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Evaluation of " How Children Develop Unhealthy Food Preferences"

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Evaluation of " How Children Develop Unhealthy Food Preferences"

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I would suggest that this side provided readers with a study that measured how advertising impacts children compared to other factors. This way, we could see if advertising is the true root of a kids food preference.
Another way to strengthen their claim would be to use a survey. They could prove their claim by asking kids, of all ages, directly what they feel impacts their food choices the most.
I think that a comparison between adult and children food choices would strengthen their claim. We could then see how advertising seen as a kid changes when they grow up.
Lastly, I think that talking about other forms of advertising besides TV and posters aimed at kids would strengthen this claim. Discussing how social media and magazines impact the way adolescents view food would be a helpful resource.

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Evaluation of "Fast Food Intake Among Children and Adolescents in the United States"

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Evaluation of "Fast Food Intake Among Children and Adolescents in the United States"

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I suggest that this website shares where children get the rest of their calories from, that are not fast food places. This will let readers see how fast food is consumed compared to other food groups.
I also think that providing reasoning behind why certain kids consume these amounts of fast food would strengthen their information.
Finally, I think that comparing when fast food is usually consumed would help readers better understand the data.
Readers may want to know how many fast food calories are consumed during breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

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​ By: Suanne Kowal-Connelly, MD, FAAP

Have you ever wondered why it's so difficult to get kids to eat their vegetables? Not wanting to eat broccoli is rooted in a great deal of more complicated issues than just not liking green food. How we come to like certain foods is associated with many factors and is referred to as food preferences.

How Food Preferences Are Developed:

In the first 2 years of life-when learning is constantly taking place-food preferences are also forming. Most are learned, but some are innate. A child's food preferences directly affect eating behavior, which in turn is linked to overall health, wellness, and the formation of obesity.

For years now, the food and beverage industry has used this knowledge to their advantage and encourages the development of unhealthy food preferences in children of all ages through various marketing and advertising techniques.

The Food and Beverage Industry's Role in the Formation of Food Preferences:

How often have you seen a food advertisement for broccoli? Healthy foods are advertised less than 3% of the time in comparison to their counterparts. This has a direct impact on children's food preferences-considering food and beverage companies spend $2 billion dollars a year on food marketing campaigns directed at children.

The fast food industry spends nearly 5 million dollars a day marketing products high in sugar, fat and salt, while also suggesting portion sizes grossly disproportionate to a child's energy needs. Increasingly, fast food companies are also using toy tie-ins with major children's motion pictures to try to attract young people. Remarkably, studies demonstrate that even very young children exposed to persuasive ads can develop food cravings for unhealthy foods that they have never even tasted!

This has a direct consequence on the formation of potentially lifelong, unhealthy food preferences associated with the development of obesity and all that comes with it. Although food preferences can be unlearned, this is often a monumental task as we age.

Regulation-or lack thereof

The marketing of food to children on media is unregulated in the U.S. Instead, major food and beverage manufacturers have voluntarily pledged to limit child-directed marketing of unhealthy foods as part of the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative. However, independent research groups have highlighted several limitations of that program, and young children remain highly exposed to advertisements for foods and beverages that may contribute to unhealthy food preferences.

The Problem with Baby and Toddler Snacks:

Reducing sodium and sugar intake early on can help set taste preferences and help children make healthy food choices later in life. However, a report from the UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity found only 4 out of 80 baby and toddler snacks met nutritious standards. In addition, 50% of baby food snacks and 83% of toddler food snacks contained added sweeteners.

Parents need to look carefully at nutrition labels when selecting commercial toddler foods and infant or toddler snacks, desserts, and juice drinks. Choose products lower in added sugar and sodium. Get tips here for taming your child's sweet tooth in a world of sugary treats.

The Problem Continues as Children Grow:

Older children are bombarded with ad campaigns through every existing marketing vehicle. Walk through any supermarket and notice where the children's cereal is located. It invariably sits enticingly at a child's eye level. Point-of-sale placement of candies and sweets are another well-thought-out marketing tactic.

Food marketing and media use

Children are also exposed to countless ads on TV, streaming services, through video games, social media, and most internet websites. This is one of many important reasons why the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that screen time be avoided from birth to 18 months (except for video chatting with loved ones). Here's why. Parents of children 18 to 24 months of age who want to introduce digital media should choose high-quality programming/apps and co-watch limited amounts together. For children 2 to 5, media limits are very appropriate and should be limited to 1 hour or less per day of high-quality programming. The AAP screen time guidelines also emphasize the role that media can play in disrupting healthy eating habits, such as when media is on during family mealtimes. Create a family media plan that includes screen-free zones, like the dinner table.

And what about celebrity endorsements? A study in the July 2016 Pediatrics examined the food industry's use of music celebrities to endorse sugary soft drinks and nutrient-poor foods through multi-million-dollar campaigns. Results also showed these celebrities are highly popular among teenage audiences-considering adolescents ages 12 to 18 report spending almost 2 hours listening to music each day!

Food marketing in schools

Advertising, serving, and promoting unhealthy foods continues to occur in schools across the US. Many groups are actively pursuing innovative methods of enhancing food literacy for children and their families, which include improving food choices, as well as learning how to grow, cook and properly identify healthy foods.

The AAP policy statement, Snacks, Sweetened Beverages, Added Sugars, and Schools, explains the three categories of foods and beverages kids eat at school and where there is opportunity for parents, pediatricians, and students to raise awareness about the importance of healthy choices. It's understandable given the food preferences they have become accustomed to-and they are generally less expensive than healthier alternatives.

A study published in the August 2016 issue of Pediatrics suggests that marketing tactics, often blamed for popularizing nutritionally poor foods, can also lead more kids to select vegetables at lunchtime. Elementary school students were offered vegetables in their cafeteria from a large salad bar. In some schools, the salad bar was decorated with banners showing cartoon characters gaining "superhuman" powers by eating the salad bar veggies. Other schools showed the same scenario on a TV monitor set up nearby. Some schools used both the banners and the monitor to entice the kids. The control group had just the plain table of fresh veggies. In the group with the monitor and the banner, 3 times the vegetables were chosen. When either the banner or monitor was used, twice the healthy foods were taken as compared to the control group. Clearly, advertising can be manipulated to present messages of value capable of impacting the development of healthy food preferences and behaviors.

What Parents Can Do:

Parents need to be well-informed about the potential negative health consequences of most current food marketing practices. This information can help them plan accordingly in reference to media exposure and the introduction of unhealthy foods in their child's diet.

If you're not satisfied with the choices available in your child's school cafeteria, get involved in your school's parent-teacher organization and brainstorm some healthful alternatives, as parents and teachers all over the country are doing.

Additional Information & Resources:

About Dr. Kowal-Connelly:

Suanne Kowal-Connelly, MD, FAAP is a pediatrician with 30 years group practice experience and is a voluntary faculty staff physician at Nassau University Medical Center mentoring residents. She also cares for private patients at the Long Island Federally Qualified Health Centers (LIFQHC) in Nassau County. Within the American Academy of Pediatrics, she sits on the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, the Council on School Health, and the Section on Obesity. Dr. Kowal-Connelly is a USAT (USA Triathlon) Level I Certified Coach and a USAT Youth & Jr. Coach. She is also founder of www.Healt​hPoweredByYou.com, where families and organizations can learn strategies for successful lifelong health and wellness and read her blog. She is also the very proud mother of three grown sons. Follow her on Twitter @healthpby.

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how children develop unhealthy food preferences:~ baby food~ cafeteria~ school cafe~ sugar beverages~ soda~ toddler snacks~ added sugars~ food marketing~ food advertising~ food and beverage sales~ fast food~ veggies~

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How Children Develop Unhealthy Food Preferences

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​ By: Suanne Kowal-Connelly, MD, FAAP Have you ever wondered why it's so difficult to get kids to eat their vegetables? Not wanting to eat broccoli is rooted in a great deal of more complicated issues than just not liking green food.

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https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db375.htm

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NCHS Data Brief No. 375, August 2020

PDF Versionpdf icon (422 KB) | Visual Abstract

Cheryl D. Fryar, M.S.P.H, Margaret D. Carroll, M.S.P.H, Namanjeet Ahluwalia, Ph.D., and Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D.

Key findings
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

During 2015-2018, over one-third (36.3%) of children and adolescents consumed fast food on a given day.

During 2015-2018, children and adolescents consumed on average 13.8% of their daily calories from fast food on a given day. Adolescents aged 12-19 consumed a higher percentage of calories from fast food than children aged 2-11 years.

Non-Hispanic white adolescents aged 12-19 consumed a lower percentage of calories from fast food on a given day than both non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adolescents.

The percentage of calories from fast food in children and adolescents decreased from 14.1% in 2003-2004 to 10.6% in 2009-2010, and then increased to 14.4% in 2017-2018

Fast food has been associated with higher caloric intake and poorer diet quality in children and adolescents ( 1). In 2011-2012, children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed on average 12.4% of their daily calories from fast food on a given day ( 2). This report presents 2015-2018 estimates of the percentage of calories consumed from fast food on a given day among U.S. children and adolescents by demographic characteristics and trends since 2003.

Keywords: diet, restaurant, pizza, calories, NHANES

What percentage of children and adolescents consumed fast food on a given day?

During 2015-2018, 36.3% of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed fast food on a given day ( Figure 1). Among children and adolescents, 11.1% obtained less than 25% of their daily calories from fast food, 13.8% obtained 25%-45% of their daily calories from fast food, and 11.4% obtained more than 45% of their daily calories from fast food.

Figure 1. Percentage of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years who consumed fast food on a given day, by percentage of daily calories consumed: United States, 2015-2018

NOTE: Access data table for Figure 1pdf icon .
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2018.

Did the percentage of calories consumed from fast food on a given day differ by sex or age?

During 2015-2018, children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed on average 13.8% of their daily calories from fast food ( Figure 2). For boys and girls overall, the observed difference in the percentage of calories from fast food was not significant. There was no difference by sex for children aged 2-11 years but in adolescents aged 12-19, girls (18.5%) had a higher average daily intake than boys (14.9%)

The percentage of calories consumed from fast food increased with age. In children aged 2-11 years, the average percentage of calories consumed from fast food was 11.4%, while in adolescents aged 12-19, the average percentage of calories consumed was 16.7%. This difference by age was seen among both boys and girls.

Figure 2. Mean percentage of calories from fast food on a given day among children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, by sex and age: United States, 2015-2018

¹Significantly different from those aged 12-19 years.
²Significantly different from boys of the same age group.
NOTE: Access data table for Figure 2pdf icon .
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2018.

Did the percentage of calories consumed from fast food on a given day differ by race and Hispanic origin?

Non-Hispanic white children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed a significantly lower percentage of daily calories from fast food (12.9%) compared with non-Hispanic black (16.9%) and Hispanic (14.8%) children and adolescents ( Figure 3). No significant difference was seen between Hispanic and non-Hispanic black children and adolescents.

There was no significant difference by race and Hispanic origin for children aged 2-11 years. However, among adolescents aged 12-19, non-Hispanic white adolescents consumed a significantly lower percentage of daily calories (14.8%) from fast food, compared with non-Hispanic black (21.5%) and Hispanic (18.5%) adolescents. The observed difference between non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adolescents was not significant.

Adolescents aged 12-19 consumed a higher percentage of calories from fast food than did children aged 2-11 years for all race and Hispanic origin-groups

Figure 3. Mean percentage of calories from fast food on a given day among children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, by race and Hispanic origin and age: United States, 2015-2018

¹Significantly different from non-Hispanic white children and adolescents of the same age group.
²Significantly different from those aged 12-19 years.
NOTE: Access data table for Figure 3pdf icon .
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2018.

Has the percentage of calories consumed from fast food on a given day among children and adolescents changed between 2003 and 2018?

Overall, the average percentage of calories consumed from fast food among children and adolescents decreased from 14.1% in 2003-2004 to 10.6% in 2009-2010, and then increased to 14.4% in 2017-2018 ( Figure 4).

A similar pattern was observed by age group. In children aged 2-11 years, the average percentage of calories consumed from fast food decreased from 12.1% in 2003-2004 to 8.5% in 2009-2010, and then increased to 11.5% in 2017-2018. For adolescents aged 12-19, the average percentage of calories consumed from fast food decreased from 16.4% in 2003-2004 to 13.1% in 2009-2010, and then increased to 18.0% in 2017-2018.

Figure 4. Trends in mean percentage of calories from fast food on a given day among children and adolescents aged 2-19 years: United States, 2003-2004 through 2017-2018

¹Significant quadratic trend from 2003-2004 through 2017-2018
NOTE: Access data table for Figure 4pdf icon .
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2018.

Summary

Fast food has been associated with increased intake of calories, fat, and sodium ( 3). During 2015-2018, over one-third of U.S. children and adolescents aged 2-19 years consumed fast food. Children and adolescents consumed an average 13.8% of their calories from fast food on any given day. Adolescents aged 12-19 consumed a higher average percentage of daily calories from fast food than did younger children, overall and across all demographics. The average percentage of calories from fast food was higher among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic adolescents than non-Hispanic white adolescents. The average percentage of calories consumed from fast food among children and adolescents decreased from 2003-2004 to 2009-2010, and then increased after 2009-2010.

Definitions

Fast-food: For each food and beverage item that respondents reported consuming during their 24-hour dietary recall, the participant is also asked about the source where they obtained those items. Food reported as "restaurant fast food/pizza" was considered fast food for these analyses.

Calories, kilocalories: A calorie is a measure of the energy produced as foods or beverages are burned for energy in the body. The term calorie is usually used when discussing energy from foods and diets, but the calorie being referred to is actually a kilocalorie ( 4). In this report, the term calorie refers to kilocalorie.

Percentage of daily calories from fast food: Computed as the calories from foods reported as fast foods divided by total calories reported for an individual on a given day multiplied by 100.

Data source and methods

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2018 were used for these analyses ( 5). Data from 2015-2018 were used to test differences between subgroups. Eight, 2-year cycles were used in testing trends over time in mean percentage of calories from fast food

NHANES is a cross-sectional survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) designed to monitor the health and nutritional status of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. It consists of home interviews followed by standardized physical examinations in mobile examination centers (MEC). The NHANES sample is selected through a complex, multistage probability design ( 6).

Dietary information was obtained via an in-person, 24-hour (midnight to midnight) dietary recall interview with trained interviewers in the MEC ( 7). Dietary interviews for participants less than six years of age were conducted with a proxy. Interviews of children aged 6 to 8 years were conducted with a proxy, and the child was present to assist in reporting intake information. Interviews of children aged 9-11 years were conducted with the child and the assistance of a proxy familiar with the child's intake. Participants aged 12 years or older answered for themselves. Limitations, such as underreporting, are associated with 24-hour recalls and have been well characterized ( 7, 8). However, despite these limitations, dietary data still have utility in assessing population outcomes ( 9). Fast food consumption, expressed as a percentage of total energy intake, partially adjusts for misreporting ( 8).

Day 1 dietary sample weights, which accounted for the differential probabilities of selection, nonresponse, and noncoverage, as well as day of the week of dietary recall and nonresponse to the dietary interview, were incorporated into the estimation process. Taylor series linearization was used to compute variance estimates. Differences between subgroups, as well as linear trends, were evaluated using orthogonal contrasts to calculate a Student's t statistic. If a quadratic trend was found, Joinpoint software and piecewise regression were used to determine if changes in trend occurred over time ( 10). Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS-callable SUDAAN version 11.0 (RTI International, Research Triangle Park, N.C.).

About the authors

Cheryl D. Fryar, Margaret D. Carroll, Namanjeet Ahluwalia, and Cynthia L. Ogden are with the National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

References

1. Powell LM, Nguyen BT. Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption among children and adolescents: Effect on energy, beverage, and nutrient intake. JAMA Pediatr 167(1):14-20. 2013.

2. Vikraman S, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Caloric intake from fast food among children and adolescents in the United States, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief, no 213. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2015.

3. Wu HW, Sturm R. What's on the menu? A review of the energy and nutritional content of U.S. chain restaurant menus. Public Health Nutr 16(1):87-96. 2013

4. Energy. In: Food, nutrition, and diet therapy. 7th ed. Krause MV, Mahan LK, editors. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company. p 9-23. 1984.

5. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation.

6. Chen TC, Clark J, Riddles MK, Mohadjer LK, Fakhouri THI. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015−2018: Sample design and estimation procedures. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(184). 2020.

7. Ahluwalia N, Dwyer J, Terry A, Moshfegh A, Johnson C. Update on NHANES dietary data: Focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public policy. Adv Nutr 7(1):121-34. 2016.

8. Subar AF, Freedman LS, Tooze JA, Kirkpatrick SI, Boushey C, Neuhouser ML, et al. Addressing current criticism regarding the value of self-report dietary data. J Nutr 145(12): 2639-45. 2015.

9. Hebert JR, Hurley TG, Steck SE, Miller DR, Tabung FK, Peterson KE, et al. Considering the value of dietary assessment data in informing nutrition-related health policy. Adv Nutr 5(4):447-55. 2014.

10. National Cancer Institute. Joinpoint trend analysis software (Version 4.5.0.1). 2017.

Suggested citation

Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Ahluwalia N, Ogden CL. Fast food intake among children and adolescents in the United States, 2015-2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 375. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Brian C. Moyer, Ph.D., Director
Amy M. Branum, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for Science

Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Ryne Paulose-Ram, M.A., Ph.D., Acting Director
Lara Akinbami, M.D., Acting Associate Director for Science

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Products - Data Briefs - Number 375- August 2020

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NCHS Data Brief No. 375, August 2020 PDF Versionpdf icon (422 KB) | Visual Abstract Cheryl D. Fryar, M.S.P.H, Margaret D. Carroll, M.S.P.H, Namanjeet Ahluwalia, Ph.D., and Cynthia L. Ogden, Ph.D. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey During 2015-2018, over one-third (36.3%) of children and adolescents consumed fast food on a given day.

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Analysis of "How Children Develop Unhealthy Food Preferences"

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Analysis of "How Children Develop Unhealthy Food Preferences"

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Pro: The article uses statistics to discuss how food preference is determined at a young age based on what is advertised to them. We learn that TV and adds play a very large role in what kids crave and how they create proportions for themselves.
Summary:The article tells us the amount of money used advertising for foods, that shows how important it is for companies to promote food. It tells us how healthier options are promoted almost 3% of the time compared to other food options. The article also uses the example of how more kids chose vegetables when they were promoted in a way that would interest kids. This example helps lead the reader to see the strong affects advertising has on a child's food preferences.
Counter: The article does not support the idea that teenagers make designs on food based on taste or body image. The statistics given in the article show that food preference starts as a child and is solely based on advertising.

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Our topic looks at the 10th grade student's favorite out lunch place. We are interested in this topic because we would like to see how our classmates make choices about nutrition. We want to see if teenagers make rational desioinsh when it comes to choosing their own food. We hope to learn about how some students use the out lunch choice to their advantage or disadvantage. To get this information, we sent out a survey to the entire grade.

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Aside from "I'm bored," perhaps the most constant complaint you'll hear from a teenager is "I'm hungry." Teens' bodies are growing and always on the move; whether they're playing school sports, acting in after-school plays, or doing fun stuff with their friends, they're burning calories at a prodigious rate. No wonder they're starving!

A survey sponsored by the frozen snack and appetizer brand FarmRich found that teens spend 135 hours per year thinking about food. That means that from the time they graduate eighth grade to their first year in college, the average teen spends 945 hours thinking about past, present, and future meals. That's roughly 39 entire days!

The research sent via a press release- which was conducted by OnePoll and queried 2,000 households with teens aged 13 to 19 - also concluded that Facebook is the biggest online source of food inspiration for teens, and YouTube was a close second. (How could these sites not whet teen appetites when there are all those tasty food videos circulating around?) While teens snack two to three times per day, the study found that they don't always like what they're eating - the typical teen expresses dissatisfaction with a meal four times a month!

The top five snacks most devoured by teens are pretty much what you would expect: chips, fruit, pizza, frozen snacks, and yogurt. The top five meals requested by teens revealed some surprises: pizza, tacos, pasta, fried chicken, and steak. At a time when it seems like most everyone and every restaurant is headed towards more plant-based options, the teens are still craving meaty favorites like fried chicken and steak. However, roughly 9 percent of the teens in the study said that they were interested in or had tried a vegetarian diet, about as many as were interested in low-carb and low-fat approaches.

Teens think about food almost as much as The Daily Meal staff does. We could probably spend 39 entire days just thinking about 101 best food trucks in America.

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Obvious Study Draws Obvious Conclusion: Teens Are Always Hungry

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Aside from "I'm bored," perhaps the most constant complaint you'll hear from a teenager is "I'm hungry." Teens' bodies are growing and always on the move; whether they're playing school sports, acting in after-school plays, or doing fun stuff with their friends, they're burning calories at a prodigious rate.

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Why Lunch Really is the Most Important Meal of the Day

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In modern society, we often hear the saying, "breakfast is the most important meal of the day." But in dozens of countries around the world, lunch holds a place of cultural importance. In many studies, researchers have found that lunch may be even more important for school-aged children than any other demographic.

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Analysis of "Fast Food Intake Among Children and Adolescents in the United States,"

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Analysis of "Fast Food Intake Among Children and Adolescents in the United States,"

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Pros: The article supports the idea that teens get a portion of their calories in a day from a fast food service. Boys and girls ages 12-19 get around 16.7 percent of their daily calories from fast food.
Summary: The website provides a clear demographics that shows where kids get their calories from. There is one pie chart demonstrates where calories children consumed cam from, fast food or not. Then this data is compared to boys and girls or different races from specific age groups. Readers can see a wide range of data clearly.
Counter: The sources use of statistics proves that although it is likely kids consume fast food in a day, they will not get majority of their daily calories from fast food. For example, 63.7% of adolescents ages 2-19 will not fast food on the given day.