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Mass versus Weight
To understand the differences we need to compare a few points:

1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.

2) Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a known amount of matter to an unknown amount of matter. Weight is measured on a scale.

3) The Mass of an object doesn't change when an object's location changes. Weight, on the otherhand does change with location.
4) Mass can never be zero. Unlike mass, weight can be zero.
5)  Weight is commonly measured in Newtons, while mass is measured in grams and kilograms.

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The difference between mass and weight.

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Nigell and Martin discuss the difference between mass and weight.

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1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object. 2) Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a known amount of matter to an unknown amount of matter. Weight is measured on a scale.

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1) Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object. 2)Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a known amount of matter to an unknown amount of matter.Weight is measured on a scale.

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The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations. According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.

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The law of conservation of massstates that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations. According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants.

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Carbonate is CO₃⁻² and will react with acids to give off carbon dioxide (CO₂), leaving the acid salt of the original carbonate salt.

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The reaction of carbonates with acids follows a very similar pattern to their reaction with metals. The same salt is produced as with the reaction with a metal; however, instead of hydrogen gas being evolved though water and carbon dioxide gas are formed.

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Tests for gases

Many reactions produce gases which can help identify the mechanisms and products involved. It is therefore important to be able to test for several common gases.

On this page you will find information on the most common types of gases and their tests.

This page will be updated further in the near future, however here are some tests for common gases given off in reactions

Hydrogen

To test for hydrogen a small sample can be ignited. Hydrogen will make a squeaky pop when lit in air, care needs to be taken with this test as large amounts of hydrogen are very explosive in air.

Hydrogen reacts very quickly with oxygen to form water.

Oxygen

Oxygen supports combustion so a good method of testing for oxygen is to take a glowing splint and place it in a sample of gas, if it re-ignites the gas is oxygen.

This is a simple but effective test for oxygen. There are sometimes confusions as the splint can create a pop very slightly on re-ignition, which sometimes is mistaken for hydrogen. A hydrogen pop is much more violent, sometimes enough to completely extinguish the splint.

Carbon Dioxide

There are two tests for carbon dioxide. Firstly it will extinguish a flame, however, as any oxygen free gas will also extinguish a flame this is a poor gas test and may result in misidentification.

The best way of testing for Carbon dioxide is to bubble it through lime water. A positive test will result in the lime water turning milky. Lime water turns milky as the Calcium hydroxide (chemical name for limewater) reacts with carbon dioxide to form Calcium Carbonate which is insoluble in water and thus forms a milky white precipitate.

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A lighted wooden splint goes out in atest tube of carbon dioxide but this happens with other gases, too. It is better to bubble the test gas through limewater - calcium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide turns limewater cloudy white.

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Creating an electric potential through water causes positive ions, including the inherent hydrogen ions H3O+, to move towards the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions, including the inherent hydroxide ions OH-, to move towards the positive electrode (anode). At sufficient potential difference, this may may cause electrolysis with oxygen gas being produced at the anode and hydrogen gas produced at the cathode (see [1878] for current reviews). The electrolysis of water usually involves dilute, or moderately concentrated, salt solutions in order to reduce the power loss driving the current through the solution, but the presence of salt is not a requirement for electrolysis.

.Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

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Electrolysis of water

Simple setup for demonstration of electrolysis of water at home

Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogengas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

This technique can be used to makehydrogen fuel (hydrogen gas) and breathable oxygen; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead.

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Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a Standard potential of _1.23V , meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water. This technique can be used to make hydrogen fuel (hydrogen gas) and breathable oxygen ; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead .

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Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2 O) & hydrogengas (H2) due to an electric current being passed tjrough the water . The reaction has a stander potential of - 1.23 V; meaning it ideally requires a potential differenceof - 1.23 volts to split water .

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Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

This technique can be used to make hydrogen fuel (hydrogen gas) and breathable oxygen; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead.

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Electrolysis of Water - Hydrogen and Oxygen from water

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Electrolysis of water

Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.EQUATION:

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Electrolysis of Water - Hydrogen and Oxygen from water

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A video explaining about electrolysis of water for 8th class (grade) CBSE science students in India. For many more such videos and complete customized solutions to schools and students on a wide range of devices, please contact sales@edewcate.com EzyLearn Digiclass is the most advanced digital curriculum software in the country that enables teachers and students to communicate and derive maximum benefit out of the vast digital resources made avaialable to them at the lowest price in the market.

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Electrolysis of Water - Hydrogen and Oxygen from water

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Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

# data[].attributes.body
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

# data[].attributes.body
Electrolysis of water is the decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) due to an electric current being passed through the water. The reaction has a standard potential of −1.23 V, meaning it ideally requires a potential difference of 1.23 volts to split water.

This technique can be used to make hydrogen fuel (hydrogen gas) and breathable oxygen; though currently most industrial methods make hydrogen fuel from natural gas instead.

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What are the parts of the nervous system?

The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system:

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body, including the neck and arms, torso, legs, skeletal muscles and internal organs.

The brain sends messages through the spinal cord and nerves of the peripheral nervous system to control the movement of the muscles and the function of internal organs.

The basic working unit of the nervous system is a cell called a neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, and special extensions called axons (pronounced AK-sonz) and dendrites (pronounced DEN-drahytz).

Neurons communicate with each other using axons and dendrites. When a neuron receives a message from another neuron, it sends an electrical signal down the length of its axon. At the end of the axon, the electrical signal is converted into a chemical signal, and the axon releases chemical messengers called

neurotransmitters (pronounced noor-oh-TRANS-mit-erz).

The neurotransmitters are released into the space between the end of an axon and the tip of a dendrite from another neuron. This space is called a synapse (pronounced SIN-aps). The neurotransmitters travel the short distance through the synapse to the dendrite. The dendrite receives the neurotransmitters and converts them back into an electrical signal. The signal then travels through the neuron, to be converted back into a chemical signal when it gets to neighboring neurons.

Motor neurons transmit messages from the brain to control voluntary movement. Sensory neurons detect incoming light, sound, odor, taste, pressure, and heat and send messages to the brain. Other parts of the nervous system regulate involuntary processes, such as the release of hormones like adrenaline, dilation of the eye in response to light, or regulation of the digestive system, which are involved in the function of the body’s organs and glands.The brain is made up of many networks of communicating neurons. In this way, different parts of the brain can “talk” to each other as well as work together to send messages to the rest of the body.

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What is the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.

The nervous system consists of two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system:

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of the nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body, including the neck and arms, torso, legs, skeletal muscles and internal organs.

The brain sends messages through the spinal cord and nerves of the peripheral nervous system to control the movement of the muscles and the function of internal organs.

The basic working unit of the nervous system is a cell called a neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. A neuron consists of a cell body containing the nucleus, and special extensions called axons (pronounced AK-sonz) and dendrites (pronounced DEN-drahytz).

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The two halves of the nervous system work together in order for your body to properly communicate its sensations and needs.

The nervous system has two great divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves and small concentrations of gray matter called ganglia. The brain sends messages via the spinal cord to the body's peripheral nerves, which control the muscles and internal organs.

Illustration by Lydia V. Kibiuk, Baltimore, MD

+ Enlarge

The nervous system has two great divisions: the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves and small concentrations of gray matter called ganglia. The brain sends messages via the spinal cord to the body's peripheral nerves, which control the muscles and internal organs.

Illustration by Lydia V. Kibiuk, Baltimore, MD

The forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS), which is one of two great divisions of the nervous system as a whole. The brain is protected by the skull, while the spinal cord, which is about 17 inches (43 cm) long, is protected by the vertebral column.

The other great division of the human brain is the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves and small concentrations of gray matter called ganglia, a term specifically used to describe structures in the PNS. Overall the nervous system is a vast biological computing device formed by a network of gray matter regions interconnected by white matter tracts.

The brain sends messages via the spinal cord to peripheral nerves throughout the body that serve to control the muscles and internal organs. The somatic nervous system is made up of neurons connecting the CNS with the parts of the body that interact with the outside world. Somatic nerves in the cervical region are related to the neck and arms; those in the thoracic region serve the chest; and those in the lumbar and sacral regions interact with the legs.

The autonomic nervous system is made of neurons connecting the CNS with internal organs. It is divided into two parts. The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes energy and resources during times of stress and arousal, while the parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and resources during relaxed states, including sleep.

Messages are carried throughout the nervous system by the individual units of its circuitry: neurons.

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Butterflies are insects in the clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, along with two smaller groups, the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterfly fossils date to the Palaeocene, about 56 million years ago.

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Butterflies are insects in the clade Rhopalocera from the order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily Papilionoidea, along with two smaller groups, the skippers (superfamily Hesperioidea) and the moth-butterflies (superfamily Hedyloidea). Butterfly fossils date to the Palaeocene, about 56 million years ago.

Butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs out, and after its wings have expanded and dried, it flies off. Some butterflies, especially in the tropics, have several generations in a year, while others have a single generation, and a few in cold locations may take several years to pass through their whole life cycle.

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The First Stage: The Egg

Butterfly Eggs on a Leaf

A butterfly starts life as a very small, round, oval or cylindrical egg.  The coolest thing about butterfly eggs, especially monarch butterfly eggs, is that if you look close enough you can actually see the tiny caterpillar growing inside of it. Some butterfly eggs may be round, some oval and some may be ribbed while others may have other features. The egg shape depends on the type of butterfly that laid egg

The Second Stage: The Larva (Caterpillar)

Butterfly Caterpillar

When the egg finally hatches, most of you would expect for a butterfly to emerge, right?  Well, not exactly.  In the butterfly’s life cycle, there are four stages and this is only the second stage.  Butterfly larvae are actually what we call caterpillars. Caterpillars do not stay in this stage for very long and mostly, in this stage all they do is eat.

- When the egg hatches, the caterpillar will start his work and eat the leaf they were born onto. This is really important because the mother butterfly needs to lay her eggs on the type of leaf the caterpillar will eat – each caterpillar type likes only certain types of leaves. Since they are tiny and can not travel to a new plant, the caterpillar needs to hatch on the kind of leaf it wants to eat.    Caterpillars need to eat and eat so they can grow quickly. When a caterpillar is born, they are extremely small. When they start eating, they instantly start growing and expanding.  Their exoskeleton (skin) does not stretch or grow, so they grow by “molting” (sheding the outgrown skin) several times while it grows.

The Third Stage: Pupa (Chrysalis)

Caterpillar Becoming a Chrysalis

The pupa stage is one of the coolest stages of a butterfly’s life.  As soon as a caterpillar is done growing and they have reached their full length/weight, they form themselves into a pupa, also known as a chrysalis.  From the outside of the pupa, it looks as if the caterpillar may just be resting, but the inside is where all of the action is.  Inside of the pupa, the caterpillar is rapidly

The Fourth Stage: Adult Butterfly

Butterfly Emerging from a Chrysalis

Finally, when the caterpillar has done all of its forming and changing inside the pupa, if you are lucky, you will get to see an adult butterfly emerge.  When the butterfly first emerges from the chrysalis, both of the wings are going to be soft and folded against its body. This is because the butterfly had to fit all its new parts inside of the pupa.

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Butterfly Life Cycle

The butterfly and moth develop through a process called metamorphosis. This is a Greek word that means transformation or change in shape.

Insects have two common types of metamorphosis. Grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, and cockroaches have incomplete metamorphosis. The young (called a nymph) usually look like small adults but without the wings.

Butterflies, moths, beetles, flies and bees have complete metamorphosis. The young (called a larva instead of a nymph) is very different from the adults. It also usually eats different types of food.

There are four stages in the metamorphosis of butterflies and moths: egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

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Inquire about life cycle of a butterfly and  grasshopper

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Other insects, however, reproduce asexually, which involves the independent growth and development of an unfertilized egg without the assistance of sperm. Insects have similar reproductive organs to vertebrates and warm-blooded mammals. Males, like other beings that reproduce sexually, have testes that produce sperm, while females have a pair of egg-producing ovaries. Most insects reproduce using either sexual or asexual reproduction, but some species reproduce by alternating between those two types of reproduction. This is common in species that produce fewer numbers of offspring at a time and those that face higher volumes of external threats from predators and environmental hazards. In addition to alternating between types of reproduction, some species may produce a generation of only males followed by a generation of females. This phenomenon ultimately helps ensure a proper balance of genders within a population, which enables future population growth with the species to take place through sexual reproduction.

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The different stages of human life are fetus, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. The human life cycle starts at fertilization, goes through the embryonic stage and the fetal stage. After fetal growth and birth, the second stage is infancy, which is the period between birth and one year.During infancy, a child learns to walk, eats solid food, and has some teeth. Childhood follows after infancy and is a period that last from the first year of life to about the age of 10. Between the ages of 11 and 13, a child can enter the pubescent stage and adolescence begins. This stage occurs typically between the ages of 10 and 19.

In adulthood, humans have a completely developed body. In their 20s, humans are at their peak. From the age of 30 to old age, the aging process begins and some noticeable signs are thinning skin, the appearance of wrinkles and muscle mass decreases.

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the  stages of development of a human being
During infancy, a child learns to walk, eats solid food, and has some teeth. Childhood follows after infancy and is a period that last from the first year of life to about the age of 10. Between the ages of 11 and 13, a child can enter the pubescent stage and adolescence begins. This stage occurs typically between the ages of 10 and 19.

In adulthood, humans have a completely developed body. In their 20s, humans are at their peak. From the age of 30 to old age, the aging process begins and some noticeable signs are thinning skin, the appearance of wrinkles and muscle mass decreases.

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Human development is the process of growing to maturity. In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being.

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In the oral stage, the mouth is the main pleasure center. The instinctual tendency of young infants to suckle during this stage is described as a manifestation of the need to satisfy this pleasure center. Freud argued that denying children this suckling instinct was what led to the development of negative habits such as nail biting and thumb sucking.

During the anal stage, toddlers begin to experiment with a second erogenous zone that they become aware of, the anus. They learn to control their bodily functions and find pleasure in relief after being denied the need to use the toilet.

In the phallic stage, Freud proposed that preschoolers began to become aware of their genitals. During this stage, children discover the differences between themselves and the opposite sex, most commonly through their respective mothers and fathers. During this stage, the Oedipus and Electra conflicts can form in boys and girls respectively.

After these first three stages, the toddler goes into a stage of latency during which sexual instincts subside, and the conscience begins to form.

The final, genital stage involves the return of sexual impulses, leading to appropriate social behavior if the initial stages were successful or depraved sexual behavior if they were not.

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Human development is the process of growing to maturity . In biological terms ; this entails grawth from a one – celled zygote to an adult human being .

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Inquire about the stages of development of a human being

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Bee Pollinators of Southwest Virginia Crops

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People, Plants and Pollinators | Nat Geo Live

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Emerging Explorer Dino Martins says that from long-tongued bees to hawk moths, pollinators are the hidden workers that keep the planet running. ➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe ➡ Get More Nat Geo Live: http://bit.ly/MoreNatGeoLive About Nat Geo Live (National Geographic Live): Thought-provoking presentations by today's leading explorers, scientists, and photographers.

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What is Pollination?

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pollination

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"The Beauty of Pollination" | SuperSoul Sunday | Oprah Winfrey Network

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What is Pollination?

This wasp is a specialist pollinator of Penstemon, which is the flower it is visiting, or rather sleeping in here. Photo by Dr. Jim Cane, USDA ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Logan, Utah.

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the maleanther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.

Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.

Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.

How does pollen get from one flower get from one flower to another? Flowers must rely on vectors to move pollen. These vectors can include wind, water, birds, insects, butterflies, bats, and other animals that visit flowers. We call animals or insects that transfer pollen from plant to plant “pollinators”.

Pollination is usually the unintended consequence of an animal’s activity on a flower. The pollinator is often eating or collecting pollen for its protein and other nutritional characteristics or it is sipping nectar from the flower when pollen grains attach themselves to the animal’s body. When the animal visits another flower for the same reason, pollen can fall off onto the flower’s stigma and may result in successful reproduction of the flower.

Pollen from the anthers of Flower 1 is deposited on the stigma of Flower 2. 0nce on the stigma, pollen may “germinate,” which means that a “pollen tube” forms on the sticky surface of the stigma and grows down into the ovule of the plant.

This growth can result in:

Successful fertilization of the flower and the growth of seeds and fruit; or,

A plant can be only partially fertilized, in which the fruit and/or seeds do not fully develop; or,

The plant can completely fail to be pollinated, and may not reproduce at all.

Plants can be:

Self-pollinating - the plant can fertilize itself; or,

Cross-pollinating - the plant needs a vector (a pollinator or the wind) to get thepollen to another flower of the same species.

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Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.

Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.

Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.

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plant  parts

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Parts Of A Flowers And Their Functions for kids

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flower pollenators

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Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.

Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.

Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.

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Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds.

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Parts of a microscope

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Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enablingfertilization to take place. Like all living organisms, seed plantshave a single major goal: to pass their genetic information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds in allspermatophytes (seed plants).

For the process of pollination to be successful, a pollen grain produced by the anther, the male part of a flower, must be transferred to a stigma, the female part of the flower, of a plant of the same species. The process is rather different inangiosperms (flowering plants) from what it is ingymnosperms (other seed plants). In angiosperms, after the pollen grain has landed on the stigma, it creates a pollen tubewhich grows down the style until it reaches the ovary. Sperm cells from the pollen grain then move along the pollen tube, enter the egg cell through the micropyle and fertilise it, resulting in the production of a seed.

A successful angiosperm pollen grain (gametophyte) containing the male gametes is transported to the stigma, where it germinates and its pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary. Its two gametes travel down the tube to where the gametophyte(s) containing the female gametes are held within the carpel. One nucleus fuses with the polar bodies to produce the endosperm tissues, and the other with the ovule to produce the embryo[1][2] Hence the term: "double fertilization".

Pollen germination has three stages; hydration, activation and pollen tube emergence. The pollen grain is severely dehydrated so that its mass is reduced enabling it to be more easily transported from flower to flower. Germination only takes place after rehydration, ensuring that premature germination does not take place in the anther. Hydration allows the plasma membrane of the pollen grain to reform into its normal bilayer organization providing an effective osmotic membrane. Activation involves the development of actin filaments throughout the cytoplasm of the cell, which eventually become concentrated at the point from which the pollen tube will emerge. Hydration and activation continue as the pollen tube begins to grow.[3]

In conifers, the reproductive structures are borne on cones. The cones are either pollen cones (male) or ovulate cones (female), but some species are monoecious and others dioecious. A pollen cone contains hundreds of microsporangia carried on (or borne on) reproductive structures called sporophylls. Spore mother cells in the microsporangia divide by meiosis to form haploid microspores that develop further by two mitotic divisions into immature male gametophytes (pollen grains). The four resulting cells consist of a large tube cell that forms thepollen tube, a generative cell that will produce two sperm by mitosis, and two prothallial cells that degenerate. These cells comprise a very reduced microgametophyte, that is contained within the resistant wall of the pollen grain.[4][5]

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Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds.

# data[].attributes.body
Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.

Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.

Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.

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Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place. Like all living organisms, seed plants have a single major goal: to pass their genetic information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds in all spermatophytes(seed plants).For the process of pollination to be successful, a pollen grain produced by theanther, the male part of a flower, must be transferred to a stigma, the female part of the flower, of a plant of the same species. The process is rather different in angiosperms(flowering plants) from what it is ingymnosperms (other seed plants). In angiosperms, after the pollen grain has landed on the stigma, it creates a pollen tubewhich grows down the style until it reaches the ovary. Sperm cells from the pollen grain then move along the pollen tube, enter the egg cell through the micropyle and fertilise it, resulting in the production of a seed. Bawji

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Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred to the female reproductive organs of a plant, thereby enabling fertilization to take place. Like all living organisms, seed plants have a single major goal: to pass their genetic information on to the next generation. The reproductive unit is the seed, and pollination is an essential step in the production of seeds in all spermatophytes(seed plants).For the process of pollination to be successful, a pollen grain produced by theanther, the male part of a flower, must be transferred to a stigma, the female part of the flower, of a plant of the same species. The process is rather different in angiosperms(flowering plants) from what it is ingymnosperms (other seed plants). In angiosperms, after the pollen grain has landed on the stigma, it creates a pollen tubewhich grows down the style until it reaches the ovary. Sperm cells from the pollen grain then move along the pollen tube, enter the egg cell through the micropyle and fertilise it, resulting in the production of a seed. Bawji

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Pollination
What is Pollination?

This wasp is a specialist pollinator of Penstemon, which is the flower it is visiting, or rather sleeping in here. Photo by Dr. Jim Cane, USDA ARS Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Logan, Utah.

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.

Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below.

Seeds can only be produced when pollen is transferred between flowers of the same species. A species is defined a population of individuals capable of interbreeding freely with one another but because of geographic, reproductive, or other barriers, they do not interbreed with members of other species.

How does pollen get from one flower get from one flower to another? Flowers must rely on vectors to move pollen. These vectors can include wind, water, birds, insects, butterflies, bats, and other animals that visit flowers. We call animals or insects that transfer pollen from plant to plant “pollinators”.

Pollination is usually the unintended consequence of an animal’s activity on a flower. The pollinator is often eating or collecting pollen for its protein and other nutritional characteristics or it is sipping nectar from the flower when pollen grains attach themselves to the animal’s body. When the animal visits another flower for the same reason, pollen can fall off onto the flower’s stigma and may result in successful reproduction of the flower.

Pollen from the anthers of Flower 1 is deposited on the stigma of Flower 2. 0nce on the stigma, pollen may “germinate,” which means that a “pollen tube” forms on the sticky surface of the stigma and grows down into the ovule of the plant.

This growth can result in:

Successful fertilization of the flower and the growth of seeds and fruit; or,

A plant can be only partially fertilized, in which the fruit and/or seeds do not fully develop; or,

The plant can completely fail to be pollinated, and may not reproduce at all.

Plants can be:

Self-pollinating - the plant can fertilize itself; or,

Cross-pollinating - the plant needs a vector (a pollinator or the wind) to get the pollen to another flower of the same species.

Read about “The Birds and the Bees”…

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Polination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to female stigma .The goal of every living organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation one of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds. SEEDS COntain the genetic information to produce a new plant .
Flowers are the tools that plants use to make their seeds. The basic parts of the flower are shown in the diagram below. Plants can be:
Self pollination
Cross pollination

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this is the part of the plant

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this is the part of' the flower

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Flower Parts

Flowers are important in making seeds. Flowers can be made up of different parts, but there are some parts that are basic equipment. The main flower parts are the male part called the stamen and the female part called the pistil.

The stamen has two parts: anthers and filaments. The anthers carry the pollen. These are generally yellow in color. Anthers are held up by a thread-like part called a filament.

The pistil has three parts: stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the sticky surface at the top of the pistil; it traps and holds the pollen. The style is the tube-like structure that holds up the stigma. The style leads down to the ovary that contains the ovules.

Other parts of the flower that are important are the petals and sepals. Petals attract pollinators and are usually the reason why we buy and enjoy flowers. The sepals are the green petal-like parts at the base of the flower. Sepals help protect the developing bud.

Flowers can have either all male parts, all female parts, or a combination. Flowers with all male or all female parts are called imperfect (cucumbers, pumpkin and melons). Flowers that have both male and female parts are called perfect (roses, lilies, dandelion).

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Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.
Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.

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Level of orgnization
From cell to leaf to plant to population, species and ecosystem, plants have a lot of different levels of organization, like other organisms. The great redwood forests exist only on the western coast of the United States, in California and Oregon. They live in places with coastal fog, and the redwood trees are the tallest living things. A redwood forest is a whole ecosystem, but it is made up of many individual trees, which are made up of cells.
Starting with cells, what makes plants unique? Plant cells have rigid cell walls, and they have special machinery to allow them to convert sunlight to food:

chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are organelles that supply energy for the cell and the plant, by converting using solar energy to make sugars. It would be pretty easy to tell a plant cell from an animal cell, assuming you have a microscope to look through.
Of course cells don’t exist in a vacuum—cells make up different tissues and plant structures that we have already discussed in this unit: shoot and root systems, including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. When light hits a redwood leaf, chloroplasts in the palisade parenchyma start converting the light into energy the plant can use. But not all leaves are created equal; leaves at the top of a tree look and act differently than their counterparts closer to the ground.

If you walk around a redwood forest, you’ll notice it is pretty dark on the ground. The extremely tall trees with all their branches don’t let a lot of light reach down to the forest floor, though some plants cope with the low light and grow there anyway. Because of the difference in light, leaves on top of a redwood tree are much thinner and smaller. At the top of the tree, these leaves get plenty of light but also have to deal with wind, which wicks water away from the leaves. Smaller leaves have less surface area, which means less water can evaporate from them. Further down the tree, leaves are wider. These leaves grow in shade, so they have a large surface area that maximizes the amount of light they get. These leaves also aren’t as exposed to wind since they are protected by the trees around them. The bigger leaves growing in the shade are actually more efficient at photosynthesis than sun leaves are; the shade leaves have to be, since they don’t get much sun.

The vascular tissue (phloem in this case) carries the products of photosynthesis (photosynthates) to other areas of the plant. In the meantime, xylem carries water up from the roots to the shoot system. However, redwoods are extremely tall; can the vascular tissue really carry water all the way up the tree trunk? Redwoods actually have another way of dealing with their thirst needs. They don’t just rely on water in the ground to reach the tops of their trunks. They have found another solution: fog! Redwood trees drink in the fog that surrounds their canopies as another water source, and circumvent the problem of getting water all the way up to the top of the tree.

Redwoods and support whole ecosystems by creating habitat for a variety of animal life, scavengers, herbivores and predators. The holes left when branches fall off a tree are perfect nesting spots for these animals. In Redwood National Park in California, a whole bunch of threatened or endangered animals make redwood forests their home, including bald eagles, marbled murrelets, northern spotted owls, Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, and Steelhead trout. That’s right, fish can live in redwood forests—as long as a stream runs through.

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Level of orgnization
From cell to leaf to plant to population, species and ecosystem, plants have a lot of different levels of organization, like other organisms. The great redwood forests exist only on the western coast of the United States, in California and Oregon. They live in places with coastal fog, and the redwood trees are the tallest living things. A redwood forest is a whole ecosystem, but it is made up of many individual trees, which are made up of cells.
Starting with cells, what makes plants unique? Plant cells have rigid cell walls, and they have special machinery to allow them to convert sunlight to food:

chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are organelles that supply energy for the cell and the plant, by converting using solar energy to make sugars. It would be pretty easy to tell a plant cell from an animal cell, assuming you have a microscope to look through.
Of course cells don’t exist in a vacuum—cells make up different tissues and plant structures that we have already discussed in this unit: shoot and root systems, including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. When light hits a redwood leaf, chloroplasts in the palisade parenchyma start converting the light into energy the plant can use. But not all leaves are created equal; leaves at the top of a tree look and act differently than their counterparts closer to the ground.

If you walk around a redwood forest, you’ll notice it is pretty dark on the ground. The extremely tall trees with all their branches don’t let a lot of light reach down to the forest floor, though some plants cope with the low light and grow there anyway. Because of the difference in light, leaves on top of a redwood tree are much thinner and smaller. At the top of the tree, these leaves get plenty of light but also have to deal with wind, which wicks water away from the leaves. Smaller leaves have less surface area, which means less water can evaporate from them. Further down the tree, leaves are wider. These leaves grow in shade, so they have a large surface area that maximizes the amount of light they get. These leaves also aren’t as exposed to wind since they are protected by the trees around them. The bigger leaves growing in the shade are actually more efficient at photosynthesis than sun leaves are; the shade leaves have to be, since they don’t get much sun.

The vascular tissue (phloem in this case) carries the products of photosynthesis (photosynthates) to other areas of the plant. In the meantime, xylem carries water up from the roots to the shoot system. However, redwoods are extremely tall; can the vascular tissue really carry water all the way up the tree trunk? Redwoods actually have another way of dealing with their thirst needs. They don’t just rely on water in the ground to reach the tops of their trunks. They have found another solution: fog! Redwood trees drink in the fog that surrounds their canopies as another water source, and circumvent the problem of getting water all the way up to the top of the tree.

Redwoods and support whole ecosystems by creating habitat for a variety of animal life, scavengers, herbivores and predators. The holes left when branches fall off a tree are perfect nesting spots for these animals. In Redwood National Park in California, a whole bunch of threatened or endangered animals make redwood forests their home, including bald eagles, marbled murrelets, northern spotted owls, Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, and Steelhead trout. That’s right, fish can live in redwood forests—as long as a stream runs through.

# data[].attributes.body
Level of orgnization
From cell to leaf to plant to population, species and ecosystem, plants have a lot of different levels of organization, like other organisms. The great redwood forests exist only on the western coast of the United States, in California and Oregon. They live in places with coastal fog, and the redwood trees are the tallest living things. A redwood forest is a whole ecosystem, but it is made up of many individual trees, which are made up of cells.
Starting with cells, what makes plants unique? Plant cells have rigid cell walls, and they have special machinery to allow them to convert sunlight to food:

chloroplasts. The chloroplasts are organelles that supply energy for the cell and the plant, by converting using solar energy to make sugars. It would be pretty easy to tell a plant cell from an animal cell, assuming you have a microscope to look through.
Of course cells don’t exist in a vacuum—cells make up different tissues and plant structures that we have already discussed in this unit: shoot and root systems, including stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots. When light hits a redwood leaf, chloroplasts in the palisade parenchyma start converting the light into energy the plant can use. But not all leaves are created equal; leaves at the top of a tree look and act differently than their counterparts closer to the ground.

If you walk around a redwood forest, you’ll notice it is pretty dark on the ground. The extremely tall trees with all their branches don’t let a lot of light reach down to the forest floor, though some plants cope with the low light and grow there anyway. Because of the difference in light, leaves on top of a redwood tree are much thinner and smaller. At the top of the tree, these leaves get plenty of light but also have to deal with wind, which wicks water away from the leaves. Smaller leaves have less surface area, which means less water can evaporate from them. Further down the tree, leaves are wider. These leaves grow in shade, so they have a large surface area that maximizes the amount of light they get. These leaves also aren’t as exposed to wind since they are protected by the trees around them. The bigger leaves growing in the shade are actually more efficient at photosynthesis than sun leaves are; the shade leaves have to be, since they don’t get much sun.

The vascular tissue (phloem in this case) carries the products of photosynthesis (photosynthates) to other areas of the plant. In the meantime, xylem carries water up from the roots to the shoot system. However, redwoods are extremely tall; can the vascular tissue really carry water all the way up the tree trunk? Redwoods actually have another way of dealing with their thirst needs. They don’t just rely on water in the ground to reach the tops of their trunks. They have found another solution: fog! Redwood trees drink in the fog that surrounds their canopies as another water source, and circumvent the problem of getting water all the way up to the top of the tree.

Redwoods and support whole ecosystems by creating habitat for a variety of animal life, scavengers, herbivores and predators. The holes left when branches fall off a tree are perfect nesting spots for these animals. In Redwood National Park in California, a whole bunch of threatened or endangered animals make redwood forests their home, including bald eagles, marbled murrelets, northern spotted owls, Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, and Steelhead trout. That’s right, fish can live in redwood forests—as long as a stream runs through.

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Plant tissue systems are organized into organs. Plants have four main organs:
• Leaves are the main organs used to capture sunlight used in
photosynthesis.
• Roots are the main organs used to absorb water and nutrients
from the soil.
• Stems are the main organs used to transport materials between leaves and roots.
• Reproductive organs (like fl owers) produce seeds that grow into new plants. Flowers usually consist of colorful petals that attract insects and other pollinators.
Plant organs group together to form the two main organ systems of plants: the root system
and the shoot system. The root system is typically underground and includes the root and
associated fi bers that branch off the main root. This system functions to anchor the plant
and absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The shoot system is typically above the
ground and includes the stem, the leaves, and the reproductive organs, such as fl owers.
This system has many functions including photosynthesis and reproduction.