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12. How is modernisation linked to inequality?

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12. How is modernisation linked to inequality?

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11. Does the author think that the social relations of production in the West, and especially in the US, should be emulated?

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11. Does the author think that the social relations of production in the West, and especially in the US, should be emulated?

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What does it mean???

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11. Does the author think that the social relations of production in the West, and especially in the US, should be emulated?

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11. Does the author think that the social relations of production in the West, and especially in the US, should be emulated?

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10.	What is the issue with judging modernisation in an isolated way, divorced from the context in which it arises?

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10.	What is the issue with judging modernisation in an isolated way, divorced from the context in which it arises?

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MT assumes that there is an unproblematic transition from traditional society to modernity

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9.	What contradictions were involved in the Soviets providing support for Egypt, Somalia and Guinea?

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9.	What contradictions were involved in the Soviets providing support for Egypt, Somalia and Guinea?

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The above countries were given Soviet support for their promotion of the "prerequisites for socialism" despite at heart being capitalist. It can be understood as an aim of the Soviet Union to forge ideological/political ties with these nations based on economic aid. It is noteworthy however, that especially Egypt had a large communist party, which were it not for British intervention might well have become the ruling party of the country.

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8.	What were Stalin’s ideas about the evolution of societies?

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8.	What were Stalin’s ideas about the evolution of societies?

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Stalin wrote that "First the productive forces of societies change and develop, and then, depending on these changes and in conformity with them, men's relation of production, their economic relations, change". He identified "the laws of development of society" by this, proposing the five following stages: primitive communism, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and communism.

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7.	What were the secondary motives for promoting industrialisation in the third world by countries in the first and second worlds?

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7.	What were the secondary motives for promoting industrialisation in the third world by countries in the first and second worlds?

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I am unsure here, it seems to be the same as Q.6?

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6.	How might industrialisation end in the convergence of the three worlds?

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6.	How might industrialisation end in the convergence of the three worlds?

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In essence, convergence stands for standardization or unification. Through the process of modernization it was believed that the Second and the Third world would eventually subscribe to Western values such as individualism, equality of opportunity and tolerance. This would allow for lesser social unrest and class conflict in the respective Worlds, effectively creating a global, industrial hegemony.

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5.	What are the preconditions for take off, according to Rostow?

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5.	What are the preconditions for take off, according to Rostow?

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Rostow identifies the development of trade, the beginnings of rational, scientific ideas and the emergence of an elite that reinvests rather than squanders its wealth as the preconditions for take-off. They are thus part if the 2nd of 5 steps in the modernization process.

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4.	How did import substitution go against the neoclassical theory of comparative advantage?

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4.	How did import substitution go against the neoclassical theory of comparative advantage?

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See 2. Additionally, where comparative advantage promotes the specialized production of selected goods, import substitution is a highly protectionist policy. As such the goods produced under this economic model would often be of lesser quality.

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3.	Why did the critical development theory called dependency theory, the creation of Raul Prebisch, fit with modernisation theory?

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3.	Why did the critical development theory called dependency theory, the creation of Raul Prebisch, fit with modernisation theory?

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Both the modernization and the dependence theory put an emphasis on industrialization as the primary motor for development.

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2.	How does modernisation go against neoclassical economic theory and fit in with the demands of the non-aligned movement?

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2.	How does modernisation go against neoclassical economic theory and fit in with the demands of the non-aligned movement?

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As neoclassical theory emphasizes comparative advantage: trade based on specialization and the production of selected high-quality goods, modernization's stress of industrialization to achieve a certain status quo (of western standards) was rejected by the non-alignment bloc.

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1.	What can you say about the non-aligned movement? For example, where did the impulse to set it up come from? Who were some of its first figures?

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1.	What can you say about the non-aligned movement? For example, where did the impulse to set it up come from? Who were some of its first figures?

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The non-alignment movement was political as well as economic. Championed by India's Nehru and Egypt's Nasser it promoted a relative neutrality towards the blocs of the Cold War; the US and the USSR. Additionally it emphasized an alternative developmental path rejecting the western/soviet consensus.