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1. Li et al 2020 input of Cd from agriculture phosphate fertilizer application

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Taniwaki et al 2022 methane concentrations and fluxes in agricultural

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The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice. Farming communities that try to reduce environmental impacts through modifying their practices will adopt sustainable agriculture practices. The negative impact of agriculture is an old issue that remains a concern even as experts design innovative means to reduce destruction and enhance eco-efficiency. Though some pastoralism is environmentally positive, modern animal agriculture practices tend to be more environmentally destructive than agricultural practices focused on fruits, vegetables and other biomass. The emissions of ammonia from cattle waste continues to raise concerns over environmental pollution.

When evaluating environmental impact, experts use two types of indicators: "means-based", which is based on the farmer's production methods, and "effect-based", which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. An example of a means-based indicator would be the quality of groundwater, that is affected by the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil. An indicator reflecting the loss of nitrate to groundwater would be effect-based. The means-based evaluation looks at farmers' practices of agriculture, and the effect-based evaluation considers the actual effects of the agricultural system. For example, the means-based analysis might look at pesticides and fertilisation methods that farmers are using, and effect-based analysis would consider how much CO2 is being emitted or what the nitrogen content of the soil is.

The environmental impact of agriculture involves impacts on a variety of different factors: the soil, to water, the air, animal and soil variety, people, plants, and the food itself. Agriculture contributes to a number larger of environmental issues that cause environmental degradation including: climate change, deforestation, biodiversity loss, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste. Because of agriculture's importance to global social and environmental systems, the international community has committed to increasing sustainability of food production as part of Sustainable Development Goal 2: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture". The United Nations Environment Programme's 2021 "Making Peace with Nature" report highlighted agriculture as both a driver and an industry under threat from environmental degradation.

Categories

Contribution of farmed animal product [%]

Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a worldwide scale. Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on conditions affecting agriculture, including temperature, precipitation and glacial run-off. These conditions determine the carrying capacity of the biosphere to produce enough food for the human population and domesticated animals. Rising carbon dioxide levels would also have effects, both detrimental and beneficial, on crop yields. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture might help to properly anticipate and adapt farming to maximize agricultural production. Although the net impact of climate change on agricultural production is uncertain it is likely that it will shift the suitable growing zones for individual crops. Adjustment to this geographical shift will involve considerable economic costs and social impacts.

At the same time, agriculture has been shown to produce significant effects on climate change, primarily through the production and release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. In addition, agriculture that practices tillage, fertilization, and pesticide application also releases ammonia, nitrate, phosphorus, and many other pesticides that affect air, water, and soil quality, as well as biodiversity. Agriculture also alters the Earth's land cover, which can change its ability to absorb or reflect heat and light, thus contributing to radiative forcing. Land use change such as deforestation and desertification, together with use of fossil fuels, are the major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide; agriculture itself is the major contributor to increasing methane and nitrous oxide concentrations in earth's atmosphere.

Most of the methane emissions result from the use of livestock, in particular ruminants such as cattle and pigs. Other livestock, such as poultry and fish, have a far lower impact. Some solutions are being developed to counter the emissions of ruminants. Strategies include using biogas from manure, genetic selection, immunisation, rumen defaunation, outcompetition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, diet modification and grazing management, among others. Certain diet changes (such as with Asparagopsis taxiformis) allow for a reduction of up to 99% in ruminant greenhouse gas emissions. Due to these negative impacts, but also for reasons of farming efficiency (see Food vs. feed), one projection mentions a large decline of livestock at least some animals (i.e. cattle) in certain countries by 2030.

Deforestation is clearing the Earth's forests on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land damages. One of the causes of deforestation is to clear land for pasture or crops. According to British environmentalist Norman Myers, 5% of deforestation is due to cattle ranching, 19% due to over-heavy logging, 22% due to the growing sector of palm oil plantations, and 54% due to slash-and-burn farming.

Deforestation causes the loss of habitat for millions of species, and is also a driver of climate change. Trees act as a carbon sink: that is, they absorb carbon dioxide, an unwanted greenhouse gas, out of the atmosphere. Removing trees releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and leaves behind fewer trees to absorb the increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air. In this way, deforestation exacerbates climate change. When trees are removed from forests, the soils tend to dry out because there is no longer shade, and there are not enough trees to assist in the water cycle by returning water vapor back to the environment. With no trees, landscapes that were once forests can potentially become barren deserts. The removal of trees also causes extreme fluctuations in temperature.

In 2000 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) found that "the role of population dynamics in a local setting may vary from decisive to negligible," and that deforestation can result from "a combination of population pressure and stagnating economic, social and technological conditions."

Soil degradation is the decline in soil quality that can be a result of many factors, especially from agriculture. Soils hold the majority of the world's biodiversity, and healthy soils are essential for food production and adequate water supply. Common attributes of soil degradation can be salting, waterlogging, compaction, pesticide contamination, a decline in soil structure quality, loss of fertility, changes in soil acidity, alkalinity, salinity, and erosion. Soil erosion is the wearing away of topsoil by water, wind, or farming activities. Topsoil is very fertile, which makes it valuable to farmers growing crops. Soil degradation also has a huge impact on biological degradation, which affects the microbial community of the soil and can alter nutrient cycling, pest and disease control, and chemical transformation properties of the soil.

Tillage erosion

Plasticulture is the use of plastic mulch in agriculture. Farmers use plastic sheets as mulch to cover 50-70% of the soil and allow them to use drip irrigation systems to have better control over soil nutrients and moisture. Rain is not required in this system, and farms that use plasticulture are built to encourage the fastest runoff of rain. The use of pesticides with plasticulture allows pesticides to be transported easier in the surface runoff towards wetlands or tidal creeks. The runoff from pesticides and chemicals in the plastic can cause serious deformations and death in shellfish as the runoff carries the chemicals towards the oceans.

In addition to the increased runoff that results from plasticulture, there is also the problem of the increased amount of waste from the plastic mulch itself. The use of plastic mulch for vegetables, strawberries, and other row and orchard crops exceeds 110 million pounds annually in the United States. Most plastic ends up in the landfill, although there are other disposal options such as disking mulches into the soil, on-site burying, on-site storage, reuse, recycling, and incineration. The incineration and recycling options are complicated by the variety of the types of plastics that are used and by the geographic dispersal of the plastics. Plastics also contain stabilizers and dyes as well as heavy metals, which limits the number of products that can be recycled. Research is continually being conducted on creating biodegradable or photodegradable mulches. While there has been a minor success with this, there is also the problem of how long the plastic takes to degrade, as many biodegradable products take a long time to break down.

The environmental impact of agriculture can vary depending on the region as well as the type of agriculture production method that is being used. Listed below are some specific environmental issues in various different regions around the world.

Sustainable agriculture is the idea that agriculture should occur in a way such that we can continue to produce what is necessary without infringing on the ability for future generations to do the same.

The exponential population increase in recent decades has increased the practice of agricultural land conversion to meet the demand for food which in turn has increased the effects on the environment. The global population is still increasing and will eventually stabilize, as some critics doubt that food production, due to lower yields from global warming, can support the global population.

Agriculture can have negative effects on biodiversity as well. Organic farming is a multifaceted sustainable agriculture set of practices that can have a lower impact on the environment at a small scale. However, in most cases organic farming results in lower yields in terms of production per unit area. Therefore, widespread adoption of organic agriculture will require additional land to be cleared and water resources extracted to meet the same level of production. A European meta-analysis found that organic farms tended to have higher soil organic matter content and lower nutrient losses (nitrogen leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and ammonia emissions) per unit of field area but higher ammonia emissions, nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions per product unit. It is believed by many that conventional farming systems cause less rich biodiversity than organic systems. Organic farming has shown to have on average 30% higher species richness than conventional farming. Organic systems on average also have 50% more organisms. This data has some issues because there were several results that showed a negative effect on these things when in an organic farming system. The opposition to organic agriculture believes that these negatives are an issue with the organic farming system. What began as a small scale, environmentally conscious practice has now become just as industrialized as conventional agriculture. This industrialization can lead to the issues shown above such as climate change, and deforestation.

Conservation tillage

Conservation tillage is an alternative tillage method for farming which is more sustainable for the soil and surrounding ecosystem. This is done by allowing the residue of the previous harvest's crops to remain in the soil before tilling for the next crop. Conservation tillage has shown to improve many things such as soil moisture retention, and reduce erosion. Some disadvantages are the fact that more expensive equipment is needed for this process, more pesticides will need to be used, and the positive effects take a long time to be visible. The barriers of instantiating a conservation tillage policy are that farmers are reluctant to change their methods, and would protest a more expensive, and time-consuming method of tillage than the conventional one they are used to.

Biological pest control

Report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Environmental impact of agriculture - Wikipedia

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The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by farmers and by the scale of practice.

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2. Duarah et al 2022 review on global perspectives of SD in bioenergy

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We have 6 topics to discuss and each topic will have 3-4 articles to choose from.
You will choose one article from 2 topics and prepare a 20 min-long presentation on each article.
After your presentation, we will have 10 min Q&A.
Please put some ideas that you want to discuss with the class on the last slide.

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3. Interactions of landuse cover and CC at global level

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3. Singh et al 2022 integrated system of anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis

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Alengebawy et al 2021 HM and pesticide toxicity in agri soil

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1. Choose one journal article (논문을 고른다)
2. Put your name using the reply function on the chosen article, first come first served (선택한 논문에 댓글로 본인 이름을 쓴다, 선착순)
3. Prepare your presentation and convert it to PDF file (발표자료를 준비하여 PDF 파일로 만든다)
4. Upload your presentation file on Padlet to share with the classmates (발표자료를 Padlet에 업로드 하여 공유한다)
5. Do your presentation using PPT file on the presentation day (발표날에 PPT 파일을 이용해 발표한다)

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to air pollution problem in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to air pollution problem in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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what is this? this is not journal article 13...

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what is this? this is not journal article 13...

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3. Tudi et al 2021 agriculture devel pesticide appl impact on env

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Your presentation will be evaluated by me (professor) and the classmates.
The link to the evaluation form will be available on the presentation day.
You will be assessed on your attutude, presentation content, your understanding of the selected article, your presenation time, and your Q&A skills.

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1. Babu et al 2022 agri waste biomass to energy

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Ofori et al 2021 Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation

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4. Meftaul et al 2020 Pesticides in the urban environment Review

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to different ways of how microorganisms are utilized in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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Anand et al 2022 Current advances and research prospects for agricultural and industrial uses of microbial strains available in world collections

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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Mahapatra et al 2022 Biofertilizers and nanofertilizers for sustainable agriculture

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Selecting your own article for the presentation

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Selecting your own article for the presentation

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If you want to select your own article for the topics except the soil contamination topic, one additional article can be selected for each topic and only one person can do this. So it will be first come first served.
The quality of the article needs to be carefully looked at when you choose the article. So please try to select an article that has been published in the journals that have higher JCR rankings (i.e., within the top 20% in the selected area).

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to different ways of how microorganisms are utilized in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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Rafeeq et al 2023 Genetically engineered microorganisms for environmental remediation

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to water contamination problem in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to different ways of how microorganisms are utilized in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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FAO World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 An FAO perspective – Agriculture and the Environment 

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FAO World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 An FAO perspective – Agriculture and the Environment 

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to water contamination problem in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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4. Handling the impacts of CC on soil biodiversity

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FAO World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 Summary report – Prospects for the Environment 

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FAO World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 Summary report – Prospects for the Environment 

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to waste problems in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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Jalloul et al 2021 Antibiotics cont irrigation water

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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Wu et al 2022 Integrated microbiology and metabolomics analysis reveal plastic mulch film residue affects soil microorganisms

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농업환경화학특론 230913 발표자료_문수빈

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237568 송도영, 농업환경화학특론 발표

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Distribution and extent of heavy metal(loid) contamination

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Pesticides in the urban environment - 박소윤

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농업환경화학특론_서유진_1

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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Climate change and plant pathogens

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농업환경화학특론 김지유

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농업환경화학특론 백지현 

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농업환경화학특론 백지현

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이은지

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

# data[].attributes.body
You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to climate change issues in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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192104 손주찬, 농업환경화학특론 발표

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192104 손주찬, 농업환경화학특론 발표

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농업환경화학특론_손주찬

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Methane concentrations and fluxes in agricultural and preserved tropical headwater streams_183774 정승화 (1)

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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농업환경화학특론3 238833 김지유

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Biofertilizers and nanofertilizers for sustainable agriculture; Phycoprospects and challenges_183774 정승화

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Genetically engineered microorganisms for envrionmental remediation

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228412 송현복_농업환경화학특론 발표자료

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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Please consider the following evaluation questions when you prepare your presentation.

1. Evaluate the presentation structure. (e.g., Well structures? Have all the constituents (title, objective, method, results, discussion, etc.) necessary?)
2. Evaluate the presentation content. (e.g., Does the presenter fully understand what she/he is presenting? Is he/she presenting the important materials presented in the journal article in the presentation?)
3. Evaluate the presentation skills (e.g., speaking speed, voice, time, gesture, eye contact, speaking from memory or reading from the notes, etc.)
4. Was the presenter prepared for the Q&A? (e.g., reasonably good discussion question selected, good participation in the discussion?)

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You can choose one recent article (published in 2022-2024) related to climate change issues in agricultural environment and prepare a presentation using the chosen article.
Please upload the PDF file of your paper here.

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허정민 발표 자료입니다.

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이은지 발표자료입니다.

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이은지 발표자료입니다.

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여기에 텍스트를 입력하세요.

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백지현 발표자료 입니다

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백지현 발표자료 입니다

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이은지 발표자료입니다.

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이은지 발표자료입니다.