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William Shakespeare was known to be a English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He was titled to be the unique person in the world of literature.

Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before.
There are a lot of plays Shakespeare have been written, one of it was Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is one of the popular plays he wrote. It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. Juliet's Nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago. This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 which would date that particular line to 1591. Other earthquakes both in England and in Verona have been proposed in support of the different dates. But the play's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Nights Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594–95, place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595. One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591, which he completed in 1595.

John Iverson S. Perlas
X - Faith
Source :https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare

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William Shakespeare was known to be a English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He was titled to be the unique person in the world of literature.

Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before.
There are a lot of plays Shakespeare have been written, one of it was Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is one of the popular plays he wrote. It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. Juliet's Nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago. This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 which would date that particular line to 1591. Other earthquakes both in England and in Verona have been proposed in support of the different dates. But the play's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Nights Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594–95, place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595. One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591, which he completed in 1595.

GARCIA, NICKOH M
X-FAITH

SOURCE: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare

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Why and how does the critique uses historical approach? 

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Why and how does the critique uses historical approach? 

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This method was used because it was written in 1594 by William Shakespeare. It is generally believed that the play is based on a real Italian love story from the 3rd century. The piece was written during the Elizabethan era, which was also known as "The Renaissance," a period of significant change in the fields of religion, politics, science, language, and the arts. Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, it was heavily influenced by the social and historical context in which they were written. The play was set during a time of religious and political turmoil. Europe was a traditionally Catholic society with a strong belief in damnation for mortal sin, and suicide was considered a mortal sin. Another thing they believed was that women had no legal rights or authority; they couldn't own anything related to financial or property. Children were also regarded as property that could be given in marriage to a suitable partner to secure and retain their wealth. In the play, ancient love affairs, such as the forced marriage of a young woman and a young man, can be seen. They were forced to get married because of their parents. The conflict between the main character's love, with its transformative power, and hatred, darkness, and selfishness is why it is said that freedom from everything except pure love is an unrealistic goal, whereas the love in the play is imperfect. Furthermore, the goal of the critique is to understand the text, which is "Romeo and Juliet." But there are some things that are missing from the critique, like the author's life and background. It is explained in the critique about the history of that country, from which the play is inspired. The critique answers the questions that were needed for us to do a historical approach. I can say that. The critique is an historical approach.

Placido, Gabrielle Jhaz N.
X - Faith

# data[].attributes.headline
Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach

# data[].attributes.subject
Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach

# data[].attributes.body
William Shakespeare was known to be a English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He was titled to be the unique person in the world of literature.

Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often and in more countries than ever before.
There are a lot of plays Shakespeare have been written, one of it was Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is one of the popular plays he wrote. It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. Juliet's Nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago. This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 which would date that particular line to 1591. Other earthquakes both in England and in Verona have been proposed in support of the different dates. But the play's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Nights Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594–95, place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595. One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591, which he completed in 1595.

Shiela Mae D. Cruz
10-Faith

Sources:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet
https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Shakespeare
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare

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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about the romance between two Italian youths from feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.

Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale written by Matteo Bandello and translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567. Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality, however, and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare's original.

Shakespeare's use of poetic dramatic structure (including effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, the expansion of minor characters, and numerous sub-plots to embellish the story) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play.

Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical, and opera venues. During the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garrick's 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, and Georg Benda's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and used a happy ending. Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushman's, restored the original text and focused on greater realism. John Gielgud's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. In the 20th and into the 21st century, the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor's 1936 film Romeo and Juliet, Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film Romeo and Juliet, Baz Luhrmann's 1996 film Romeo + Juliet, and most recently, Carlo Carlei's 2013 film Romeo and Juliet.

Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity. One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe, from Ovid's Metamorphoses, which contains parallels to Shakespeare's story: the lovers' parents despise each other, and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead. The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus, written in the 3rd century, also contains several similarities to the play, including the separation of the lovers, and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep.

One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante's Divine Comedy, who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets) in canto six of Purgatorio:

Come and see, you who are negligent,
Montagues and Capulets, Monaldi and Filippeschi
One lot already grieving, the other in fear.

Masuccio Salernitano, author of Mariotto & Ganozza (1476), the earliest known version of Romeo & Juliet tale

However, the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence, Lombardy, and the Italian Peninsula as a whole; Dante, through his characters, chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ("you who are negligent"), and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs, thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy. History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona, but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family, both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona. Allied to rival political factions, the parties are grieving ("One lot already grieving") because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties, rather than a grief from the loss of their ill-fated offspring as the play sets forth, which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context.

The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare's play is the story of Mariotto and Ganozza by Masuccio Salernitano, in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476. Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime. His version of the story includes the secret marriage, the colluding friar, the fray where a prominent citizen is killed, Mariotto's exile, Ganozza's forced marriage, the potion plot, and the crucial message that goes astray. In this version, Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Ganozza dies of grief.

Luigi da Porto (1485-1529) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due nobili amanti (A Newly-Discovered History of two Noble Lovers), written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice. Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe, Boccaccio's Decameron, and Salernitano's Mariotto e Ganozza, but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical: He was a soldier present at a ball on 26 February 1511, at a residence of the pro- Venice Savorgnan clan in Udine, following a peace ceremony attended by the opposing pro- Imperial Strumieri clan. There, Da Porto fell in love with Lucina, a Savorgnan daughter, but the family feud frustrated their courtship. The next morning, the Savorgnans led an attack on the city, and many members of the Strumieri were murdered. Years later, still half-paralyzed from a battle-wound, Luigi wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino (from which he could see the "castles" of Verona), dedicating the novella to the bellisima e leggiadra (the beautiful and graceful) Lucina Savorgnan. Da Porto presented his tale as historically factual and claimed it took place at least a century earlier than Salernitano had it, in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo della Scala[17] (anglicized as Prince Escalus).

Title page of Arthur Brooke's poem, Romeus and Juliet

Da Porto presented the narrative in close to its modern form, including the names of the lovers, the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti (Cappelletti) and the location in Verona. He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio), Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelletti), Count Paris ( conte (Paride) di Lodrone), the faithful servant, and Giulietta's nurse. Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story: the feuding families, Romeo-left by his mistress-meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house, the love scenes (including the balcony scene), the periods of despair, Romeo killing Giulietta's cousin (Tebaldo), and the families' reconciliation after the lovers' suicides. In da Porto's version, Romeo takes poison and Giulietta keeps her breath until she dies.[19]

In 1554, Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle, which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo, probably written between 1531 and 1545. Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged (though he did introduce Benvolio). Bandello's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques. Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment, and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts.

In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde. There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelle-Italian tales were very popular among theatre-goers-and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure. This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named "The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett". Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity: The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle. Romeo and Juliet is a dramatization of Brooke's translation, and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds detail to several major and minor characters (the Nurse and Mercutio in particular).

Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander and Dido, Queen of Carthage, both similar stories written in Shakespeare's day, are thought to be less of a direct influence, although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive.

Title page of the first edition

It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. Juliet's Nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago.[26] This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580, which would date that particular line to 1591. Other earthquakes-both in England and in Verona-have been proposed in support of the different dates. But the play's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594-95, place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595.[b] One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591, which he completed in 1595.

Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623. These are referred to as Q1 and Q2. The first printed edition, Q1, appeared in early 1597, printed by John Danter. Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions, it is labelled a so-called ' bad quarto'; the 20th-century editor T. J. B. Spencer described it as "a detestable text, probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors", suggesting that it had been pirated for publication. An alternative explanation for Q1's shortcomings is that the play (like many others of the time) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company. However, "the theory, formulated by [Alfred] Pollard," that the 'bad quarto' was "reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack. Alternative theories are that some or all of 'the bad quartos' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare's company or for other companies." In any event, its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play's composition.

The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet. It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby. Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1. Its title page describes it as "Newly corrected, augmented and amended". Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare's pre-performance draft (called his foul papers) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and "false starts" for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter. It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 (Q3), 1622 (Q4) and 1637 (Q5). In effect, all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2, as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions (whether good or bad) are likely to have arisen from editors or compositors, not from Shakespeare.

The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3, with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1. Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 (F2), 1664 (F3), and 1685 (F4). Modern versions-that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos-first appeared with Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition, followed by Alexander Pope's 1723 version. Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1. This tradition continued late into the Romantic period. Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today, printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play.

Critical history

Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play, Samuel Pepys, by John Hayls. Oil on canvas, 1666.

The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys, who wrote in 1662: "it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life." Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio: "Shakespear show'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio, and he said himself, that he was forc'd to kill him in the third Act, to prevent being killed by him." Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse but no less divided. Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play, which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families. In mid-century, writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama: the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw, not an accident of fate. Writer and critic Samuel Johnson, however, considered it one of Shakespeare's "most pleasing" plays.

In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century, criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play. Actor and playwright David Garrick's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline: Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless. Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been included in the play in order to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end. Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste. At the beginning of the 20th century, these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton: he argued that accident, and not some character flaw, led to the lovers' deaths.

Dramatic structure

In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics, most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy (an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives). Before Mercutio's death in Act III, the play is largely a comedy. After his accidental demise, the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone. When Romeo is banished, rather than executed, and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo, the audience can still hope that all will end well. They are in a "breathless state of suspense" by the opening of the last scene in the tomb: If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive, he and Juliet may yet be saved. These shifts from hope to despair, reprieve, and new hope serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end.

Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters. For example, when the play begins, Romeo is in love with Rosaline, who has refused all of his advances. Romeo's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet. This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet's love and marriage. Paris' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo. The formal language she uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo. Beyond this, the sub-plot of the Montague-Capulet feud overarches the whole play, providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play's tragic end.

Language

Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play. He begins with a 14-line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet, spoken by a Chorus. Most of Romeo and Juliet is, however, written in blank verse, and much of it in strict iambic pentameter, with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare's later plays. In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it. Friar Laurence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech. Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies. For example, when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play, he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form. Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain, as in Romeo's situation with Rosaline. This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man. When Romeo and Juliet meet, the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan (which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare's day) to a then more contemporary sonnet form, using "pilgrims" and "saints" as metaphors. Finally, when the two meet on the balcony, Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love, but Juliet breaks it by saying "Dost thou love me?"[77] By doing this, she searches for true expression, rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love. Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris. Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet, a rhapsody in Mercutio's Queen Mab speech, and an elegy by Paris. Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play, though at times he uses it for other characters, such as Mercutio. Humour, also, is important: scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text. Many of these jokes are sexual in nature, especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse.

Psychoanalytic criticism

Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo's impulsiveness, deriving from "ill-controlled, partially disguised aggression", which leads both to Mercutio's death and to the double suicide.[e] Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex, and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses. Norman Holland, writing in 1966, considers Romeo's dream[87] as a realistic "wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral, phallic and oedipal" - while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author. Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families, arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet's passion for each other. That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers' language: Juliet, for example, speaks of "my only love sprung from my only hate"[89] and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo's death. This leads on to speculation as to the playwright's psychology, in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare's grief for the death of his son, Hamnet.

Feminist criticism

Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona's patriarchal society. For Coppélia Kahn, for example, the strict, masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end. When Tybalt kills Mercutio, Romeo shifts into a violent mode, regretting that Juliet has made him so "effeminate".[92] In this view, the younger males "become men" by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers, or in the case of the servants, their masters. The feud is also linked to male virility, as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate. Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others, such as the Friar, to solve her problems for her. Other critics, such as Dympna Callaghan, look at the play's feminism from a historicist angle, stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism. At the same time, emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the "evils of female sexuality" than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love-matches: when Juliet dodges her father's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for, she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time.

Queer theory

The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick

A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo. Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance (1994), comparing their friendship with sexual love. Mercutio, in friendly conversation, mentions Romeo's phallus, suggesting traces of homoeroticism. An example is his joking wish "To raise a spirit in his mistress' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down."[99] Romeo's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline, a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring. As Benvolio argues, she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate. Shakespeare's procreation sonnets describe another young man who, like Romeo, is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual. Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way. In this view, when Juliet says "...that which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet",[101] she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman.

The balcony scene

The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524. He had Romeo walk frequently by her house, "sometimes climbing to her chamber window", and wrote, "It happened one night, as love ordained, when the moon shone unusually bright, that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony, the young lady ... opened the window, and looking out saw him". After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other. A few decades later, Bandello greatly expanded this scene, diverging from the familiar one: Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder, and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant, Julia and the nurse (the servants discreetly withdraw after this).

Nevertheless, in October 2014, Lois Leveen pointed out in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony; it just says that Juliet appears at a window. The word balcone is not known to have existed in the English language until two years after Shakespeare's death. The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway's 1679 play, The History and Fall of Caius Marius, which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet. Leveen suggested that during the 18th century, David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition.

Shakespeare's day

Richard Burbage, probably the first actor to portray Romeo

Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare's most performed plays. Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories. Even in Shakespeare's lifetime, it was extremely popular. Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare's plays, in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London's dominant playwright.[f] The date of the first performance is unknown. The First Quarto, printed in 1597, reads "it hath been often (and with great applause) plaid publiquely", setting the first performance before that date. The Lord Chamberlain's Men were certainly the first to perform it. Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare, the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors, Will Kemp, instead of Peter, in a line in Act V. Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo, being the company's chief tragedian; and Master Robert Goffe (a boy), the first Juliet. The premiere is likely to have been at The Theatre, with other early productions at the Curtain. Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespeare plays to have been performed outside England: a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604.

Restoration and 18th-century theatre

All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642. Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, two patent companies (the King's Company and the Duke's Company) were established, and the existing theatrical repertoire was divided between them.

Sir William Davenant of the Duke's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo, Thomas Betterton Mercutio, and Betterton's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet: she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally. Another version closely followed Davenant's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke's Company. This was a tragicomedy by James Howard, in which the two lovers survive.

Thomas Otway's The History and Fall of Caius Marius, one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare, debuted in 1680. The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome; Romeo is Marius, Juliet is Lavinia, the feud is between patricians and plebeians; Juliet/Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo/Marius dies. Otway's version was a hit, and was acted for the next seventy years. His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring, and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years: Theophilus Cibber's adaptation of 1744, and David Garrick's of 1748 both used variations on it. These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time. For example, Garrick's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet, to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love-at-first-sight theme. In 1750, a "Battle of the Romeos" began, with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne (Mrs. Theophilus Cibber) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane.

The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one: on 23 March 1730, a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York, promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary. The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company.

19th-century theatre

The American Cushman sisters, Charlotte and Susan, as Romeo and Juliet in 1846

Garrick's altered version of the play was very popular, and ran for nearly a century. Not until 1845 did Shakespeare's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo, respectively, and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Cushman adhered to Shakespeare's version, beginning a string of eighty-four performances. Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many. The Times wrote: "For a long time Romeo has been a convention. Miss Cushman's Romeo is a creative, a living, breathing, animated, ardent human being." Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that "no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman". Cushman's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline.

Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features: firstly, they were generally star vehicles, with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters. Secondly, they were "pictorial", placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets (requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes) and with the frequent use of tableaux. Henry Irving's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre (with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style. In 1895, Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today. Forbes-Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down-to-earth Romeo, expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish.

American actors began to rival their British counterparts. Edwin Booth (brother to John Wilkes Booth) and Mary McVicker (soon to be Edwin's wife) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth's Theatre (with its European-style stage machinery, and an air conditioning system unique in New York) on 3 February 1869. Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America; it was certainly the most popular, running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 (equivalent to $1,000,000 in 2022).[g][h] The programme noted that: "The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety, in every respect, following closely the text of Shakespeare."[i]

The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln's company's production, which toured to Yokohama in 1890.[128] Throughout the 19th century, Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare's most popular play, measured by the number of professional performances. In the 20th century it would become the second most popular, behind Hamlet.

20th-century theatre

In 1933, the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven-month nationwide tour throughout the United States. It starred Orson Welles, Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone. The production was a modest success, and so upon the return to New York, Cornell and McClintic revised it, and for the first time the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact, including the Prologue. The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934. Critics wrote that Cornell was "the greatest Juliet of her time", "endlessly haunting", and "the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present-day theatre has seen".

John Gielgud's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio, exchanging roles six weeks into the run, with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet. Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible the Elizabethan period. His efforts were a huge success at the box office, and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions. Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud's: "John, all spiritual, all spirituality, all beauty, all abstract things; and myself as all earth, blood, humanity ... I've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was, when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch, I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare."

Peter Brook's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances. Brook was less concerned with realism, and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world. He argued, "A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness, and only good at the moment of its success." Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text.

Throughout the century, audiences, influenced by the cinema, became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing.[136] A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli's Old Vic production in 1960, with John Stride and Judi Dench, which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film. Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook's ideas, altogether removing around a third of the play's text to make it more accessible. In an interview with The Times, he stated that the play's "twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations" had contemporary relevance.[j]

Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world. For example, in 1986, the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona. Switchblades replaced swords, feasts and balls became drug-laden rock parties, and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle. Neil Bartlett's production of Romeo and Juliet themed the play very contemporary with a cinematic look which started its life at the Lyric Hammersmith, London then went to West Yorkshire Playhouse for an exclusive run in 1995. The cast included Emily Woof as Juliet, Stuart Bunce as Romeo, Sebastian Harcombe as Mercutio, Ashley Artus as Tybalt, Souad Faress as Lady Capulet and Silas Carson as Paris. In 1997, the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world. Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet, and Juliet discovers Tybalt's death while in class at school.

The play is sometimes given a historical setting, enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts. For example, adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, in the apartheid era in South Africa, and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt. Similarly, Peter Ustinov's 1956 comic adaptation, Romanoff and Juliet, is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War. A mock-Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet's final scene (with a happy ending, Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio, and Paris restored to life, and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris's love, Benvolia, in disguise) forms part of the 1980 stage-play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. Shakespeare's R&J, by Joe Calarco, spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening. A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City's Romeo and Juliet Musical: The People vs. Friar Laurence, the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet, set in modern times.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company, beginning with Edwin Booth's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869, the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud, Martita Hunt, and Margaret Webster, as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977, which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli's production as its inspiration.

21st-century theatre

In 2013, Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles.

Ballet

The best-known ballet version is Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet. Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet, it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music. It has subsequently attained an "immense" reputation, and has been choreographed by John Cranko (1962) and Kenneth MacMillan (1965) among others.[151]

In 1977, Michael Smuin's production of one of the play's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet. This production was the first full-length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series " Great Performances: Dance in America"; it aired in 1978.

Dada Masilo, a South African dancer and choreographer, reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light. She introduced changes to the story, notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial.

Music

"Romeo loved Juliet
Juliet, she felt the same
When he put his arms around her
He said Julie, baby, you're my flame
Thou givest fever ..."

-Peggy Lee's rendition of "Fever"[155]

At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet. The earliest, Romeo und Julie in 1776, a Singspiel by Georg Benda, omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending. It is occasionally revived. The best-known is Gounod's 1867 Roméo et Juliette (libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré), a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today.[158] Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi is also revived from time to time, but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare; however, Bellini and his librettist, Felice Romani, worked from Italian sources-principally Romani's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai-rather than directly adapting Shakespeare's play. Among later operas, there is Heinrich Sutermeister's 1940 work Romeo und Julia.

Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a "symphonie dramatique", a large-scale work in three parts for mixed voices, chorus, and orchestra, which premiered in 1839.[161] Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy-Overture (1869, revised 1870 and 1880) is a 20-minute symphonic poem, containing the famous melody known as the "love theme". Tchaikovsky's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball, in the balcony scene, in Juliet's bedroom and in the tomb[163] has been used by subsequent directors: for example, Nino Rota's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play, as is Des'ree's " Kissing You" in the 1996 film.[164] Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet, overture for orchestra, Op. 86), Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie, 1876), Delius (A Village Romeo and Juliet, 1899-1901), Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia, 1922), and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet, Op. 56, 1956).[165]

The play influenced several jazz works, including Peggy Lee's " Fever".[155] Duke Ellington's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled "The Star-Crossed Lovers"[166] in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones: critics noted that Juliet's sax dominates the piece, rather than offering an image of equality.[167] The play has frequently influenced popular music, including works by The Supremes, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Waits, Lou Reed,[168] and Taylor Swift. The most famous such track is Dire Straits' " Romeo and Juliet".

The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and was twice adapted as popular films in 1961 and in 2021. This version updated the setting to mid-20th-century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs.[171] Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, co-written with Jerome Korman; Gérard Presgurvic's 2001 Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour; Riccardo Cocciante's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo and Johan Christher Schütz; and Johan Petterssons's 2013 adaptation Carnival Tale (Tivolisaga), which takes place at a travelling carnival.[174]

Literature and art

Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature. Before then, romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy. In Harold Bloom's words, Shakespeare "invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death". Of Shakespeare's works, Romeo and Juliet has generated the most-and the most varied-adaptations, including prose and verse narratives, drama, opera, orchestral and choral music, ballet, film, television, and painting.[k] The word "Romeo" has even become synonymous with "male lover" in English.

Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare's own lifetime: Henry Porter's Two Angry Women of Abingdon (1598) and Thomas Dekker's Blurt, Master Constable (1607) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay. The play directly influenced later literary works. For example, the preparations for a performance form a major plot in Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby.

Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare's most-illustrated works. The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene,[182] thought to be created by Elisha Kirkall, which appeared in Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition of Shakespeare's plays. Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century, one representing each of the five acts of the play. Early in the 19th century, Henry Thomson painted Juliet after the Masquerade, an engraving. of which was published in The Literary Souvenir, 1828, with an accompanying poem by Letitia Elizabeth Landon. The 19th-century fashion for "pictorial" performances led to directors' drawing on paintings for their inspiration, which, in turn, influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre. In the 20th century, the play's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions.

David Blixt's 2007 novel The Master Of Verona imagines the origins of the famous Capulet-Montague feud, combining the characters from Shakespeare's Italian plays with the historical figures of Dante's time.[187] Blixt's subsequent novels Voice Of The Falconer (2010), Fortune's Fool (2012), and The Prince's Doom (2014) continue to explore the world, following the life of Mercutio as he comes of age. More tales from Blixt's Star-Cross'd series appear in Varnished Faces: Star-Cross'd Short Stories (2015) and the plague anthology, We All Fall Down (2020). Blixt also authored Shakespeare's Secrets: Romeo & Juliet (2018), a collection of essays on the history of Shakespeare's play in performance, in which Blixt asserts the play is structurally not a Tragedy, but a Comedy-Gone-Wrong. In 2014 Blixt and his wife, stage director Janice L Blixt, were guests of the city of Verona, Italy for the launch of the Italian language edition of The Master Of Verona, staying with Dante's descendants and filmmaker Anna Lerario, with whom Blixt collaborated on a film about the life of Veronese prince Cangrande della Scala.[188][189]

Lois Leveen's 2014 novel Juliet's Nurse imagined the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse. The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play; only the eponymous characters have more lines.

The play was the subject of a 2017 General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) question by the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c.  14000 students. The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues, with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable.

Romeo and Juliet was adapted into manga format by publisher UDON Entertainment's Manga Classics imprint and was released in May 2018.[195]

Screen

Romeo and Juliet may be the most-filmed play of all time. The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor's multi- Oscar-nominated 1936 production, Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 version, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 MTV-inspired Romeo + Juliet. The latter two were both, in their time, the highest-grossing Shakespeare film ever. Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era, by Georges Méliès, although his film is now lost. The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929, in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer.

Shearer and Leslie Howard, with a combined age over 75, played the teenage lovers in George Cukor's MGM 1936 film version. Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically. Cinema-goers considered the film too "arty", staying away as they had from Warner's A Midsummer Night's Dream a year before: leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade. Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet. His Romeo, Laurence Harvey, was already an experienced screen actor. By contrast, Susan Shentall, as Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her "pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair".[l]

Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being "full of beautiful young people, and the camera and the lush technicolour make the most of their sexual energy and good looks". Zeffirelli's teenage leads, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity. Zeffirelli has been particularly praised,[m] for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out-of-control. The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding-night scene[207] while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen.

Baz Luhrmann's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the " MTV Generation": a young audience of similar age to the story's characters. Far darker than Zeffirelli's version, the film is set in the "crass, violent and superficial society" of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove. Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet.

The play has been widely adapted for TV and film. In 1960, Peter Ustinov's cold-war stage parody, Romanoff and Juliet was filmed. The 1961 film West Side Story-set among New York gangs-featured the Jets as white youths, equivalent to Shakespeare's Montagues, while the Sharks, equivalent to the Capulets, are Puerto Rican. In 2006, Disney's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet's plot, placing the two young lovers in different high-school cliques instead of feuding families. Film-makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet.[n] The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times, including John Madden's 1998 Shakespeare in Love, in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair. An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think, called Romeo x Juliet, was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English-language film based on the play. In 2013, Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela, a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles. The film was a commercial and critical success. In February 2014, BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet. The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad.

Modern social media and virtual world productions

In April and May 2010, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play, entitled Such Tweet Sorrow, as an improvised, real-time series of tweets on Twitter. The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other, performing not from a traditional script but a "Grid" developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow. The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video.

Astronomy

Two of Uranus's moons, Juliet and Mab, are named for the play.[222]

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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about the romance between two Italian youths from feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed.

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical Approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical Approach?

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We are all aware that Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in William Shakespeare's career about two young Italian star-crossed lovers whose deaths eventually reconcile their feuding families. It was one of Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime, and it is still one of his most frequently performed plays, along with Hamlet. The title characters are now regarded as archetypes of young lovers. Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was written at an unknown date. Juliet's Nurse mentions an earthquake that happened 11 years ago. Prior to the publication of the First Folio in 1623, Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions.
What is the historical background of the story?
The play is thought to be based on a true Italian love story from the third century. The Capeletti and Montecci families are the'real families.' Shakespeare's version, written in 1594, was based on Arthur Brooke's poem from 1562.
Is the massage of the story is still relevant today?
Yes, Shakespeare wants readers to understand that Romeo and Juliet does not make a specific moral statement about the relationships between love and society, religion, and family; rather, it depicts the chaos and passion of being in love, combining images of love, violence, death, religion, and family in an impressionistic rush leading to the tragic conclusion of the play.

Sajah L. Alicante
10-Faith

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The setting of Shakespeare's novel "Romeo & Juliet" in Verona, a magnificent fictional city in Italy. Italy throughout the years has maintained its culture and elegance within Rome's Colosseum, Venice's gondolas, Milan's fashion, etc. Another culture from the country that is still visible nowadays (especially if you are Chinese) is parents fixing marriages for their children. Juliet was supposed to have an arranged marriage with Count Paris regardless of the fact that she doesn't like him and is already married to Romeo. Throughout history, we've seen more of these love tragedies in movies, for example, is Franco Zeffirelli's 1981 romantic catastrophe named "Endless Love" depicts a 17-year-old boy falling in love with a 15-year-old girl that caused tragic events for both families. In conclusion, William Shakespeare's Romeo & Juliet holds a special place in pop culture's history, for it is one of the most famous novels ever written.

Tracy Dominique A. Mapanao
X-Edison

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Romeo and Juliet can be plausibly dated to 1595. Shakespeare must have written the play between 1591 and 1596. The earliest date is considered to be too early, because of Shakespeare’s writing style in the play. The later date allows the necessary time for the compilation of the manuscript used to print the first ‘bad’ quarto in early 1597. Romeo and Juliet relates most closely to a group of plays usually dated to the period 1594-1595, Love’s Labour’s Lost, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, and Richard II.
The main point of Romeo and Juliet that love is naturally the play's dominant and most important theme. The play focuses on romantic love, specifically the intense passion that springs up at first sight between Romeo and Juliet. In Romeo and Juliet, love is a violent, ecstatic, overpowering force that supersedes all other values, loyalties, and emotions.
Shakespeare wanted couples to appreciate their love together. People complain how they face problems that ruin their relationships that force them to separate from each other. Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet to explain the worst possible lovers can find themselves in.

Torrenueva, Jhean Izzy B.
X - Faith

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It is generally believed that the story is based on a real Italian love story from the 3rd century. The ‘real families’ are the Capeletti and Montecci families” Simply put Shakespeare based the story off of an actual event from the past and included similar qualities into it.

It is widely assumed that the story is based on a true third-century Italian love affair.

In conclusion, Shakespeare based the plot on a true historical occurrence and infused it with similar characteristics.

Sabiniano, Jhaide Alexis
10 - Faith

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Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet was composed around 1594–96 and first published in an unlicensed quarto in 1597. In 1599, an authorized quarto was published, which was significantly lengthier and more dependable. The editors of the First Folio of 1623 used a third quarto based on the second. Romeo and Juliet's characters have been depicted in literature, music, dance, and theatre. The teenage hero and heroine—whose families, the Montagues and the Capulets, are sworn enemies—have become the archetypal star-crossed lovers in the popular imagination.
Shakespeare's drama Romeo and Juliet was meant to show love, strife, and family. The fight between the main character's love and its transformative power, as well as hatred, darkness, and selfishness, is the subject of historical critique.

Mora Mary Rose D.
10-Faith

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Shakesspeare's Romeo and juliet; written in the early modern period, was heavily influenced by the social and historical context in which it was written. Shakesspeare's Creative output spanned the prosperous years from around 1590 to 1613. During this time the Reinaissance style was on the declining through it was still prevalent as a result shakesspeare's output reflect the Reinaissance.
The book takes a historical approach because it is heavily influenced by a patriacal society we see this lord capulet, despite being a kind paren't pledges juliet to paris this is strikingly similar to a time when the father was the head of the household and woman did not have legal rights furthermore the critique incorporates pertinent Impormation From the play whitch despicts anger and resentment and aggressive behavior among italian.

Nicoleta, Gerard Francis B.
10-Faith

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach

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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of William Shakespeare he wanted to illustrate love, conflict, and family. and this story is about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers.

The historical criticism long as per the critical approach to Romeo and Juliet, the conflict between the main character's love with its transformation power, and the hatred, darkness, and selfishness. It is said that freedom from everything except pure love is an unrealistic goal whereas the love of the play is an imperfect one.  The world is not a place for love because they could not get each other love in this world yet the world above.

Arroyo, Roxanne D.
10-FAITH

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William Shakespeare was known for his famous works, one of them is Romeo and Juliet. It is believed that the play is based on a real Italian love story that came from the 3rd Century. Furthermore, it is a long narrative poem written in 1562 by english poet Arthur Brooke. The story has cultural and historical events, time, settings and social order because it is made on 1954. It uses historical approach used critique by stating that Romeo and Juliet is a warning to Elizabeth because of the dangers and evils, continuing her policy that opresses her own citizenship by the comparison of fictional idea with real life situation. It was also criticized by knowing about what happened during that particular time and place.

Santos, Ma. Venice Claire B.
10- Faith

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Romeo and Juliet is a play written by Shakespeare, he wanted to illustrate love, conflict, and family. It is generally believed that the play is based on a real Italian love story from the 3rd Century. The 'real families' are the Capeletti and the Montecci families. Shakespeare wrote his version in 1594 which was based on Arthur Brooke's poem of 1562,The historical criticism long as per critical approach on Romeo and Juliet, the conflict between the main character's love with its transformation power, and the hatred, darkness, and selfishness ,Both Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Night's Dream are historically accurate to a large extent because of the settings, the allusions to history, and the realistic characters that Shakespeare incorporates into his plays.Romeo and Juliet is a play about the conflict between the main characters' love, with its transformative power, and the darkness, hatred, and selfishness represented by their families' feud.

Emmalyn L. Balones
10-Faith

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Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" was meant to show love, strife, and family. The story of Romeo and Juliet takes place amid a period of religious and political upheaval. The struggle between the main character's love, which has the potential to alter him, and hatred, darkness, and selfishness.
William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet describes how two lovers fell in love while living in two fighting households. Despite all of their difficulties, Romeo and Juliet's love triumphed. However, both lovers ended up killing themselves, putting an end to the entire family dispute.

It is stated that freedom from all things but pure love is an unattainable goal, whereas love for the game is imperfect.
The world is not a place for love since they were unable to find love in this world but were able to find love in the world above.
Shakespeare based Romeo and Juliet on real-life events, and his characters on the emotions and sensations of individuals in love.
In film and art, Romeo and Juliet has left an indelible mark.

Many playwrights have been influenced by the play to develop tragedies and comedies. In Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare created the greatest love narrative ever written, which influenced films to become more tragic, dramatic, and overblown.

Jan Kylie R. Blando
10-Faith

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Both the storyline of Romeo and Juliet and Shakespeare's life actually happen during the Renaissance, which lasts from the 14th through the 17th century. The term renaissance, which means "rebirth," refers to the revival of interest in Greece and Rome's classical traditions. The Renaissance, on the other hand, was marked by numerous social, political, and intellectual developments. As the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire's ability to preserve peace and unity among Europeans faded, the feudal framework crumbled and power transferred to nations forming their own kingdoms and languages.

The love the two main protagonists feel for one another is one of the most important aspects of Romeo and Juliet. The lovers' passion for each other exemplifies the practice of "courtly love" in a variety of ways, and identifying some of the features of courtly love can also emphasize the connections between Romeo and Juliet's relationship and present youthful romantic partnerships. During the Middle Ages, courtly love flourished and impacted Renaissance literature. The system of courtly love traditionally specified a code of behavior for lovers. Love is viewed as illegal, sensual, and fraught with emotional misery and sorrow under this system. Typically, the lover falls in love at first sight and suffers in anguish until he is certain his love is reciprocated. Then he is inspired to do great things to show the depth of his devotion.

In conclusion, Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in order to portray love, struggles, and family during the renaissance. The historical critique extended as per critical method on Romeo and Juliet, the challenge between the main protagonists' infatuation with its alteration power and despair, greed, and wrath.

Jaemilyn E. Beso
10 - Edison

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Romeo and Juliet is a play written by shakespeare, shakespeare wanted to illustrate love, conflict and family, romeo and Juliet was set during a time of religious and political turmoil the poem romeo Juliet is about  the two family the montague and the capulet this two families are always having a fight but one day the son of the Montague has fell in love with the daughter of the capulets and this caused the conflict
How does the critique uses historical approach the critique uses time and history like what happen in that era or what is the event active on the era where william Shakespeare wrote the poem the event in this era where Shakespeare wrote is about religion and protestant conflict and also a political confusion
Why did he/she used historical approach because romeo and Juliet is about the tragedy about the two young italian star crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families and also the it was all about Elizabethan era who reign england in 1558-1603 he/she used this approach to tell us what happened in year 1558-1603

-CLARK JENSEN T. SARE
X-FAITH

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Why and How does the critique uses historical approach?

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Why and How does the critique uses historical approach?

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Romeo and juliet is one of the masterpieces of William Shakespeare during Elizabethan era or renaissance. The romeo and juliet is about 2 italian lovers that turns into a tragic love story because they married each other secretly because of their family are enemies, and their family knew that they were married secretly.
How does the critique uses historical approach?
He/she use historical approach in way of time when the Romeo and Juliet are made which is Elizabethan era were in a time of significant change in the fields of religion, politics, science, language and the arts. Religion Romeo and Juliet was set during a time of religious and political turmoil.
Why he/she used historical approach instead of other types of approaches? Because the romeo and juliet is an historical traits on the story because its in 'The Elizabethan Era' which was also known as 'The Renaissance'.

- Dexter A. Bobis
X-Faith

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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"Romeo and Juliet" is a play written by William Shakespeare.
It is generally believed that the play is based on a real Italian love story from the 3rd Century. 'Romeo and Juliet' is based on The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet, a long narrative poem written in 1562 by the English poet Arthur Brooke.
Historical approach is the most suited approach for critiquing "Romeo and Juliet" because the story has historical and cultural events, time, settings, and social orders.
The critique uses the Historical approach by stating that 'Romeo and Juliet' is a warning to Elizabeth of the dangers  and evils of continuing the policy that oppress her own citizens, by comparing fictional ideas with real life situations. It is criticize too by knowing what happened during that particular time and place.
In conclusion using Historical approach for "Romeo and Juliet" is the best approach since there is a lot of history connections in the story.

MARAVILLA, ZULEIKA T.
10 - FAITH

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach ? 

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach ? 

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The "Romeo and Juliet" is a famous tragedy written by William Shakespeare. This literature was written during the Renaissance period, where English Catholics and Protestants were at odds over their differing religious beliefs and practices. The play depicts this conflict as well. The Capulets and Montagues, who represent English Catholics and Protestants, are at odds. Shakespeare's works have also been recognized to reflect the culture of the time period in which they were written. Because of the setting, historical allusions, and realistic characters that Shakespeare infuses into his plays, Romeo and Juliet is historically accurate to a significant extent. Historical Approach is the best approach to use in critiquing this play because there are events in the play that can be seen or compared to some events in history. For example, in Romeo and Juliet, it shows that the father seems to be superior over the women—Juliet and her mother. The father promised Juliet to Paris without her approval or without caring about Juliet's side on this matter. This is similar to a situation where men are always the one who lead the household, government, etc., while women don't have the legal rights; in history, this situation depicts the patriarchal ideology. Also we can see that the death of Romeo and Juliet doesn't just show how they love each other but it also brings an end to the longstanding feud between the Capulet and Montague families. According to the critique, the play depicts political realities that Shakespeare thought of as a warning to Queen Elizabeth. The play "Romeo and Juliet" was written to try to convince Queen Elizabeth to cease discriminatory measures that contributed to the strife between Protestants and English Catholics, in order to minimize further tragedies and avoid any more problems. The patriarchal ideology and societal issues in the play made a vital connection to history.

King Mazo
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Shakespeare's early modern period drama, 'Romeo and Juliet,' was heavily strongly influenced by social and historical context in which it was written. Shakespeare's artistic talent ranged from around 1590 to 1613, during a prosperous period. The historical approach is used in the critique when it explains or emphasizes the time period in which the literary text, Romeo and Juliet, takes place. The critic explains various backgrounds on various topics related to the time period in which Romeo and Juliet take place. He explains, for example, how the church influenced the country, among other things. The criticism, in my opinion, was centered on one of the social issues of the time, namely, tolerating persecution of her own citizens in her name based on differences in how individuals chose to worship Christ. These explanations make the text more understandable because they make more sense once you understand the context of certain dialogues or scenarios. When reading written work, historical context is important to consider because it can change or amplify the overall meaning of the subject and reveal information or perspectives that we would have missed otherwise. These historical contexts were extremely useful, especially since most modern readers are unaware of the historical events that occurred during this time period. When the text's background was finally revealed and discussed, the entire literary text made more sense.

Agatha Louise E. Isidro
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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The famous novel entitled "Romeo and Juliet" was written by the greatest writer in English language and dramatist in the world, William Shakespeare. Since it emerged during the Renaissance era, commonly known as the "Period of Elizabethan," the critique used a historical approach. Moreover, the plot develops from the novel's historical events, such as politics, faith, religion and culture. Romeo and Juliet was situated in a time of religious and political upheaval, and Europe was a traditional Catholic civilization with a strong believe in the afterlife. It was widely regarded as a concealed warn to Elizabeth of the threat and miseries of continuing her policy of condoning persecution of her own subjects in her name basing from different ways humans choose to serve Christ. Lastly, Romeo and Juliet deals about balance and symmetry, which is a Renaissance trait.

Ashlyn U. Payawal
10-Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet,' written in the early modern period, was heavily influenced by the social and historical context in which it was written. Shakespeare's creative output spanned the prosperous years from around 1590 to 1613. During this time, the Renaissance style was on the decline, though it was still prevalent; as a result, Shakespeare's output reflects the Renaissance. The book takes a historical approach because it is heavily influenced by a patriarchal society; we see this when Lord Capulet, despite being a kind parent, pledges Juliet to Paris. This is strikingly similar to a time when the father was the head of the household and women did not have legal rights. Furthermore, the critique incorporates pertinent information from the play, which depicts anger and resentment and aggressive behavior among Italian families.

Princess Valerie A. Cabrera
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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William Shakespeare wrote the tragedy Romeo and Juliet. The conflict in Romeo and Juliet is between the main characters' love, with its transformative power, and the darkness, hatred, and selfishness represented by their families' feud. Shakespeare's version, written in 1594, was based on Arthur Brooke's poem from 1562. This was the 'Elizabethan Era,' also known as the 'Renaissance,' a time of significant change in religion, politics, science, language, and the arts. The historical approach is used in the critique because there are events in the novel that can be compared to significant events in our history. It employs a historical approach by incorporating an understanding of the events and experiences surrounding the composition of the work, particularly the author's life, and then using the findings to interpret that work of literature.

Lara Jhelett L. Paraiso
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He wrote this novel in the ‘The Elizabethan Era,’ also known as ‘The Renaissance’: a time of significant change in religion, politics, science, language, and the arts. The critique evolves about past happenings, such as time, religion, and culture, in the novel, affecting us in these times. Romeo and Juliet were set during a time of religious and political turmoil and Europe was a traditional Catholic society with a strong belief in damnation for mortal sin. Shakespeare was writing following ‘The Reformation,’ and this was when England became a Protestant nation, having broken away from the control of the Catholic Church. It is heavily influenced by what was an almost entirely patriarchal society and it is exemplified by the role of Lord Capulet, who promises Juliet to Paris.

Allyza Gabrielle T. De Guzman
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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William Shakespeare's early classic Romeo and Juliet is about two young Italian star-crossed lovers whose deaths eventually reconcile their divided families, it was one of Shakespeare’s most famous pieces during his existence, and this is one of his most often repeated plays, alongside Hamlet. It appears like the drama takes place in the fourteenth century. Surprisingly, audiences in Shakespeare's day would have already linked Verona with Romeo Montecchi and Giulietta Cappelletti, a pair of tragic young lovers. The Renaissance is represented with Romeo and Juliet, balance and symmetry are two Renaissance features that Romeo and Juliet possesses in abundance. It has a accurate connection between the play and the time period. The societal, patriarchal, ideology of the play made connection with the history.

Mariel Roycelin C. Mantua
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Romeo and Juliet is a play written by Shakespeare, he wanted to illustrate love, conflict, and family. The historical criticism long as per critical approach on Romeo and Juliet, the conflict between the main character's love with its transformation power, and the hatred, darkness, and selfishness. It is generally believed that the play is based on a real Italian love story from the 3rd Century. The 'real families' are the Capeletti and the Montecci families. Shakespeare wrote his version in 1594 which was based on Arthur Brooke's poem of 1562. Shakespeare's principal source for the plot of Romeo and Juliet was The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet, a long narrative poem written in 1562 by the English poet Arthur Brooke, who had based his poem on a French translation of a tale by the Italian writer Matteo Bandello.

SERRANO, ARON MARCUS G.
10 - FAITH

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Romeo and Juliet is written by the most influential writer in all of English literature, William Shakespeare. It was during the Renaissance period that Shakespeare was most creative and industrious, producing works that became famous at the time.  Balance and symmetry are two Renaissance features that Romeo and Juliet has in abundance. Moving onto the critique, the plot is significantly impacted by what was essentially a patriarchal society at the time. Lord Capulet's role exemplifies this, since he pledges Juliet to Paris while being a kind parent. This recalls a time when the father was the head of the household and women had no legal rights. Moreover, a scene from Romeo and Juliet in which the noblemen Montague and Capulet defy the Prince's orders illustrates the complicated political status of an Italian city-state. To build the world of Romeo and Juliet, I have observed that Shakespeare depends on contemporary preconceptions about Italy. Considering all points, I can say that William Shakespeare wrote the story on a true historical occurrence and infused it with similar characteristics.

Vanessa P. Ymson
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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The critique uses the historical approach when it explains or emphasizes the time period that the literary text, Romeo and Juliet takes place. The critic explains different backgrounds on certain topics that is related to the time period that Romeo and Juliet takes place. For example, he explains how the Church influenced the country among other things. These explanations made the text more understandable because once you understand the background behind certain dialogues or scenarios, it will make more sense. These backgrounds were very helpful especially because most modern readers don't know anything about the historical background that took place in this time period. Once the background of the text was finally revealed and discussed, the whole literary text made more sense.

- Ashleighna Mahigab

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Romeo and Juliet is written by the famous poet and playwright, William Shakespeare. The work of Shakespeare, “Romeo and Juliet” as well as his life both took place during the Renaissance period. It is also believed that the play is based on a real life Italian Love story from the 3rd Century. According to the critique, the play displays historical and political realities that the writer thought of as a warning for Queen Elizabeth. Additionally, I can say that the play “Romeo and Juliet” takes an historical approach because of the time it was created, which I included earlier which takes place during the renaissance period. In this way, I can say that the time period took a great influence in its writing.

Allysandra A. Benito

10-Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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The critic employed the historical method because they intended to investigate the motivations behind William Shakespeare's authorship of Romeo and Juliet, as well as to convey a message that is relevant to their background and personal experiences. The critic did it in such a manner that is focused on the idea of persecution as a law in the tale simply because Juliet's citizens opted to continue in her name due to a difference in how people chose to worship Christ. The critic saw this as a silly thing because if Elizabeth did not end this civil strife in a way that demonstrated that all of her subjects were truly one nation, then everyone would be punished. I learned in the last sentence that the critic just made speculation, which means it's a theory or conjecture without firm evidence, but the critic did say that with historical evidence and some clear interpretation, the story might get some credence.

James Matthew A. Agcanas
10 - Edison

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Explain why and how does the critique uses the Historical approach.

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Explain why and how does the critique uses the Historical approach.

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"Romeo and Juliet" was one of William Shakespeare's early plays, set during the Renaissance period. According to the literary critique provided, it undoubtedly employs a historical perspective because it represents the culture of the time period in which it was written. Furthermore, the critique includes relevant information from the play that depicts animosity and aggression amongst Italian families. That's why when Queen Elizabeth has finally ruled the country, everything became serene since the Queen had a passion for entertainment.

Margaret Christa S. Virtusio
10 - Edison

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Why and how does the critique uses Historical approach?

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Since Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy written a long time ago and based on Shakespeare's lifetime, the critique employed historical criticism. Because the story of Romeo and Juliet takes place amid a period of religious and political unrest. I perceive that the criticism centered on one of the social issues of the time, namely, tolerating persecution of her own citizens in her name based on a difference in how individuals chose to worship Christ. The critic expressed his or her opinion that it was a very ridiculous rivalry, while also emphasizing that everything is supposition. His recommendation for the literary's improvement was also shown in the last sentence.

- Hanna Sophia B. Bernal

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The book takes a historical approach because it is heavily influenced by a patriarchal society, as evidenced by Lord Capulet's part in promising Juliet to Paris despite being a kind parent. Shakespeare lived from 1564 to 1616, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. As a result, many scholars refer to the majority of Shakespeare's plays as Elizabethan drama. Romeo and Juliet was thought to be a veiled warning to Elizabeth of the perils and horrors of maintaining her policy of tolerating persecution of her own subjects in her name based on the differences in how individuals chose to worship Christ.

- Denice Lyka Melendres

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Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare during the Elizabethan rule of England, a period in which English Catholics and protestants were actively fighting each other due to religious differences. In a way the Capulets and Montagues serve as stand-ins for these two groups, as the two  families feud due to their ancestors starting friction between the two, a cause so nonsensical that both families do not even know what their ancestors fought for, just as how protestants and Catholics had fought due to their parents fighting, creating a vicious cycle of violence and turmoil, context very much in need to explain why the two families' feud got so violent and uncontrollable. If this is how we view the story, then Romeo and Juliet serve as the representation of peace between groups of protestants and catholics, as they both found common ground and form a bond, and so their deaths act as a sort of wake up call to the two families that they had fought for nothing, making the deaths of the two as a unnecessary tragedy, brought about by a conflict neither wanted to fight in. If viewed through the moralist approach it would just be seen as the senseless suicide of two young lovers brought about by a regular feud family, instead of an allegory for unwarranted killings and violence during an era of change. Using the historical approach was necessary to properly view how the Capulets and Montagues were not just mere feuding families but English Protestants and Catholics fighting each other, as without historical context one would just see the feud as nothing more than a regular feud between rivaling families and not as an allegory for mindless violence during Shakespeare's time. One cannot use other methods such as the moralist approach as the era in which the play was written was one of different ideals and values, compared to today's world it was a very hectic period for the poor and an extremely violent affair for families vying for control, this sort of rivalry is hardly present in a modern society where due to stability and order, morals are a set standard and are not so heavily Christian in nature.
-Ziel Shirov P. Valenzuela