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Established separate but equal justification for school segregation

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First federal legislation about language, added English requirement for citizenship

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Allows states to mandate language of instruction. States cannot prohibit parents from offering instruction in another language outside of school hours

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1968 - Bilingual Education Act (Title VII of ESEA) 

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1968 - Bilingual Education Act (Title VII of ESEA) 

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First federal legislation to recognize the needs of ELLs

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1974 - Equal Educational Opportunities Act 

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1974 - Equal Educational Opportunities Act 

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Requires that each state "take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its instructional programs."

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Outlaws "sink or swim" (Submersion) teaching technique.

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Blueprint for compliance with Lau v. Nichols - specified proper procedures for identifying students, placing, and exiting students from programs

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Established a 3-prong test for ELL programs. Regardless of the program model, the program must be: 1) Based on a sound educational theory; 2) Implemented effectively with sufficient resources and personnel; 3) Evaluated to determine if effective in helping students overcome language barriers

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Guarantees the right of undocumented students to free public education (PK-12)

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Limited English Proficient students in California are required to learn in special classes taught only in English. The aim is for English learning to happen as fast as possible.

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Reauthorized the ESEA, eliminated the Title VII Bilingual Education Act, brought back deficit view of ELL students.