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England, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Belgium, etc. countries were involved with the Marshall Plan. The transportation system was chaos.

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The newly formed United Nations provided humanitarian assistance. In January 1947, U. S. President Harry Truman put George Marshall, the architect of victory during WWII, in charge to be Secretary of State. George Marshall shared this with the world in a speech on June 5, 1947, at Harvard. Officially known as the European Recovery Program (ERP), the Marshall Plan was intended to rebuild the economies and spirits of Western Europe, primarily. Sixteen nations, including Germany, were part of the Marshall Plan and they became part of the program and shaped the assistance they required, state by state, with administrative and technical assistance provided through the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) of the United States. In the end, economics grew immensely in Europe, and trade relations led to the formation of the North Atlantic alliance.  Economic prosperity led by coal and steel industries helped to shape what we know now as the European Union.

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This picture depicts Chinese communism. There were many founders. Mao Zedong, Li Da, Chen Duxiu  

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The Chinese Revolution began in 1946 with the resumption of open war between the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang (KMT), or Chinese Nationalists, after the end of the Second World War. Initially the KMT sought to make the frontline of the war in Manchuria, however it was an unequal struggle. The KMT forces had borne the brunt of the conflict with the

Japanese, and were largely exhausted by the effort.  The Communist wanted to save their strength so they did not attempt to banish the Japanese from China. The Communists suffered defeats and setbacks in 1946 and 1947, but learned from their errors and by 1948 had turned the tables on the KMT, defeating them in battle and capturing large amounts of demoralized troops and their equipment. The People's Republic of China became a reality in October 1949. Chian Kai-Shek retreated with the remainder of his army and roughly two million refugees to Taiwan, and subsequently repelled from outlying islands at the Battle of Kuningtou, but the Communists captured Hainan Island in 1950. With the capture of Hainan, the lines ossified and the Chinese Communist Revolution ended. Communist victory in the world's most populous country also fanned the anti-communist hysteria of 1950s America. The most important long-term effect was to create a Communist state with the size and power to stand as a rival to the Soviet Union within the Communist world. The Soviets and Chinese were initially allies, but eventually split apart, and fought bloody border conflicts in the 1960s. The Sino-Soviet split forced many Communist states to choose sides, with China even invading pro-Soviet Vietnam in 1979.

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These are people looking above at a plane that is supposed to drop supplies such as food and coal.

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The main aggressor was invaded by allied armies such as the UK, US, and allies from the west as well as the USSR from the East. As the war ended and peace emerged, the country was divided into four zones; occupied and administered by the US, the UK, France, and USSR. On June 7th, 1948, the West Germans were told to draft a constitution for a new West German state. On June 20, a new currency was introduced into the three allied zones-the Deutschmark while East Germany countered with its new currency, the Ostmark. Stalin led the USSR and refused to accept developments during the Six Power Conference, believing that they could apply enough pressure on the Western governments to force a renegotiation, even a neutral unified Germany. This pressure was to be applied to Berlin, in which the western zones were dependent upon supplies crossing through the larger Soviet zone in Germany. On the night of June 23-24, all rail and road links were cut off, as was the electricity supply, the excuse given being a need to stop devalued older currency flooding in from the West. 2.5 million people had only five weeks of food because West Berlin was not strong enough to support itself.

Airlift- Stalin decided to not risk war by shooting a plane down. They began a massive airlift of food, coal, and other supplies between the Western German zones and Berlin. Worried that the airlift might fail, Allied ambassadors met with Stalin to discuss the situation. He demanded that the ostmark replace the Deutschmark in Berlin and that the future of Germany is discussed. Feeling that the blockade would force the allies back to negotiate, the Soviets didn’t budge. The UN also tried meditating. Ultimately the Allies didn’t need to negotiate any further because the Berlin Airlift developed into a hugely successful operation, by January moving an average daily tonnage of 5620 and 8000 tons by April. The airlift was unprecedented. The Allies also shut all exports from Germany into the Soviet zone, placing economic pressure back on the USSR. Stalin, facing defeat, changed position, saying he’d lift the blockade if a Council of Foreign Ministers, which had met before to discuss the postwar world, was held. The Allies agreed and the Blockade was lifted on May 12 1949. T,h e Berlin Blockade was the first time these former allies had been in open conflict. The Berlin Blockade has been described as "an astonishing display of the West’s industrial weight and political determination."

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This image shows all of the 15 countries that the Soviet union had split into after its collapse.

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In December of 1991, the soviet union was separated into 15 different countries, and the US celebrated due to its enemy being brought to its knees.  This had ended the cold war, and this breakup of the soviet union had reformulated political, economic, and military alliances everywhere.  The events that led to this event after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917, led the new government to create socialism and communism.  The state became totalitarian, and this was problematic.  The soviets had underestimated the degree of people who would resist assimilation into a Russianized state, and their economic planning did not meet the needs of the state.  By 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev (the Soviet last leader) had realized the stagnation, economic and political problems..etc that the country had been in, so he began an economic reform program.  The program did not have the publicity he wanted, and people criticized his failure to improve the economy.  In 1987 the Baltic region, the government of Estonia had demanded autonomy, and so did others.  Armenians had wanted the right to secede, and the Gorbachev government had refused Nagorno Karabakh to secede, and this led to disputes, and all-out war.  The situation had come to an end in August of 1991, and a group of “hard-line” communists had organized a coup d’etat.  They had kidnapped Gorbachev, and on August 13th they announced he was ill, and could not govern.  People began to protest.  After three days of massive protest, the coup people had surrendered, and a few months later the soviet union had collapsed.  Gorbachev conceded power, and on December 25th, 1991 he resigned.  “Commonwealth of independent republics” was composed of the more independent countries of the former soviet union.  These new 15 countries must develop their economies, reorganize political systems, and they are rebuilding, reorganizing, and constructing the countries of the former soviet union.

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This image shows the large amount of protesters in the Tiananmen square protesting due to the death of Hu Yaobang.

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The Tiananmen Square massacre had been been a response to a protest in the people's republic of China in 1989.  These protests were subdued through the military, and it is estimated that thousands of students had been killed.  The reason why students protested was the death of Hu Yaobang.  He was very popular among people due to his policies such as removing governmental control from the economy.  Thousands of people had gone to his funeral, and people had demanded, and protested raising funds for education, ending newspaper censorship, and saying Hu’s views had been correct.  People began to feel upset about how the government has been responding to Hu’s death, so they protested.  Unions had been formed, and committees were protesting.  An editorial had come out that advised taking a hard line with the protesters, and general Secretary, Zhao Ziyang had returned to North Korea.  He argued with LiPeng about a conciliatory approach, but Deng Xiaoping (leader of China), had used the Military to suppress the protests.  When Zhao denied this, he was purged to house arrest until his death.  On June 2nd, the liberation army was sent to clear the Tiananmen square, and the people opposed them and tried to block them from entering the square.  Only a few protesters were left, and there had been firing into the crowd, and beating of students.  By 5:40 am the square was cleared.  In the aftermath, the US had put economic sanctions on China, and large-scale protests had taken place in Hong Chong, Shanghai, and Chengdu..etc.  Many of those who protested had left the country, and they had been offered refugee status, and visas. Others who stayed were arrested, and the Tiananmen Square massacre as of 2012 is banned from media, literature, and art in China.

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The zones that were occupied are show in the picture above.The four occupation zones involved were the United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. 

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Germany: Postwar Occupation and Division

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Germany: Postwar Occupation and Division

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On May 8, 1945, the unconditional surrender of the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) was signed by Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel in Berlin, ending World War II for Germany. history: the entire German territory was occupied by foreign armies, cities and infrastructure were largely reduced to rubble, the country was flooded with millions of refugees from the east, and large portions of the population were suffering from hunger and the loss of their homes. During all of this the Allies issued a unilateral declaration on June 5, 1945, that proclaimed their supreme authority over German territory, short of annexation. Furthermore, at the conference in Casablanca, held in January 1943, British prime minister Winston Churchill's proposal to invade the Balkans and East-Central Europe via Greece was rejected. This decision opened the road for Soviet occupation of eastern Germany. The Key individuals were Field Marshal Wilhelm Keiteland Winston Churchill. All in all, to facilitate German economic self-sufficiency, United States and British occupation policies soon merged, and by the beginning of 1947 their zones had been joined into one economic area, the Bizone.

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This shows the countries involved in the Eastern Bloc. From 1949-1989 these countries were under the Soviet control

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The Warsaw Pact was signed on May 14, 1955 by the Soviet Union and it's Communist allies

Democracy and communism were the two political ideologies that Stark differenced. He also had a desire for power preservations. It made both countries more concerned with self protection and promotion, than with shared collaboration. The United States used its power to try to protect existing democratic governments around the world. The Soviet Union, used its influence that it gained through the war and established and enforced communist rule and created an alliance of countries on its eastern borders that stood as a buffer between the Western world and itself. The Soviet Army under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. Stalin occupied Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, portions of Czechoslovakia and Eastern Germany. Other countries such as China, Yugoslavia, and Albania also adopted Communist governments in the 1940s, but with the Soviet Union China broke off. The Soviet Union wanted to hold on to these countries that they had already taken. The Soviet Union wanted to maintain the buffer zone as insurance against any future aggression from Germany and to uphold its military and political power in the region. It was a constant back and forth that the Eastern Bloc would break away from the Soviet Union and then brought back because of internal pressure,

martial law or, as a last resort, military invasion. Eventually, when Mikhail Gorbachev (1931– ) assumed power in 1985, his policies of openness and economic restructuring allowed the countries of the Eastern Bloc to adopt reforms and eventually to establish non-Communist governments. In 1989, the Eastern Bloc was considered to have finally and completely dissolved

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This is an image of the Soviet army coming into Afghanistan through their tanks, guns, and equipment ready to invade.

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The Cold war had taken place during 1945-1991, and people were living in constant fear of being attacked, and having a war arise.  Bot Russia, and America had spies in one anothers countries.  They also had training facilities for the spies, along with developing new technology.  The Soviet war in Afghanistan had been a 9 year long conflict, and it was between the Marxist soviet union and the islamist Mujahedeen Resistence.  The Invasion had been on December 7th, 1979, and it had consisted of Soviet informants had relayed information for the circle of advisors under the leader Brezhev.  The information was about their maintenance cycles for tanks, and equipment.  Troops landed in Kabul on December 25th, and this led Amin to move offices to Tajbeg palace.  General Dmitry Chiangov had met with the commander of the 40th army in order to work out routes for the soviet army before they arrived.  On the 27th 700 of the troops had dressed in Afghan uniforms from the Alpha group, and Zenith group.  They had tanks, soldiers, AFK’s, and aircrafts.  They were also able to occupy military/media buildings (In Kabul), and the Presidential palace.  The soviets had occupied cities while the Mujahideen had formed smaller groups.  Fighting had occurred in places such as Pakistan, and Mujahideen had controlled outposts, but the soviets would break them up.  In March of 1985 General secretary Mikhail Gorbachev demanded for a solution to be found in one year, making this year the most bloodiest.   Mujahideen had used sabotage methods, and between 1987, and 1985 there had been terrorist attacks.  In 1979 there had been an Afghan resistance movement, and the US, pakistan, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, and the PRC had all assisted Moscow.  Operation cyclone was used by the US to help anti-soviet forces, and the US had provided a lot of financial help.  Lastly, soviet troops had withdrawn from Afghanistan, and they barely engaged in operations.  Operation Magistral had swept the road between Gardez, and Khost.  This had allowed the Soviets to end their presence, and work with a victory.  Withdrawing was done peacefully due to the Soviets negotiating ceasefires with Mujahideen commanders.

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This is an image of the Cuban exiles being arrested  in the country of Cuba.  They had been arrested, and held captive due to their attacks.

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On April 17th, 1961 Cuban exiles launched a botched invasion.  This had taken place at the bay of pigs; on the southeast coast of Cuba.  Fidel Castro has risen to power in 1959 by overthrowing Fulgencio Batista.  This event had led the US to be skeptical of Castro due to his relations with Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union.  John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan through the CIA to train Cuban exiles to invade their homeland.  This was to overthrow Castro and ultimately get rid of their communist government.  Training camps had been set up in Guatemala, but Castro had learned of them as early as October 1960. In February of 1960, Kennedy authorized the invasion.  The location of the Bay of Pigs was a deception since it was swampy, and the landing site was 80 miles from the refugee in the Escambray Mountains.  The original plan was for two airstrikes to be aimed against Cuban air forces, a 1,400 man surprise attack with paratroopers disrupting transportation, and a smaller force along the east coast for confusion.  Main forces were to advance through Matanzas to set up a defensive position, but the plan had depended on the Cuban population joining in with the invaders.  On April 15th, 1961 8 bombers had Cuban airfields and missed many of their targets leaving Cuba's air force intact.  When word got out about the repainted US planes, it was revealed that America was a part of it. On April 17th there was an invasion of the bay of pigs.  The invaders had two escort ships sunken, air support destroyed, and fighter planes shot down.  Some exiles had escaped to the sea, and the rest were either killed or, imprisoned.  They were held captive for 20 months until the US had made an agreement with Castro or the prisoners in exchange for 53 million dollars worth of baby food, and medicine.  The Bay of pigs had a long-term effect on the Kennedy administration, and in order to make up, they had initiated operation mongoose in order to sabotage the Cuban government and economy.  Even after 50 years, the relationship between the US and Cuba had still stayed strenuous, and tenuous.

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This image captures the demolition of the Berlin wall as citizens celebrated by breaking it down & climbing over it as a signal of happiness and significance. 

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The Berlin Wall was a guarded barrier that separated the countries of western and Eastern Europe throughout the Cold War. When WWII ended, Germany ended up diving into 4 zones and two separate countries where the East was under the communist control of the Soviet Union and the West under the democratic control of the allies, The United States, France, and Britain. As Joseph Stalin possessed a reserve of  German Communists agent, Walter Ulbricht was flown to Berlin to take command of the entire city. Ulbricht's plans were thwarted by the Western allies and a courageous new breed of truly democratic German politicians. In June 1948, the Soviets tried to force the western sectors of Berlin into submission by closing off land access as the West mounted a massive airlift to fly supplies into their sectors. Russians soon called off the "Berlin Blockade” and Germany split into two.

When people began to realize that they didn’t want to live under the rule of the Soviet Union, they tried to escape the eastern part of the country and moved to the West. As they tried to seek a better life, this threatened the Communist state's very existence. On Aug. 12, 1961, East German constructed concrete-block, wood barriers, and barbed wire fences around Berlin to prevent people from leaving and losing too many people. The Wall soon became the Cold War's most potent symbol. Its existence made it extremely difficult for people to escape through its alarmed fences, dog-run patrols, and manned guards that were ordered to shoot on sight. While some were still able to escape through their athletic ability and by digging tunnels, thousands were killed, imprisoned, and arrested as a result of the wall. As East Germany believed that they were still under stabilization, it soon suffered from a shortage of natural resources and was desperately inefficient. East Germans had enough of the results of the wall and declared a protest and huge rallies demanding freedom to travel while stating, "We are the People!"

The East German state, demoralized and bankrupt, decided to announce some relaxation of the decades-old travel restrictions, hoping to calm the situation. However, they were wrong, and immediately the borders were open and people could freely move between Eastern and Western Germany. Much of the wall was torn down by thousands of East Berliners as they celebrated the end of a divided Germany. Once Berlin was reunited, the Cold War had come to an end.

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This image marks the missiles the US had in hold of during the Cuban Missile Crisis. While they didn't use missiles in warfare, it was as means of protection. 

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The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that almost brought the upbringing of a Nuclear War.

Before the dilemma, there was originally a conflict between the United States and Fidel Castro in Cuba. As the US tried to overthrow and invade Castro, their attempt failed miserably. This struck tension toward Castro so his allies, the Soviet Union, set up missile sites within Cuba that could strike the US.

When the United States found out about the missile launch sites being built in September 1962, President John F. Kennedy complained to the Soviet Union about these developments and warned them that the United States would not accept offensive weapons in Cuba; this put him in a very difficult situation as Cuba finally installed weapons that could take down the US's.

To prevent any issues from occurring in John F. During Kennedy's presidential campaign, he decided to restrict the flights of the U-2 planes over Cuba while Pilots were told to avoid flying the whole length of the island. Kennedy hoped this would ensure that a U-2 plane would not be shot down, and would prevent Cuba from becoming a major issue. When he heard that Cuba had new nuclear weapons, he decided to call a meeting on what should be done to deal with the crisis.

Although all agreed on an air attack on the missile sites, John F. Kennedy decided to wait and instead called for another meeting to take place that evening to prevent an issue similar to the Bay of Pigs invasion from reoccurring. This caused doubt to be unleashed, fearing that it would lead to a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. Soon it was imposed for a Naval Blockade on Cuba to prevent offensive weapons from entering Cuba, as well as alerting the navy to prepare for attacks on Cuba and the Soviet Union.

On October 24, President John F. Kennedy was informed that Soviet ships had stopped before they reached the United States ships blockading Cuba. Nikita Khrushchev sent a note to Kennedy accusing him of creating a crisis to help the Democratic Party win the forthcoming election. He, later on, sent another letter declaring to the US to remove their bases and that they would make a negotiation if the US decides to not invade Cuba which Kennedy accepted. The crisis was President Kennedy's greatest moment in aiding him in the election and the conflict soon was over marking a change in the development of the cold war.

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The image captures North Vietnam attacking US troops during warfare. Since the United States was limited on certain rules in battle, combat was difficult. 

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The Vietnam War was a prolonged conflict between North Vietnam and the government of Southern Vietnam from 1959 to April 30, 1975. Nationalist forces attempted to unify Vietnam under a communist government, while the United States was trying to prevent the spread of communism in the south with the help of anti-communist countries. Prior to the Vietnam War, there had been countless disputes in Vietnam regarding French colonial rule when Japan took control of the area. Communist Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh's main objective was to establish an independent Vietnam with a new government called the Democratic Republic and declare freedom for the country. The French, however, weren’t too fond of the idea and didn't want to give up their colony; they argued that Vietnam belonged to them.

Eventually, Ho Chi Minh and his allies tried to fight against the French while trying to gain assistance from the United States. However, the United States was dedicated to its Cold War foreign policy through the fear of communism spreading. This “fear” was backed up through the “domino theory” that if a singular country fell under the ideology of communism, then surrounding countries would fall apart. In 1950, the U.S. decided to help France defeat Ho Chi Minh and his revolutionaries by sending the French military aid but soon led to a major failure. As the French lost the battle to the Vietnamese, they pulled out of Vietnam.  At the Geneva Conference of 1954, nations met to determine how the French could peacefully withdraw through an agreement that split the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. It was announced that a democratic election would be held to reunite the country under one government. This struck a bit of tension in the United States as they feared that the country would become communist so they helped Ngo Dinh Diem get elected in the South by eliminating his rivals; he was later on killed in 1963 due to his poor leadership skills.

As President Johnson got involved in the mix, he came up with a plan to help bolster South Vietnam’s defenses instead of the US winning the war for them. Troops were limited and disappointed when the U.S. found themselves in a stalemate with the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. Though fighting was limited, it made it difficult for a serious ground assault when having to encounter ambushes and traps in the Jungles of Vietnam. Many suffered as a result of the war through low morale, anger, and drug usage. In 1969, Richard Nixon became the new U.S. president. He had his own plan to end U.S. involvement in Vietnam by declaring U.S. troops to be removed from Vietnam while handing back the fighting to the South Vietnamese. The withdrawal of U.S. troops began in July 1969 that brought a  faster end to hostilities. On January 27, 1973, the peace talks in Paris finally succeeded in producing a cease-fire agreement. The last U.S. troops left Vietnam on March 29, 1973, knowing they were leaving a weak South Vietnam that would not be able to withstand another major communist North Vietnam attack.   The US had lost the Vietnam War and also taken a major effect on the Cold War as Vietnam was reunited as a communist country.

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This is a photo captured during the Korean War. As you see armed forces getting ready for combat, those living in the areas evacuated the region for safety.

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The Korean War was a conflict that provided the first confrontation between North Korea and South Korea that was seen as one of the many proxy wars fought during the Cold War. After WWII in 1945, both nations, which were once called the Korean Peninsula, were divided up as the Northern half of Korea went under the control of the Soviet Union, and the Southern half under the control of the United States. The two sides were divided at the 38th parallel by the allies.

Later that year, there were attempts made to negotiate as a unified country as they decided that they would be reunited and made independent after a five-year period. This was later shortened as elections in North and South Korea were held in 1948 with North Korea forming a communist government with Kim Il-sung as the leader, and South Korea forming a democratic government. On June 26th, 1950 conflicts around the border arose as North Korea invaded the south. Immediately condemning the North Korean invasion, The South Korean Army fled and forces from the United Nations came to help out with military assistance as President Harry Truman ordered American forces to the peninsula under the UN banner. Soon the South Korean government only occupied a small part of Korea on the southern tip around the port of Pusan.

While fighting occurred around Pusan, UN commander General Douglas MacArthur led the UN forces on an attack at the Battle of Inchon on September 15th. The battle was a success as they advanced deep into North Korea hoping to end the war by Christmas despite Chinese warnings about intervening. MacArthur continued to follow his aggressive tactics and pushed the North Koreans to the northern border. This caused great upheaval for the Chinese, so in October Chinese forces sent their army for combat. MacArthur was able to stabilize the line and counterattacked in February as they were forced to retreat to the south of Seoul. Due to the conditions they were currently in, President Truman replaced MacArthur with General Matthew Ridgway and repelled a Chinese offensive before halting just north of the border.

War effectively became a stalemate as negotiations opened in July 1951. Although a peace treaty wasn’t established, both sides agreed to the creation of a demilitarized zone along the front and would remain independent and the border would remain at the 38th parallel. In the end,  South Korea developed into one of the world's strongest economies while North Korea remained an isolated pariah state.

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The image here is a shot captured during the Cuban Revolution. You can see the Cuban Flag rise high with the soldiers as they march for battle in Latin America 

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The Cuban revolution was an armed uprising throughout Latin America that was led by Fidel Castro against the government of Fulgencio Batista. In 1953, Castro’s purpose was to overthrow the oppressive dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista’s regime that was corrupt and inefficient. When Castro ran for a seat in Cuba's House of Representatives, Batista overthrew the existing government and negated the elections. Through his frustration, Castro began to organize a revolution along with the assistance from Communists and dignitaries of the Catholic Church which ended up as a failure in his first attempt.

The United States were involved in the conflict through aiding their support to Batista. They believed that Castro’s revolution in nearby Cuba brought the Cold War to its own hemisphere. This struck a bit of tension to the US economy since they own many parts of Cuban territory as their source of wealth. They were disillusioned with Batista’s leadership and provided $10 million in military assistance to the Cuban government in the eight years prior to the revolution. While it’s unknown what struck the bitterness between Castro and the American government, he turned to the Soviet Union for assistance. Although the Soviet response was initially hesitant, the USSR accepted reluctantly.

Through Castro’s determination, he decided to plan his next revolution by acquiring an army to declare war against Batista. Equipment from the Soviet Union soon poured into the island nation with deliveries including MIG jet fighters, helicopters, tanks, rocket launchers, and various assault and heavy machine guns.  Castro was able to eventually overthrow Batista’s government and by July 1960, the relationship was well established as Castro took over as leader of Cuba. He declared himself a Marxist-Leninist in December 1961 as he used Marxism’s philosophy in creating a new government for Cuba. Many Cubans also reacted negatively as a steady stream of officials from the deposed Batista regime, along with other professionals and technicians that opposed the revolution, fled the country.

The United States passed through the predictable phases of disenchantment with Castro and finally schemed against him under the operation that was carried out by President Kennedy in April 1961 with invasion forces landing in the area of Cuba, known as the Bay of Pigs. They underestimated how much the revolution caused a toll on the local population. This led to the incursion failing within three days. Castro’s army and militia that had killed, captured, or thrown off the entire landing force led the invasion to a total disaster.  The Soviets began to send out missiles and personnel into Cuba that could strike the United States at any time given but got later on removed to prevent another war to rise.