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It was in Greece that the Golden Age of early astronomy was centered. Being philosophers, the  Greeks use philosophical arguments to explain the natural events happening around them including the movements of stars and other heavenly bodies. But they were also observers.
Oblate spheroid
The shape of Earth, has bulging equator and squeezed poles.
Solstice
The summer solstice and the winter solstice, when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon marked by the longest and shortest days.
Eclipse
An obscuring of the light from the celestial body by the passage of another between it and the observer or between it and its source of illumination.
Heliocentrism
The astronomical model in which Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.
Geocentrism
Theory of the structure of the solar system in which Earth is assumed to be at the center of of it all.
North Star
The north star was believed to be  at a fixed position in the sky. But when the Greeks traveled to places nearer the equator, they noticed that the North Star is closer to the horizon.
The shape of the Sun and the Moon
Aristotle argued that if the Moon  and the Sun were both spherical, then perhaps the, Earth was also spherical.
Anaxagoras
Was able to explain what causes the phases of the moon. According to him, the moon shone only by reflected sunlight. Since it is a sphere, only half of it a illuminated at a time. This illuminated part  that is visible from the earth changes periodically.
Eudoxus
Proposed a system of fixed spheres. He believed that the Sun, the Moon, the five. Known planets and the stars were attached to these spheres which  carried the heavenly bodies while they revolved around the stationary Earth.
Aristotle
Was a student of plato. For him, the Earth is spherical in shape since it always casts a curved shadow when it eclipse the moon. He also believed that the earth was the center of universe. The planets and star were concentric, crystalline spheres and centered on the earth.
Aristarchus
The very first Greek to profess the heliocentric view. The word helios means sun;  centric means centered. He learned that the sun was many time farther than the moon and that it was much larger than the earth. He also made an attempt to a calculate the distance of the sun and the moon by using geometric principles.
Eratosthenes
The first successful attempt to determine the size of  the earth was made by him. He did this by applying geometric principles. He observe the angles of the noonday sun in two Egyptian cites that were almost opposite each other- Syne. He assumed they were in the same longitude.
Hipparchus
Considered as the greatest of the early Greek astronomers. He observe and compare the brightness of 850 stars and arranged them into order of brightness or magnitude. He developed a method for predicting the times of  lunar eclipse to within a few hours. Aside from this, he also measure the length of the year to within minutes of the modern value.
Claudius  Ptolemy
He believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Ptolemic Model claimed  that the planets moved in a complicated system of circles. This geometric model also become known as the Ptolemic system.
Retrograde motion
Westward drift of the planets.
Epicycles
The planets orbited on small circles.
Deferments
Revolving around large circle.

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Name: Edwin Aldrin Q. Estrella
GR/SEC: 11 HUMSS - C

What I Have Learned:
Module 1 ( Ancient Astronomy)

First, what is Ancient Astronomy?
- Greek astronomy is astronomy written in the Greek language in classical antiquity. Greek astronomy is understood to include the Ancient Greek, Hellenistic, Greco-Roman and Late Antiquity eras.

Who is the father of ancient astronomy?
- Hipparchus (Born: BC Nicaea, Kingdom of Bithynia. Died 120 BC around age 70 Rhodes, Roman Republic). He is an Astronomer, Mathematician and Geographer.

Definition about Ancient Astronomy:
- The ancient Babylonians viewed the Universe as a flat disk of land surrounded by water. They were the first people to keep detailed records of the paths of planets. Like most ancient people, Babylonians believes that studying planetary movements could help them predict the future.

- The purpose of ancient astronomy is.
This was useful for farming and navigation. The first records of people doing astronomy in a scientific way are from the Assyro-Babylonians in around 1000 BCE.

- One extremely important reason ancient astronomy was significant was that it allowed ancient people and civilizations to keep track of the passage of the seasons.

What I Have Learned:
Module 2 (Examples of astronomical phenomena before the advent of telescope)

First, what is astronomical phenomena before the advent of telescope?
- During the times before the invention of the telescope, there were only seven objects visible to the ancients, the Sun and the Moon, plus the five planets, Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

Example of astronomical phenomena:
- Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray burst, quasars, blazars, pulsars and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere.

What did astronomers do before the advent of the telescope?
- Until the development of the telescope in the early 17th Century, all astronomical observations were made with the naked eye. By using measuring instruments, astronomical recorded the positions of the planets against the background of stars.

This are the some events before the advent of the telescopes, ancient astronomers were able to observe the following:
- Rising and setting of the Sun in east and the west, respectively,
- Point where the Sun rises and sets in the horizon varies in a year,
- Phases of the Moon,
- Lunar eclipse,
- Solar eclipse,

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ALBINA, GERALDINE T. (11-HUMSS C) - REFLECTION

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ALBINA, GERALDINE T. (11-HUMSS C) - REFLECTION

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MODULE 1: Ancient Astronomy

The Greeks are well-known for their significant contributions in a variety of fields. They were more than just great philosophers. They were also outstanding scientists and mathematicians. In this module, we tackled about the several arguments for a spherical earth listed by Aristotle. (1) North Star. The North Star was thought to be fixed in place in the sky. However, when the Greeks traveled closer to the equator, such as Egypt, they noticed that the North Star is getting closer to the horizon. (2) Shape of the Sun and the Moon. Aristotle asserted that if the Moon and Sun were both spherical, then the Earth was spherical as well. (3) Disappearing Ships. If the Earth were flat, a ship traveling away from an observer would shrink and get smaller until it vanished. The Greeks, on the other hand, noticed that the ship shrank and that its hull vanished first, before the sail, as if it were being engulfed by water, until it vanished completely. (4) The Size of the Spherical Earth. Calculations were used by ancient scholars to prove the Earth's spherical shape and circumference. During their time, the most accurate size was given by Eratosthenes.

I have also learned about some of the Greek astronomers, as well as their findings and discoveries. These are: (1) Anaxagoras. He was able to explain the causes of the phases of the moon. (2) Aristotle, who argued that the earth is spherical in shape. (3) Eudoxus, who proposed a system of fixed spheres. (4) Aristarchus. He is the very first Greek to profess the heliocentric view. (5) Eratosthenes who has determined the first successful attempt of calculating the size of the earth. (6) Hipparchus. He developed a method for predicting the times of lunar eclipses to within a few hours. And; (7) Claudius Ptolemy who believed that the earth was the center of the universe.

MODULE 2: Examples of Astronomical Phenomena Before the Advent of Telescopes

Even before the advent of telescopes, ancient astronomers were able to observe different astronomical phenomena. But first, astronomy is the science of the universe outside of our planet. Moving on, in this module, I have learned about the various astronomical phenomena before the invention of telescopes. These are: (1) Rising and Setting of the Sun which are discovered by the Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations. (2) Phases of the Moon which are, new moon, first quarter, full moon, and third or last quarter. (3) Eclipses which has two types of eclipses, lunar eclipse and solar eclipse. The difference between the two was also tackled. And; (4) Daily and Annual Motion of the Star which states that the movement of different celestial bodies can be described as diurnal motion, annual motion, and precession of the equinoxes. And lastly, I have ascertained that Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn were the planets discovered before the invention of the telescope. It was kind of interesting trivia because I never imagined how our ancestors discovered them without even using a telescope. They must be very smart and resourceful.

Taking everything into account, what our ancestors did in the past years, without even the help of advanced technology, has been a great help in better understanding the nature of the world in which we have lived and are currently living. It made us better understand the nature of the universe and widened our knowledge about the various aspects of the universe and our planet. They served as the basis of the current knowledge we have. They really played a significant role in the body of knowledge that we are still using and that is useful nowadays. Their theories, discoveries, and contributions have become a big part of cultivating and understanding the mystery of the world until now. They are indeed, the pioneers of science.

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DELA MERCED, Anne Margareth C. - Reflection

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DELA MERCED, Anne Margareth C. - Reflection

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REFLECTION: EXEMPTED

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