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The Caribbean can be seen as being heavily diverse in terms of our culture, race, foods ethnicity,gender,religious belief,festivals sports and a lot more. As we sit and ponder on the question of  where do we fit in as Caribbean people? we must also take into consideration what our fore parents went through for us to have a place in society today.Yes we can debate the pros and cons but we must try to be honest to our National Anthem as "Every creed and race find an equal place" and try to adapt a culture of being our brother's keeper but can we do that is another thing since we are susceptible to human weakness.Caribbean diversity was influenced by the Europeans in the early slavery days in the eighteenth century and by the other groups that came into the region previously mentioned. They are responsible for the region to be so heavily diverse and what it is today as we move to form new norms and values in the Contemporary Caribbean.

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Memorize Central American & Caribbean Countries

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WorldGeo: The Caribbean: Caribbean Culture

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Caribbean culture is rich and diverse, from food, to music, to religion, to language - far richer than I can do in a short vid, but I try to communicate the richness.

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In conclusion a lot was taught in Caribbean Civilisation such an enlightening semester and listening to the online lectures were highly appreciated since days that I must say due to family commitment could not be live when my favourite Dr Campbell was on I had the opportunity to do so when it was convenient to me, so again I thank Dr Campbell, the course coordinators and the entire University of the West Indies for allowing us the opportunity of completing this program.

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The Indians faced similar hardship like the enslaved Africans on their journey to the Caribbean.The journey took almost ten to twenty weeks and they were faced with diseases like cholera,dysentry and measles.When they arrived their working conditions were harsh with long hours and very little wage.

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Gender can be seen as a learnt behaviour and sex is termed as your biological type.In the eighteenth century gender has influenced the development of the Caribbean civilisation.Gender has evolved from the early days of colonialism to some extent, although women are seen in today's society as performing some tasks as men they are still not physically built to complete strenuous and powerful tasks as the men do in society today.Women are seen as doing some jobs as men but are still stereotyped as the home maker and caregivers in society they are the nurturers. Women can be seen to some extent breaking the glass ceiling an example can be seen when Portia Simpson Miller served as Jamaica's
Prime Minister from March 2006 to September 2007 and again from 2012 to March 2016.

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this video explains the difference between gender and sex

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It is celebrated by many of the former British colonies
in the Caribbean it marks the end of the enslaved African descent.As such Trinidad and Tobago on the 1st of August 1985 became the first country in the world to declare a national holiday to mark the end of slavery. Sir Hilary Beckles made a strong case for reparation in his article "Slavery Was A Long Time Ago" it was a movement for Human Rights Violation which was seen in the Caribbean plantations in the early eighteenth century by the British against the African slaves as they crippled and dehumanise innocent people.

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Uploaded by Lakesha Barrett on 2016-08-01.

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Culture can be defined as customs,beliefs,values or the way of life of one group over another.Caribbean culture is not only based on physical artifacts but are influenced by external forces. Caribbean culture because of colonialism and the diverse groups that came into the Caribbean before Christopher Columbus and even after has influenced culture a great deal.

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Afro House & African Caribbean Folk Dance Choreography

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Celebrating One Culture many Flags: At the 44th Annual West Indian Day Parade there were elements of various Caribbean cultures who presented traditional dances, costumes, and music to the streets. Enjoy! Please check out my other videos, including "Labor Day Snapshots"!

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Although we saw Emancipation and Independence taking place and to some extent we moved away from the Eurocentrism influences in the Caribbean we can still see in the contemporary Caribbean we are still heavily influenced by the European standards that convey our societies even today.It is heavily influenced in our churches and our education systems even at times the way we dress, as such  religion and education has been two influential tools for setting standards in Caribbean Society.

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The Presbyterian Church
The Indentured labourers coming into the Caribbean after Emancipation did not want to adapt to the culture that were present by the enslaved Africans and so the Presbyterian church and the Presbyterian missionary came into the Caribbean to serve the needs of the Indentured labourers and certain mission schools were set up near the plantations for their children.

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In the early days of slavery education did not fit into the system for it would open their minds to questions of the slave system, make them aware of their treatment and would also take them away from the plantation and would eventually change their behaviours.As the enslaved gained Emancipation the planters could no longer beat them by whipping they had no control like before so they thought education would be a way of controlling the minds of the people.Giving rise to education in the 1800's in a structured manner.However education was given as a form of skilled training so that the people that came after Emancipation who were the Indentured labourers would learn the skills that were needed in the plantations in order to perform better and produce more for the planter class.

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Most of our History were told through a male prospective,women were seen as having no identity.In modern Caribbean we have now moved away and are seeing women as holders of leading positions in society ,women are now seen as doctors, lawyers and are even as Engineers on the fields and industries working and awarded
the same salaries as the men in society.The women's movement grew out of the abolition movement as women realised that they were also oppressed ,various movement were introduced giving women equal rights in society as men one such was The Woman's right in 1851.

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Womens Rights Current Global Issues Video Presentation

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Throughout history, women all over the world have faced, and largely taken: oppression, abuse, violence, and gender-based discrimination. Many may believe that because women in the United States can vote, and have been granted many of the same rights as men, rights are no longer an issue.

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Eurocentrism
Most of our History revealed to us in the Caribbean were from an Eurocentric perspective.Meaning from the angle of the European,we were taught from our early ages of primary school that the first set of people in the Caribbean were the Caribs and the Arawaks which were not true.That the Caribs were warlike and the Arawaks were peaceful but that also were one of Columbus's Myths.As seen in the Caribbean Civilisation course this was not the case and their were findings to prove that there were life in the Caribbean way before Christopher Columbus set foot on the soils of the Caribbean.

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The first religious body that came into the Caribbean was the Roman Catholic followed by various other bodies like the Christians,Anglicans and the Moravians to name a few.Among those churches different approaches were served to the enslaved in the Caribbean,some of these churches preached the doctrine that reinforced the treatment by the planter class to the enslaved.The slaves were to be obedient docile workers and they were to work and sacrifice in this life and they would be rewarded in heaven, the next life.These churches had to work in agreement with the planters to suppress the enslaved against freedom and to encourage maximum productivity of the enslaved so they had to be incongruent with the aims of the planters.However religion that exist today is much different to that in the past ,we are much free to practice what we so desire to.

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Bartolomé de las Casas and the African Slave Trade

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Bartolomé de las Casas and the African Slave Trade, abstract of article published in HISTORY COMPASS, online history journal. Link to the article at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00639.x/abstract

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In general religion and education are two important aspects in the Caribbean. They both have evolved from the early days of slavery to what we can see presently in our systems today. Religion were used by the planter class to further subjugate the enslaved, doctrine that were preached by some of the churches were hypocritical.This was seen when the Spanish first came to the region their aim were to "win souls,"again even religion were taught to the enslaved from an Eurocentric prospective.However we saw where the Christians tried to make an impact by winning the souls of the natives in the Caribbean.Christianity was also exploited to serve the needs of the planters.

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Freedom
When the enslaved Africans achieved their freedom they were still not equal to the whites hence the movement for the equal rights started.

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Slavery did NOT end in 1865 (Here is PROOF)

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Diaspora
Diaspora consciousness
Memories establish a connection between a collective and individual past, between origins, heritage, and history. Those who have left their places of birth to make homes elsewhere but in this case they were grabbed and robbed of their identity to fulfil the desires economically of the European Lords of the eighteenth century.The familiar question, "Where do you come from?" and respond in innumerable well-rehearsed ways. Diasporas construct racialized, sexualized, gendered, and oppositional subjectivities and shape the cosmopolitan intellectual commitment of scholars. The diasporic individual often has a double consciousness, a privileged knowledge and perspective that is consonant with postmodernity and globalization.

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We can see as kids in present day society we come together in classrooms to explore our learning capacity.As innocent as they are every creed and race mix in our school yard activities and sports.Education is seen today as a means of moving away from the lower class strata to that of the middle or even the upper strata in society, it can be seen as a way of social and economic mobility in today's society. The education systems offered by the state can be noted as a way for individuals to dig deep and make valuable decisions in life as to where they are born into in society and if they want to move forward or stay in a place of no mobility so we are responsible for our choices we make .It can be seen that not only our denominational schools produce scholars in society but also the government run schools,these religious schools do not stand alone like in the slave days they are all assisted by the government of the day and must be guided by rules and regulations not only on their religious beliefs but that of the state also.However there are also a mixed race to some extent in the Presbyterian schools in today's society. So I can conclude by saying yes it was difficult to make entrance into the board schools in the slave days but in Trinidad for example we are slowly moving away from that tight intake base on race to some extent.
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Religion
The Indians bought with them two main religion the muslims and the hindus the two dominant religion they also have a wide variety of their foods that are a basic food in todays society.We all partake in whatever creed or race.It's another aspect that brings us together as a diverse nation.

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Festival
The Caribbean is diverse in terms of the different festivals that are seen, they include Eid-Ul-Fitr,Divali,Christmas, the Junkanoo Festival of Bahamas and not forgetting Carnival in Trinidad that brings people from all over the world to take part in. There are also a lot of religious belief from hindu, muslims and christians to name a few.

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Music
Our various forms of music bring us together for example calypso, chutney music and our sweet sound of the steel pan.

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Non-Stop Party Mix Vol.2 (CHUTNEY & SOCA DANCEHALL MIX)

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De Hottest Chunes !!! (PLEASE SUBSCRIBE) 1. Thar Gori Jamuna Ki Ordh 2. Mousie 3.Royie Royie 4.Dheere Dheere 5. Ba Ba Ho 6. Sajan Moray 7. Dhaiya Peegai 8. Gobiniya 9. Mr Shankar 10. Run Fo Meh Life 11. Tempted To Touch 12. Go Gal 13. Turn Me On 14.

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Education
Is one aspect that affects our identity. Identity can be viewed as fluid not static, this can be seen how we are now in the classrooms trying to get our degree it can change our identity.

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Carnival
The calypso was used in the past as a way to express oneself is also seen as a festival that every one participate in, it is another aspect of diversity that bring us together.

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Trinidad Carnival Tuesday 2016 - Clip 4 (YUMA Mas Band)

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YUMA 2016 presentation "Indulge", on Carnival Tuesday on Ariapita Avenue. http://yumavibe.com/ Like, Share, Subscribe! Copyright (c) ShinSOTF 2016. Music is the property of the respective copyright owners.

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Past to Present
Our identity in the Caribbean are quite diverse we belong to different ethnic and racial groups that influence our behaviour  but sports and our festivals bring us together as one people. At the oval on our T20 matches and even test matches as  Caribbean people we support West Indies as champions.At the ovals we are seen cheering on our West Indian boys to win out at all the games they are part off.

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ICC #WT20 Final - England vs West Indies - Match Highlights

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All the highlights from Kolkata's Eden Gardens, where West Indies became the first side to win the #WT20 twice in a thriller against England.

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Diaspora
Led to our demographic diversity,identity is fluid and is influenced by many factors.These factors include our religion,music,education,
food,culture,festivals and sports

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CBNS101 - Caribbean Identity and Culture

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Courtman, Sandra. Beyond the blood, the beach & the banana: new perspectives in Caribbean studies. Kingston: Ian Randle, 2004. Print. Harney, Stefano. Nationalism and identity: culture and the imagination in a Caribbean diaspora. Kingston [Jamaica: University of the West Indies ;, 1996. Print. Mohammed, Jennifer.

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Rise of the indians
On May 5th 1838, the very year of final slave emancipation in the British West Indies, a small batch of 396 Indian immigrants popularly known as the ‘Gladstone Coolies’ landed in British Guiana (Guyana) from Calcutta. This was the beginning of the indenture system which was to continue for over three-quarters of a century and whose essential features were very reminiscent of slavery. Within a decade Indian immigration was largely responsible for changing the fortunes of the sugar industry, the mainstay of the economy, from the predicted ‘ruin’ to prosperity.

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▶ Legacy of our Ancestors Part 1 of 6 - YouTube The Indian Presence in Trinidad and Tobago 1845-1917 done by Premiere Video Productions

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The Indentured Labourers
The Indians came to work on the Caribbean plantations as volunteer labourers on contract there was also a caste system in India and they came hoping for a better way of life,there was also a Sati law where women had to burn themselves when their husbands die.There contract stated that after ten years, five years in the first instance which can be renewed for a further five years they would be free to go back home or they can get to earn land.

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Coolies:  How British Reinvented Slavery

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Copyright: BBC Four Corners Documentary BBC

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The plantation
It was divided into five parts the Great House,the fields,the refinery,the enslaved huts and the penn.Each section had it's fair share of distress on the enslaved.They were subjugated in the worst form in every section of the plantation.

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Sugar Plantation
Plantation life in a Jamaica field.

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The English Beckford's migrate to newly conquered Jamaica (taken from Spain) and are major players in The Slave Trade and Sugar Plantation boom of the 1600-1700's.

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Columbus Sailing
Showing early exploration of a journey sailing of Christopher Columbus.

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Nautical Devices
The development of these devices assisted the European explorers in navigation some included the Astrolabes,telescopes, charts, maps and the compasses.

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History of the Magnetic Compass

Christopher Columbus had no GPS. Christopher Columbus had no Internet. Christopher Columbus had no travel club. He didn't even have one of those cool big folding maps. But, Christopher Columbus did have a compass, and by golly, it got the job done! Well, it sort of got the job done. Let's just say it got the job done well enough to be the subject of today's lesson, 'How the Compass Helped Columbus.'

In the first half of the 15th century, Prince Henry of Portugal, also known as Henry the Navigator, began encouraging the use of the magnetic compass several decades before Columbus sailed under the Spanish flag. These magnetic compasses became extremely important navigational tools, combining their needles with magnetized lodestones, or pieces of naturally magnetized minerals, to determine a ship's direction in reference to the magnetic north. Prince Henry encouraged cooperation between sailors and mapmakers, hoping to create more accurate maps of the seas.

Review of Columbus

Before we get too deep into the wonders of the compass, let's do a review of the ultra-famous Christopher Columbus. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe became enthralled with the idea of overseas exploration. Enter Christopher Columbus, a Portuguese native trained in math, astronomy, cartography, and navigation. While Europeans were sailing south around the Cape of Good Hope to reach Asia, Columbus had a different idea. He believed (although erroneously) that the circumference of the earth was much smaller than others reported it to be. Therefore, a voyage across the seas from Europe to Asia would be relatively easy, so why not sail west? Why not cross the Atlantic and avoid Africa altogether?

After rejections from Portugal, Columbus finally convinced the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, to fund his experiment, their motivation being treasure for themselves and their kingdoms - and the chance to spread Catholicism to new worlds. Columbus' motivation? Well, definitely fame and fortune (since he had negotiated a deal that would give him 10% of all the riches found) - and, of course, the whole spreading of the Catholic faith thing. However, Columbus was also very interested in improving maritime navigation. Listen to this paraphrased from his journal.

'I propose to construct a new chart for navigating, on which I shall delineate all the sea and lands of the ocean in their proper positions under their bearings; and further, I propose to prepare a book, and to put down all as it were in a picture, by latitude from the equator, and western longitude. Above all, I shall have accomplished much, for I shall forget sleep, and shall work at the business of navigation.'

On August 3, 1492, Columbus and his men set sail across the ocean blue in the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. With him, he took the star of our lesson, the compass, which greatly improved navigational success in the areas of (first) dead reckoning and (second) celestial navigation.

Dead Reckoning

During the times of Columbus, most sailors navigated by dead reckoning. In dead reckoning, the navigator would calculate a current position by using a previous position, measuring the course and the distance traveled in segments. For instance, before leaving port, the navigator measured out his expected course and the distance he would like to travel in that day. He'd then estimate his speed, and from that estimation he'd place a pin on the map, marking where he believed he'd stop at the end of his day. This ending point would be his starting position for the next day.

This dead reckoning method was fraught with danger, especially since a miscalculation one day could spell disaster for all the following days. For instance, if winds began to blow in contrary directions, the course of a ship would also change, making large or small variation in a ship's trajectory. These mistakes, even small ones, would soon become cumulative, causing sailors to be miles and miles away from their expected targets, leaving them adrift at sea with little to no provisions.

Fortunately for Columbus, he had the compass to aid in his dead reckoning navigation. Although it sounds simple and obvious to us, the compass allowed Columbus to keep his fleet pointing in the right direction. Whether it rained, whether winds howled, or whether waves crashed, Columbus had the ability to regain his desired direction.

True North and Magnetic North

Columbus added to the importance of the compass by being recognized as the first to discover the difference between true north and magnetic north. Along his voyage, Columbus realized his compass did not directly align with the North Star, but was instead always off by a few degrees. On September 17, 1492, his journal reads - and again I'm going to paraphrase it to make it easier to understand -

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how the compass helped columbus - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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How the Compass Helped Columbus - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Christopher Columbus had no GPS. Christopher Columbus had no Internet. Christopher Columbus had no travel club. He didn't even have one of those cool big folding maps. But, Christopher Columbus did have a compass, and by golly, it got the job done! Well, it sort of got the job done.

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The Renaissance
It encouraged curiosity and a desire to trade it bought about the era of exploration of the Europeans and so they grew powerful and spread their influence across the world and they discovered new lands.

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Civilization
There were evidence of huge carvings of African warrior kings were left behind before Christopher Columbus

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Caribbean Cultural International & Karnak House

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They came before Columbus - Dr Ivan Van Sertima

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Lecture given by Dr Ivan Van Sertima discussing African history. Transferred from VHS so quality is not the best. Recorded in 1986 at Camden Town Hall, London. Caribbean Cultural International & Karnak House If you like this you may also be interested in the related video "Afrikans in Science" Enjoy!!!!

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Emancipation
The African slave trade came to an end. There was still a need for cheap labor to continue the sugar plantation on the fields ,this continued intention gave rise to the East Indian indentured labor to fill this gap

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"Emancipate Yourself From Mental Slavery". Redemption Song - Bob Marley

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Indian Indentureship
A great need for labor giving rise to Indian Indentureship which was seen as another form of slavery.Their treatment was very similar to that of the African slaves who worked on the same plantations at that time. Living conditions were deplorable and the Indians were not treated well at all, They were also seen as a vital part in the revitalisation of the sugar industry.

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The Zong Massacre
Briefly stated the murder of 133 slaves that were on board the ship name the Zong. The ship was overloaded and met with trouble at sea ,its captain Collingwood decided to throw the majority of the slaves overboard mainly those who were sick.When they returned to England, the crew proceeded to collect insurance for the 'cargo' that was lost at sea.

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The Glass Ceiling
Are women moving away from  the concept of the stereotyping as seeing
them weak and without identity as in the slavery days  or the Indentureship era?

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Encomienda System
A dreaded Spanish system of forced labor.
The Encomienda System

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Decline of Sugar
In the latter part of the eighteenth century ,sugar prices declined since beet sugar came to life and it was competitive now in the sugar plantations.There were cut backs in the subsidies from Parliament and also an increase in abolitionist groups which give rise to the Emancipation Era.As a result the slave trade came to an end.After slavery they tried other forms of labor but it did not work which gave rise to the Indians.

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Event Date: October 25, 2014 "How We Were Made Slaves and Why We Are Still Not Free" Excerpt of the explosive lecture presentation by Master Amaru Ka'Re hosted at the Marcus Garvey Museum in Kingston, organized by ANNUJAH.

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Plantation Work
The toughest work fell into the hands of the strongest and the healthiest and other less demanding tasks were handled by gangs of less robust, children and the older slaves. Even the very young and the old were used on the plantation,to drive away the birds, cleaning and guarding

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Overworked
As  seen above due to the different parts in the sugar estates in order to produce the enslaved had intense amount of work ,they were surely overworked since they performed both at the plantation and the refinery.

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The Penn
The work in the Penn was done by the children mostly  the young boys.The Penn was where the animals were kept.

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The Refinery
Where the  sugar cane were to be processed into sugar here the tasks were classed as the skilled tasks and the men were the ones who did these work in the refineries what stood out in my mind was how they were classed as the boiler man and the hot molten sugar would sometimes flash and burn them.

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The Great House
In the Great House women predominated they were servants and cook.The Great House was where the planters live on the estates ,women were responsible for doing the house chores and for sexual use .they were responsible for the menial tasks since these tasks takes very little training and skill. As seen in the image the Great House in design resembles that of an English setting.

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Double Consciousness
describes the individual sensation of feeling as though your identity is broken up into many parts making it difficult to have one identity.According to theorist W.E.B.Du Bois' one can suffer from damaged self-image shaped by the perceptions and treatment of others sadly this was the case during the enslaved period where the enslaved Africans could easily be stereotyped.

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Manumission
The act of freeing ones slave, it was promised to the women slaves but was only given to them when they became old and were of no use to the plantation masters anymore.

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Gender Stereotyping
The negative portrayal of women, views that the enslaved females were passive ,weak and feeble.The law however saw men and women equally as chattel except when a woman was pregnant.This law however  was applied only a few weeks before and after a child is born.These women were exploited, abused and casted

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The Enslaved
In the plantation these enslaved Africans were subjected to harsh treatment where they were treated like machines and not humans in order to produce profits for these English owners.Gender on the sugar estates was an important organisational principle ,

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Encomienda System
Interlopers came into the Caribbean region ,they thought that Spain alone could not occupy the entire land.The Encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate labor and behavior during the colonization period. This system lead to death of many of the native people.They bought with them many contagious diseases which also lead to the natives death.

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Harsh Treatment
Although enslaved men and women were categorized under the main heading of slaves the treatment of the two sexes under slavery were different.Enslaved women had to double task as a slave and as a wife and mother.However the physical abuse on the enslaved persons was not gender separated as such they received the same amount of beatings. The enslaved women were also sexually exploited during their years in slavery.

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Demand For Labor
Sugar was a valuable source at that time for Global consumption ,there were no other means of sweetener and sugar was in great demand.In order to cultivate and refine this commodity there was a desperate need for cheap labor giving rise to the African enslaved in the Caribbean.

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Gender
The women at that time had no identity they had two important roles on the plantation which was reproduction and that of female labour of production. They also performed tedious tasks alongside the men.

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Sugar cane
Agriculture were very important in the Caribbean giving rise to the sugar production.

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No Return
No looking back ,never to return the captives were sold to slavery for debts or punishment . As they marched to the coast shackled to each other by chains.They set on their journey to the Americas and the Caribbean, had no clue what was ahead.

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The Middle Passage
For weeks ,months sometimes a year they waited in dungeons of slave factories scattered  along the West African coasts.They had already made the journey of being taken away from their homes and the worst was yet to come,the dreaded infamous Middle Passage

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Demographic Diversity
The reason why the region was greatly diverse was because there was a great need for labour. The demographic diversity include the Europeans, the Africans, the Indentured labourers ,the French,Spanish and the Portuguese etc who are all part of our Caribbean Civilisation and the reason why we are such a diverse Caribbean society in terms of our music,sports.culture festivals,religion and food to name a few.

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Diaspora
There were a spread of different groups of people coming into the
Caribbean. Apart from the Neo Indians there were a first set of African explorer and the Iberian European explorers and even further diversification due to a need for labour. The European(white) Indenturers and African labour (2nd set of African) diaspora came followed by the Indentured labour which include the first Indian diaspora came out of India, Chinese out of China, Portuguese and there were evidence that an African Diaspora and a second set of Indian diaspora etc.

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Civilisation
Christopher Columbus in 1492 did not came across an area of darkness ,there were fully functional societies that evolved around animal husbandry and crop cultivation.

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First Settlers

The Neo Indians were the group of civilisation in the Caribbean before Christopher Columbus.They had their own culture and way of life,they existed in a period in time where society was not able to understand what they were doing. The term Neo Indians is not an ethnic term but an archeological term

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Pre History
A period in time before human civilisation was recorded known only through archaeological study and research.

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Revisionism
The revisionist perspective in History is where Historians give their views of History based on evidence and research.

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Revisionism
In my first lecture I learned About  REVISIONISM Historical revisionism has been defined as "a consciously falsified or distorted interpretation of the past to serve ideological purposes in the present."