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Horace Mann was a strong advocate for public education and the common school. This was on the earlier stages of school as we know it today. The common schools would be free, locally funded, regulated by the state, and available to white children. This was a milestone to expanding the idea of a common school which eventually expanded to all children.

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In 1874, the Michigan courts ruled that the school district could tax the public to fund elementary and secondary school. The ruling was that the legislature could not restrict the scope of public education. This case served as a landmark for educational reform in the United States.

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This is in the top five rankings because it made it possible for states to establish colleges which emphasized in agriculture and engineering. This opened opportunities for vocational training for people which had been previously excluded.

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4. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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4. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

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In the Plessy v. Ferguson case, the supreme court’s decision as that the racial segregation laws for public facilities was constitutional as long as they were equal in quality. Known as the “separate but equal” doctrine. In the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the US Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation I public schools are unconstitutional even if they were otherwise equal in quality because they violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.  This is in the top five because it was a strive in the direction increasing diversity in schools.

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Although the Bilingual Education Act was passed in 1968, the funding was limited and the participation from schools was voluntary. The result of this lawsuit was that under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a California school receiving federal funds must provide non-English speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education. This is in the top five because it expanded on the bilingual education act. In the US many different ethnicities came together, and these kinds of acts established English as the primary language and made sure to offer opportunities for non-English speaking students.