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The Cherokee nation successfully evaded violence from the U.S. In order to keep land, they bought some from a white adopted tribe member. They got essentials like food, money and land, and received comfortable travel conditions for those who wanted to move.

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At first, the Shawnee tried to avoid removal by blending in with the white settlers. However, when the Shawnee tribe was asked to leave their home, Catahecassa, the leader, requested that they get land in exchange for leaving by saying, “Our first request to you is that you will give us a good piece of land." Although they got moved far away from their home, the Shawnee continued to continue with their heritage and culture.

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The Potawatomi Nation was forced out of their own land by the American government which left them no choice but to speak up to save their land. They attempted to fight back with their words but failed. This caused the Americans to threaten the tribe at gunpoint and were marched to Kansas and were handcuffed and put in jail, if they did not agree. The Potawatomi tribe is now located in Oklahoma.

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Article 1 of the treaty outlines the Cherokee's agreement to cede all their lands east of the Mississippi River to the United States in exchange for five million dollars. Article 5 guarantees the Cherokee Nation's right to self-government and protection within their new territory, ensuring that their lands would not be incorporated into any state or territory without their consent.

The Treaty of New Echota is a significant and controversial document in American history, as it led to the Trail of Tears, during which thousands of Cherokee and other indigenous peoples were forcibly relocated, resulting in significant loss of life and suffering. Many Cherokee opposed the treaty and its terms, viewing it as illegitimate since it was negotiated by a minority faction of the Cherokee leadership without the consent of the majority of the Cherokee people.

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The Potawatomi tribe was extremely confident about the denial of the treaty. Their leader Chief Menominee rebelled against the treaty and ended up getting arrested. The reason for this was his speech to his people in which he stated, “I will not sell my land. I am not going to leave my lands and I do not want to hear anything more about it.”  His tribe got held at gunpoint and he said, “[Treaty makers] made my young chiefs drunk and got their consent.” After this, they moved out to Kansas where 45 lives were lost throughout the long journey. Though Chief Menominee tried to persuade his tribe to not sign the treaty, they ultimately disobeyed him and ended up moving where their culture and heritage is in Oklahoma.

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The actions of the Cherokee tribe to avoid to move were based off making deals and keeping their relationship with their beliefs and culture. This is shown via the Cherokee tribe signing a treaty with the US government for a lot of money and to govern their land via the constitution, keeping their way of life; Furthermore, the Cherokee tribe kept their past cultures and beliefs by playing a game called stickball, which they play in the present and in the past. And finally, even after signing this treaty, they were forced to move by a force march to a indian territory, which would later be their new home. All of this, even after the hardships of losing their homeland and moving, the Cherokee tribe managed to negotiate to move, for the cost of some things, but the cost for others.

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The Shawnee Nation tried to avoid removal with persuasion and blending in with the whites. Catahecassa, the leader, tried to persuade Andrew Jackson and make him rethink his decision of making them move. When that didn't work, They tried to blend in with the whites by wearing same clothes to make the whites rethink who they were. Even with these efforts, Catahecassa concluded there was no stopping the United States and that they were going to keep on taking until there is nothing to take.

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In result of the Kickapoo tribe trying to run away. The U.S. Army caught them in Mexico and forced them to go to Oklahoma, but Texas granted lands for the Kickapoo tribes

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Kickapoo Nation - Jashan, Alexis, and Tenoch

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Kickapoo Nation - Jashan, Alexis, and Tenoch

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The Kickapoo tribe tried almost everything to protect their homeland. They tried to get back their land deliberately, and they never gave up on getting back their land. The Kickapoo Leader, Raul Garza led his tribe and never gave up on achieving his, and his tribe's homeland. Garza said, “At one time our people owned all the land in this country. We have a right to have at least a small portion of it.” They also tried bargaining with the U.S. and the Texans, to achieve this. Their journey to achieve this was long, devastating, and miserable. But, the Kickapoo Nation/Tribe still pushed through. Their stories/experiences teach us, to always persevere, even when times are dark.

Evidence on Slides

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The Cherokee Nation was unfortunately forced off of their native homeland back in the state that is now known today as Tennessee. They had to travel approximately three states and the Mississippi River to get to their new home which is the Indian Territory or what's known today as the state of Oklahoma. Some things they did to attempt to avoid removal was to make a deal with the U.S. government which was for them to pay $5 million, hoping that they would never do it. Another example that they did was sending a statement that they didn't want to leave their native land to go to the West for better agriculture. Lastly, John Ross, the leader of the tribe begged to the House of Representatives in September 28th, 1836 to have them save his tribe after they faced hardships and pain of how their humanity was lost in the country. Ross exclaimed, "To you we address our repeated prayers. Save our people! Save us from the destruction of our good fortune! Do not let our deserted homes become the reminders of our destruction! We refuse! We push away the heartbreaks which twist our hearts, when we look at our wives, our children, and our respected elders! We hold back the sense that evil things are coming, such as extreme pain and danger, of misery and complete destruction." In the quote, his tone in his response is dramatic as he's begging for one last chance in desperation. Even after these examples that they did, they were still forced off their native land however, today the tribe still exists living well with at least 450,000 natives.

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The Seminole nation attempted to avoid capture by fighting the americans and moving south and hiding and hoping to not get caught. Though they managed to fight of the Americans for a brief period of time but ultimately lost the war against the Americans, some managed to remain in Florida and later their descendants became the Seminole Nation of Florida. The others that got caught or went with the American’s treaty were moved to Creek territory West of the Mississippi River.

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The Cherokee nation attempted to negotiate and dwell under the United States’ laws and power; however, the United States government wanted them to sell the land. The Cherokee leader, John Ridge, sold the land for 5 million dollars. And they were forced to move to Oklahoma suffering the loss of many Cherokee people in the Trail of Tears.

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In 1833 Catahecassa  died meaning the Shawnee tribe lost their law of protection. They were forced to sign a treaty of removal, so the tribe went to Kansas from Ohio. Then they were forced to move again to Oklahoma. The tribe still lives today happily ever after.

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Both the Cherokee Nation and the Americas agreed to create the treaty of New Echota to gain money- 5 million dollars- in return to move west. The Cherokee Nation knew that leaving was the only option, and to avoid bloodshed, they left their homeland to move west into Oklahoma. The Cherokee Nations stayed as a result of the forced removal policies by United States during the 19th century. They faced hardship and displacement during the forced moving known as the Trail of Tears. They also took their cultures and customs with them to preserve the remains of their tribe. Eventually, the Cherokees refused to continue with the Treaty of New Echota due to casualties and a huge loss of property. They had a lack of housing and resources after America forcefully claimed their land. This led to them begging the Americas for mercy, so they could call off the treaty with an advance of land 7 years later.

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In 1842 the colonies arrive in Florida where the Seminoles live. The seminoles try to negotiate with the colonies with a treaty but never come to an agreement, causing a war between them. Eventually the Seminoles win the war and the colonies invite the leader, Osceola to a peace conference only to capture and put him in jail to die. Later on the Seminole are forced to leave for Oklahoma however, some Seminoles stayed in Florida.

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The Kickapoo used three ways to negotiate to stay in the United States premises. One way is they wrote a treaty, by giving them land nearby. Another way they got to stay is they had protection from the United States when they traveled through the land. The third way they used the stayed is they were given money to pay off their debts and still built homes.

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The Eastern Cherokee people were forced to leave North Carolina, but many refused using multiple methods to stay. First, they created treaties that allowed them to stay and become legal citizens, hiring a lawyer, William H. Thomas, to protect their right over the land. Additionally, they used baskets to collect and travel with items and were able to keep land in the west of North Carolina.

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To defend off their land the Seminoles were trying three different ways to avoid removal which was to negotiate, fight, and joining/helping. Unfortunately, with the treaty based on the quote they couldn’t get almost no benefits from the treaty because they already have that they offer. Also, they tried fighting against the america to defend their land.

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To avoid removal, the Cherokee nation met with the Government of the United States to address the difficulties living within the settled parts of America, as seen in "The Cherokee are eager to meet with the Government of the United States to address the difficulties they have experienced living within settled parts of the United States under the powers and laws of the State Governments” (1835 Treaty). They also chose to go to Oklahoma peacefully instead of leaving the United States, as shown on the map. The Cherokee sent the Senate and House of Representatives a letter telling them how miserable they were in Oklahoma, which is shown in John Ross's letter, “We are robbed of every element of freedom and every opportunity to defend ourselves legally." The results were that the Cherokee Nation gained 5 million dollars from leaving the land. They left to Oklahoma, but they weren’t happy there. They felt like they were being abused and robbed by the United States.

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In summary, the Eastern Cherokee used a white person who was adopted into their tribe to buy land for them, and fight for their rights as well as trying to become lawful U.S. citizens themselves to buy land. In result of this, the eastern cherokee was able to get land back. They still continue to buy land today.

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Hannah Samarin, Aaron Shams, Connor Truong - Kickapoo Nation

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Hannah Samarin, Aaron Shams, Connor Truong - Kickapoo Nation

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The Kickapoo Nation restored their population and continued their culture in the new nation(Texas). Their tribe listened to the U.S government and moved around to many different places and ended in Texas. As a result the Kickapoo Nation kept a good relationship with the United States.

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The Shawnee tried to blend in with the settlers to avoid harassment/removal from their territory, although the settlers hated them. Catacahessa, the leader of the shawnee was able to keep them content, until he died. Catahecassa also wrote many letters to Thomas Jefferson asking for some reprieve from the harsh removal from their lands, and tried to negotiate with him for better terms. At the end however, the Shawnee were forced to leave their home, resulting in them relocating far away but they knew that they would always be followed by the settlers who were greedy for more land.

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The Potawatomi tribe wanted to stay in their territory and refused to leave, so the colonists made their chiefs drunk and tricked them into signing the agreement. They wanted to stay in their territory, but because they signed the treaty, they were forced to leave. This was because they wanted to be near the graves of their loved ones and the Great Spirit.

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At first, to avoid removal, the Shawnee tribe tried to blend in with the American settlers by farming, also seen by Catahecassa donning American style clothing. Later, they tried to negotiate with the Americans to keep the land they were already on. After Catahecassa’s death, the Shawnee were forced to sign a treaty that moved them to Kansas.

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In 1836, the United States proposed a treaty to the Potawatomi nation, with a payout of $14,080 if they moved to a country west of Mississippi. However, Chief Menominee refused to sign the treaty, wanting to defend his land, so the governor of Indiana sent soldiers to walk the chief and his followers to Kansas. While on this 2 month journey, conditions were harsh with diseases spreading throughout the Potawatomi people, leading to the deaths of 42 followers. There was little medicine to scavenge for within the new territories, creating a harsh walk filled with danger.

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The Seminole Nation mainly tried to fight removal by fighting back against the settlers. At first, they tried to negotiate with a treaty but couldn’t come to an agreement. The treaty stated they had to give the United States all ownership of their land and move to the Creeks. When they couldn’t agree on the terms of the treaty, the Seminole leader, Osceola, and the rest of the Seminoles fought back against the United States. The Seminoles were successful and it looked as if the US had accepted defeat. However, Osceola was blindsided when he was arrested by the government after being tricked into attending a US peace conference. He was immediately arrested and later died in prison. Most of the Seminoles moved to Oklahoma, while two tribes stayed in Florida and were recognized in 1957.

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The Cherokee Nation fought back in many ways, one of them being refusing to leave, which resulted in them being discriminated against and being treated in an impolite manner. In addition, the Cherokee negotiated deals with the United States, which resulted in a payment of 5 million, as well as designated territory with shared governing between the federal and local governments. Last but not least, the Cherokee people fought the U.S. government for power, which angered many of the colonists causing them to lose their homes.

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Kickapoo Nation || Jenna H, Haoran Z, Connor W

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Kickapoo Nation || Jenna H, Haoran Z, Connor W

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The Kickapoo Nation attempted to compromise with the US through the 1832 Treaty. They asked for a portion of land to live in¹ and money to pay off their debts². In the end, many of their requests were ignored, but the Kickapoo Nation kept their traditions alive despite being so far away from their homeland³.

Evidence:

1) “We have a right to have at least a small portion of [the country].”

2) “Because the Kickapoo have given up the land they were given in 1822… the United States government agrees to pay to the Kickapoo tribe $18,000,” (Article 3, 1832 Treaty).

3) Despite being in the modern world, the Kickapoo continued building their traditional houses, as seen in the object section.

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The Seminoles won against the Americans due to being familiar with their environment and having great battle strength, but they were tricked with the offer of a peace conference. Americans captured Osceola and later forced the Seminoles to move to Oklahoma, though 300–500 stayed. Today, the descendents of those people make up around six communities.

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The Eastern Cherokee people resisted the American congress’ attempts to force them out of their rightful liand by hiring a trustworthy white lawyer, William H. Thomas who would do anything in his power to allow the Cherokees to keep their land. Additionally, they found compromise with the Americans so that they could have resources. In the end, the Cherokees were able to protect their land and their traditions to this day.

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Kickapoo Nation Summary: Jasmine, Riya, and Rena P5

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Kickapoo Nation Summary: Jasmine, Riya, and Rena P5

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The Kickapoos were forced to migrate to Mexico in 1907 under the authority of the US. To avoid further removal of their lands, they traveled from Indiana and Illinois to Kansas, then Texas, eventually to Mexico and finally being forced to Oklahoma. Despite moving around immensely, the Kickapoos held fast to their cultures that are seen in their families to this day.

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William was entrusted to be a leader/chief/lawyer for the Eastern Cherokee Nation. They used negotiations and the law to fight for the right for their lands. They fought for equality between them and white people.

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The Cherokee Nation tried to negotiate. This was sort of successful, with a guarantee of five million dollars. However, it was very controversial as the move to Oklahoma killed thousands which eventually became known as the Trail of Tears.

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The Seminoles were told to leave their Florida homes by the US government, so the Seminoles tried to come up with a treaty with the US, but the US disagreed and sent their military to capture the Seminoles. Despite this, the Seminoles gathered their men and fought the US. After the fight, the US tricked Osceola and arrested and killed him.

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The kickapoo nation didn’t fight back towards the removal, but they wanted a portion of the land. Within the span of 85 years of constant moving they still practiced their culture and the traditions such as building houses from the materials that they used in 1910.

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After trying to negotiate with the United State, they decided to fight back. The knowledge of their geography, transition of American soldiers from the north to Florida, and devotion to the land led them to write threats and fight back against the U.S. This led to 300-500 of their people staying in Florida; their descendants still live there to this day.

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In the end, the U.S. government promised them an allowance, a safe journey to their new home, and provisions to last a year in return for the Cherokees’ land. Despite some of the tribe’s efforts, they were still forced to relocate to North Carolina. The remainders of the tribe currently reside in the Cherokee Indian Reservation in North Carolina.

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The Potawatomi people were insistent that their land should not be taken from them, as they didn’t want their heritage to be taken away. They were forced to sign a treaty, gaining money in return for their land. In the end, they had to make a treacherous journey to Oklahoma where they are now located.

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The Shawnee nation attempted to avoid removal by blending with white settlers, using skilled diplomacy, and negotiating. The Shawnee nation "remain in their homes and blend in by farming just like settlers around them." Another evidence is that the Shawnee nation used Catahecassa to protect themselves from the law. The nation was forced to leave after Catahecassa passed away. Finally the nation used negotiating, the article between Catahecassa and Thomas Jefferson states,"We have many requests to make, and we hope you will comply with them while we are here, for we shall not be able to come such a distance from our Country again—".

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At first, the Shawnee's tried to blend in with the settlers by farming and remaining in their home as they tried to avoid removal. This is supported by the Smithsonian which said, "[A] group of Shawnee had a plan: remain in their homes and blend in by farming just like the settlers around them." They also tried to dress like White settlers as depicted in the photo of Catahecassa that showed the ways they attempted to dress like White settlers. The last attempt the Shawnees' made to avoid removal was writing a letter to Thomas Jefferson begging him to not remove them. The Shawnees' wrote, "You know the same God who made you [make] us and all things, why cannot we enjoy the good of this Land as well as our Brothers." Despite the Shawnee’s desperate attempts to avoid removal, they were still forced to move out of Ohio and West of the Mississippi river to Oklahoma. They would later live with the fear of slowly being pushed out without a place to relocate once the American’s fully settled West.

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Though the Cherokee fought hard to stay on their beloved land, they ultimately resulted in venturing off to Oklahoma. Even though, they were kicked out they still maintain their culture.

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The Potawatomi Nation were pushed away from their land though Chief Menominee, refused to leave his land. Though the soldiers had other plans as they arrested Chief Menominee and put all his people at risk of dying. The soldiers forced the people to Kansas. Though the tribe stayed true to themselves and refused to let the government take control over them. The unfortunate effects of the removal led to many deaths in the Potawatomi tribe including the deaths of many children. The Potawatomi tribe marched with the soldiers to Kansas. Now the descendants of Menominee are found in the state of Oklahoma.

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Since America has gotten the land, Kickapoo tribe was forced to Oklahoma. Texas provided the Kickapoo a piece of land. The tribe exchanged the land for $18000 and protection from United States.

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The year was 1836. The Potawatomi Nation was asked to sign a treaty, which stated to give their land to the American government for money. In response, the Potowatomi leader, Chief Menominee, refused and gave his tribe a speech stating "I will not sell my land. I am not going to leave my lands and I do not want to hear anything more about it." The tribe also fought against the government due to their unjust ruling. As a result, the American government rounded up, arrested, and marched the Potawatomi tribe to Kansas.

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The native tribe, the Potawatomi Nation, was driven out of their territory by the forcing power of the American Government. However, the Potawatomi Nation’s leader, Chief Menominee, refused to sign a treaty for the removal of their tribe. The treaty promised $14,080 if the tribe moved out of the territory. He restates this disagreement in a speech but the use of words failed as the soldiers declared the tribe as violent and attacked. The chief and the rest of the tribe were held at gunpoint as they were led out of their homeland and towards Kansas. Many people, including children, either died or were left behind as the journey continued. Now, in current times, the descendants of the tribe are a part of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation of Oklahoma.

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In order to actually do the removal, they had to promise the people basic resources they’d need in order to survive one year after being removed. William Holland Thomas adopted white men who purchased land for them. Additionally they created treaties that allowed them to stay and become legal citizens by hiring a lawyer. Finally, they used baskets to collect and travel with items and were able to keep land in North Carolina.

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In the beginning, the Shawnee tribe tried to band together and refused to sell land to Americans. Once one of the Shawnee leaders died the government forced the tribe to sign a removal treaty in 1831 shown in the treaty slide. To try to avoid removal they tried to stay peaceful but then they were removed and forced to go to Oklahoma according to the map.

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When the United States wanted to take over Seminole land, the Seminoles first tried to negotiate a treaty with them. Although, they were given a horrible treaty in the year 1832 that would force them out of their lands.

After that, many leaders most significantly included Osceola threatened to retaliate against the government by fighting back. However, their efforts were in vain as the United States eventually took over all their lands and forced most of them out.

Although, some Seminoles stayed in their native lands by hiding in the thick swamps and forests. There are still two seminole communities located in Florida (their native lands) to this day.

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The Native American Shawnee Tribe tried various different methods to try to remain in their home. Their Leader, Catahecassa acted strategically, and was able to stall and keep the settlers on bay. However, after his death, the government wasted no time, forcing the Shawnee Nation to sign a removal treaty in 1831. Due to their leader’s death, the Shawnee tribe was pressured to move from Wapakoneta in Ohio to eastern Kansas. Some members of the tribe also tried to blend in with the white settlers by farming, but this only created more problems for them. As the white settlers resented the people of the Shawnee tribe, they often harassed and troubled the Shawnee people.  Although the Shawnee tribe resisted moving away from their home, they were eventually forced to, with their leader Catahecassa concluding that they will always be followed by settlers with the thirst for more land, who would eventually keep on taking until there would be none left, leaving no room for the people of the Shawnee tribe. While the process of removal caused immense suffering and a lot of difficulties for the people of the Shawnee tribe, much of their culture and traditions remained the same. They have survived and thrive as they follow their own culture today.

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The Kickapoo Nation lived in Missouri and Illinois until the American government kicked them out. The result of this caused The Kickapoos to go to different parts of America, some even moved to Spanish Texas. When the Texans gained their independence the Kickapoos were driven out for a second time. This caused some of them to move to Mexico and fortunately, the Mexican government supplied them with a Land Grant. But that also didn’t work to stop the American government from taking land from Mexico and once again they were kicked out. Based on this, the American government's confrontations with the Kickapoos were shown to be hostile as depicted by the timeline, however, the Kickapoo nation always handled it very peacefully.

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The Cherokee Nation attempted to negotiate, saying they would go willingly. This did have some benefits, like not being punished by the American government and a sum of 5 million dollars for the Cherokee land. They were able to keep together by moving the whole tribe to Oklahoma. Still, many people died during the move to Oklahoma, causing the trip to be called the Trail of Tears.

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The cherokees talked to the U.S government, and 15,000 cherokees condemned the treaty, although a small group agreed to it. This is proven in with the paraphrased treaty and the map. The paraphrased treaty says, “The Cherokee are eager to meet with the Government of the United States to address the difficulties they have experienced living within settled parts of the United States under the powers and laws of the State Governments”. The map’s caption said, “Although 15,000 Cherokees condemned the treaty, the U.S. Senate approved it by a one-vote margin.” John Ross also argued against removal which is another action to avoid removal, shown in the quote from the quote, “John Ross was one leader from the Cherokee Nation who was against removal.”

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The Seminole Nation strongly resisted and fought against the colonists to keep their rightful home. They expressed their discontent with being sent away from their home to Oklahoma by writing a letter that explains how they will fight back against them. The leader of the tribe, Osceola, managed to kill two people in the fight to keep their nation. Even though majority of the Seminoles were moved to Oklahoma, around 300-500 people managed to stay in Florida.

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Eastern Cherokee Nation- Kayla Sanchez and Isabelle Hyde

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Eastern Cherokee Nation- Kayla Sanchez and Isabelle Hyde

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The Eastern Cherokee Nation acted to avoid removal by allowing a leader, William H. Thomas, a recognized tribe leader to represent them, and made the right to clear the government. They fought to avoid removal by arguing for their land and not allowing anybody else to take away their rights. They made sure they were represented and legally possessed their land.

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Eastern Cherokee Nation - Isabelle and Kayla

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Eastern Cherokee Nation - Isabelle and Kayla

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The Eastern Cherokee Nation acted to avoid removal by allowing a leader, William H. Thomas, a recognized tribe leader to represent them, and made the right to clear the government. They fought to avoid removal by arguing for their land and not allowing anybody else to take away their rights. They made sure they were represented and legally possessed their land.