them for whom they built monuments in the farmland fields of Dawn Buxton.

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Irish Immigrants
In the 1800s Rideau and Welland built the earliest railroads which lead to a peak in the Irish immigrants in 1800 and goes decline after that.

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California Group
During the year 1856, British Columbia was practically empty with free western states without slavery but with an uncertain future for blacks. One California group visited Victoria with the hope of finding a safe place to live which ended up by founding that 400 families were immigrated in 1958 with the invitation by Governor James Douglas to Increase the population which the goes on to increase and ended by an inevitable conflict where black families were forced to go far into the Salt spring islands of Caribou in 1860. Willis Stark, whose parents were among the first settlers on the salt spring island tells that his descendants were in British Columbia but were forced to go and live on the island. His parents, Lewis and Sylvia Stark lived on the island from 1860 to 1944.

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William Hall
William Hall was the third Canadian to win the Victoria Cross, a black man from Nova Scotian. William Hall made an outstanding contribution to the war when he continued to load and fire pounder guns at the walls. He is also famous for the black Canadians who became actively involved in the war effort during the 19th century

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First Chinese Immigrants
First Chinese miners move from California to British Columbia after gold isdiscovered in the Fraser Valley.

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Labor immigration
Labour immigration became particularly prevalent after 1870, when Canada began actively participating in the transatlantic labor market The rapid expansion of ocean and rail transportation made it easier for workers to hunt for jobs in North America on a large scale.

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British Columbia Government
British Columbia disqualifies Chinese from voting.

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White miners
White miners at Wellington, on Vancouver Island, went on strike for better wages and working conditions. The owner used Chinese workers to break the strike. White miners had not let Chinese men join their union.

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Noah Shakespeare
On September 11, 1878, the City of Victoria appointed Noah Shakespeare, an avowed racist and president of the Workingman’s Protective Association as the poll tax collector. With the police at his side, Shakespeare entered Chinatown to begin collecting. When Chinese residents refused to pay, Shakespeare retaliated by seizing their properties and belongings, and putting them up for auction.

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Chinese Immigrants
1881-84 More than 15,000 Chinese moved to Canada, including about 6,500 who help build the Canadian Pacific Railway from Montreal to Vancouver. Hundreds are killed in accidents, often in explosions blasting tunnels through mountains.

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Chinese migrants
Chinese migrants were obligated to pay a $50 "entry" or "head" tax before being admitted into Canada. The Chinese were the only ethnic group required to pay a tax to enter Canada. By 1903, the head tax was increased to $500.

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Chinese Miners
Two terrible accidents, at Wellington and Nanaimo, killed a total of 208 miners, including 104 Chinese. White miners blamed the accidents on the Chinese miners because of their limited English skills. Investigators cleared the Chinese of blame but white miners succeeded in getting the provincial government to pass a law banning Chinese workers from working underground. Some mine owners, however, continued to use Chinese workers there.

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William Hubbard
Toronto's alderman later became the city's controller and acting mayor. He has a rare success story in which racism led to a change in the government policy in 1911 that changed the entrance for black Canadians.

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British Workers
At the beginning of the boom, British workers mainly Welsh, were employed in the CPR’s Crow’s Nest Pass line when its construction begin in 1897. However, it was a vociferous and violent reaction to the conditions that alarmed railway executives and contractors.

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Indians - Komagata Maru
The Japanese steam ship Komagata Maru anchors just outside Vancouver, B.C., with 376 passengers on board - all Indians who were at the time also British subjects. The passengers were seeking to challenge existing immigration laws which refused entry to any Indians who had not arrived in Canada via a continuous journey from the home country - a nearly impossible feat at the time.

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Canadian Workers -The Winnipeg general strike
At 11:00 am on May 15, 1919, workers walked off the job and marched into the streets of Winnipeg, leading to one of the biggest labor actions Canada has ever seen. The infamous “Bloody Saturday” marked the end of the strike. This was the largest general strike in Canadian history and set the stage for future labor reforms.

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1925 - Brotherhood of sleeping car porters 

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1925 - Brotherhood of sleeping car porters 

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In August 1925, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters was established by Black railway workers in the United States. This labour union was led by Asa Philip Randolph and Milton P. Webster and sought fair and equal treatment for Black workers on the rails.

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During the economic depression, unemployed men had to work in camps of the government result in exploiatation of labor.

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Canadian government - The Defense of Canada Regulations (DCR)
The Defense of Canada Regulations (DCR)– a section of the War Measures Act -- allowed the Canadian government to clamp down on civil rights and limit dissent. On June 4, 1940, communist, anarchist and fascist organizations were outlawed and some members were interned. Their offices and meeting halls were closed, printing presses and other assets were seized and their publications were banned.

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Japanese Canadians - Enemy Alien Card
Enemy Alien Card: In the spring of 1941, more than six months before the bombing of
Pearl Harbor, the RCMP fingerprinted and photographed all Japanese Canadians
over the age of 16. Japanese Canadians were required to carry their registration card
at all times until 1949.

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Japanese Canadians - In the Camp
During the spring and summer of 1942, special trains left Vancouver for work camps for the able-bodied men and internment camps for the rest of the Japanese-Canadians.

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Canadian government
On January 19th, 1943, the Department of the Custodian of
Enemy Alien Property was allowed by a federal cabinet orderin-council to take away their properties without their consent.

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In Ontario, this law was designed to combat the the "Whites Only" and "No Jews Allowed" signs that were displayed in store windows, beaches and other public places in the years before the end of World War II. The Racial Discrimination Act of 1944 was a pioneering statute because, for the first time, a provincial government had declared that racial and religious discrimination would not be tolerated.

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Prime Minister Mackenzie King and his cabinet decide on policy of “Repatriatism” – to require Japanese Canadians to leave BC & any who refuse will be stripped of their citizenship and deported to Japan.

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United Nations passed the Universal Decleration of Human Rights while Canada didn’t had such a law.

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the Justice Henry Bird recommended $1.2 million compensation to individuals, minus their legal fees, and rejected any further claims. This worked out to about $52 per person and ignored the violation of civil rights, sale of property, loss of earnings, disruption to education and psychological trauma. Few Japanese filed for this.

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After World War II, the activism and tireless work of people like Hugh Burnett and his National Unity Association (you’ll meet him in our next video) convinced Ontario Premier Leslie Frost to introduce laws to prohibit racial discrimination.

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1953 - The federal government of Ontario 

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1953 - The federal government of Ontario 

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the federal government followed Ontario’s lead and passed the Canada Fair Employment Practices Act in order to combat discrimination within the civil service. The Act applies to the federal government and all sectors within its jurisdiction, such as inter provincial transportation and telecommunications. The Canada Fair Employment Practices Act aimed to eliminate discrimination by implementing fines and creating a complaints system.

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Canadians Workers - Founding of the Canadian Labour Congress
By the 1950s, the time had come for a single, country-wide labour organization to help unions work together around common goals. Industrial growth, the rising influence of “big business” and expanding government involvement in the social and economic life of the country demanded a strong, unified voice for working Canadians. That led to the creation of the CLC in 1956

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Public service workers
Public service workers win bargaining rights. In 1965 the Canadian Union of Postal Workers wanted the right to bargain collectively, the right to strike, higher wages and better management. They defied government policies and staged an illegal, country-wide strike.

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The Order of Canada, the highest level of distinction in the Canadian Honours System, was established on 1 July 1967, the 100th anniversary of Confederation.

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In 1969, due to the result of various Canadian m,ovements, Canada also signed the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The UN adopted the Geneva Convention much earlier in 1951 and, as a result, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees was founded.

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A regularization program allows non‐status immigrants to apply for official legal status. several regularization programs have been introduced – the Isajiw reading discussed the 1972 program.

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1973 - Government of Canada- Temporary Foreign Worker Program 

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1973 - Government of Canada- Temporary Foreign Worker Program 

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In 1973, when the TFW program began, most of the workers brought into the country were highly-skilled, such as medical specialists. However, an unskilled workers category was added in 2002, and now unskilled workers make up most of the temporary foreign workforce.

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Until the late 1980s, when the National Congress of Italian-Canadians spearheaded an effort to have the Government of Canada address the issue, very little was known about the internment of Italians during WWII.

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1981 - Government of Canada- Foreign Domestic Movement 

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1981 - Government of Canada- Foreign Domestic Movement 

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This migrant work program was introduced in 1981 as the Foreign Domestic Movement Program and was changed to the Live-in Caregiver Program, with the option to apply for permanent residency, in 1992.

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1982 - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom 

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1982 - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom 

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The Canadian Bill of Rights was the country’s first federal law to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. It was considered ground breaking when it was enacted by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. But it proved too limited and ineffective, mainly because it applies only to federal statutes and not provincial ones. Many judges regarded it as a mere interpretive aid. The bill was cited in 35 cases between 1960 and 1982; thirty were rejected by the courts. Though it is still in effect, the Bill of Rights was superseded by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982.

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The campaign for redress by the NAJC began in 1984 and was based on three discoveries by Japanese Canadians.

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155 Tamils land off Newfoundland. Brian Mulroney evokes Canada's historic role in embracing newcomers - only to find himself at the wrong end of conservative public opinion.

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174 Sikhs land in Nova Scotia and Mulroney quickly calls Parliament to pass emergency laws to detain the new arrivals, behind barbed wire, amid suggestions that Sikh terrorists had come.

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In 1988, the federal government officially apologized for its treatment of Japanese Canadians. A redress payment of $21,000 was made to each survivor, and more than $12 million was allocated to a community fund and human rights projects. Japanese Canadians Being Relocated in BC, 1942

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In 1990, Prime minister Brian Mulroney gave a full apology to Canadians of Italian descent for the internment of Italians during the Second World War.

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Four ships with 600 Chinese labor passengers come to Vancouver Island.